The Experts below are selected from a list of 27339 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mitchell Zamoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
determining the perspective of a reasonable Police Officer an evidence based proposal
Social Science Research Network, 2020Co-Authors: Mitchell ZamoffAbstract:Excessive force jurisprudence in America is in disarray. Although the Supreme Court mandated over thirty years ago that courts determine the constitutionality of allegedly excessive force from the perspective of a reasonable Officer on the scene, courts have never seemed more confused about how to make that determination. Without any definitive guidance on what evidence to consider in determining how a reasonable Officer on the scene of an incident of allegedly excessive force would have behaved, courts are issuing haphazard, inconsistent decisions that are often difficult to reconcile with basic evidentiary principles. Unfortunately, the prevailing approach to determining the perspective of a reasonable Police Officer — which has been reinforced by the Supreme Court’s excessive force decisions over the past decade—is to blindly defer to Police Officers accused of using excessive force, ignore the distinctions between reasonable Police Officers and ordinary reasonable persons, engage in rank speculation about what a reasonable Officer would (or would not) have done under the circumstances, and ignore evidence that is relevant to assessing the perspective of a reasonable Officer on the scene. This approach, which has resulted in an incoherent hodgepodge of pro-Police excessive force decisions, undermines public confidence in the ability of the justice system to address Police behavior that is unconstitutional. That confidence is particularly fragile in the wake of the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Officer Derek Chauvin and the other incidents of lethal force by American law enforcement Officers that sparked protests against Police brutality throughout the United States during the summer of 2020. Rather than advocate for an overhaul of the Supreme Court’s “reasonable Officer on the scene” standard for determining whether force is excessive, this Article argues that the credibility of excessive force jurisprudence can be restored by injecting a consistent dose of evidentiary rigor into excessive force decisions. To that end, this Article proposes an evidentiary road map for courts to follow in determining the perspective of a reasonable Officer on the scene of an incident of allegedly excessive force. By isolating and focusing on the characteristics of the law enforcement experience which meaningfully distinguish it from the experience of ordinary civilians, this Article contends that in order to meaningfully determine whether a Police Officer accused of excessive force acted reasonably under the circumstances, courts must consider (1) the Officer’s training and the extent to which he adhered to or deviated from that training during the incident in question, (2) the Officer’s experience in the law enforcement profession, and (3) the extent to which the Officer complied with or violated department rules applicable to his use of force under the circumstances. While this evidence is not dispositive of the reasonable-Officer determination, it defies logic and a reasonable construction of the rules of evidence and civil procedure for courts to deem such evidence irrelevant in making that determination.
-
determining the perspective of a reasonable Police Officer an evidence based proposal
Villanova law review, 2020Co-Authors: Mitchell ZamoffAbstract:Excessive force jurisprudence in America is in disarray. Although the Supreme Court mandated over thirty years ago that courts determine the constitutionality of allegedly excessive force from the perspective of a reasonable Officer on the scene, courts have never seemed more confused about how to make that determination. Without any definitive guidance on what evidence to consider in determining how a reasonable Officer on the scene of an incident of allegedly excessive force would have behaved, courts are issuing haphazard, inconsistent decisions that are often difficult to reconcile with basic evidentiary principles. Unfortunately, the prevailing approach to determining the perspective of a reasonable Police Officer—which has been reinforced by the Supreme Court’s excessive force decisions over the past decade—is to blindly defer to Police Officers accused of using excessive force, ignore the distinctions between reasonable Police Officers and ordinary reasonable persons, engage in rank speculation about what a reasonable Officer would (or would not) have done under the circumstances, and ignore evidence that is relevant to assessing the perspective of a reasonable Officer on the scene. This approach, which has resulted in an incoherent hodgepodge of pro-Police excessive force decisions, undermines public confidence in the ability of the justice system to address Police behavior that is unconstitutional. That confidence is particularly fragile in the wake of the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Officer Derek Chauvin and the other incidents of lethal force by American law enforcement Officers that sparked protests against Police brutality throughout the United States during the summer of 2020.
Darryl Plecas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Physical evidence of Police Officer stress
Policing, 2002Co-Authors: Gregory S Anderson, Robin Litzenberger, Darryl PlecasAbstract:The purpose of the present study was to identify common stressors and the magnitude of stress reactivity in Police Officers during the course of general duty Police work. Using heart rate as a primary indicator of autonomic nervous system activation, coupled with observed physical activity data collected through 76 full shift ride?alongs, this study differentiates between physical and psycho?social stress. The results, confirming previous research based on self?report data alone, demonstrate that Police Officers experience both physical and psycho?social stress on the job, anticipating stress as they go about their work, while suffering anticipatory stress at the start of each shift. The results demonstrated that the highest levels of stress occur just prior to and during critical incidents, and that Officers do not fully recover from that stress before leaving their shift. Overall, the results illustrate the need to consider stress reactivity and repressors in the assessment of Police Officer stress while clearly demonstrating the need for debriefing after critical incidents and increased training in stress management and coping strategies.
Christopher Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
patrol Police Officer conflict resolution processes
Journal of Criminal Justice, 1997Co-Authors: Christopher CooperAbstract:This research provides a typology of Police patrol conflict/dispute resolution processes/methodologies for addressing social interaction disputes (i.e., public disputes, community-based disputes, and interpersonal disputes). The methodologies that represent the focal point of the present research are mediation, problem solving, and problem management. These represent nonconventional methods of conflict/dispute resolution that can be practically and effectively applied by Police Officers in effecting Police patrol objectives. Additionally, this article proffers a theoretical framework that underlies and propels the pragmatic application of the focal conflict/dispute resolution processes. There is a notion in Police work that cops do not have time to be analytical and hence, are unable to employ nonconventional conflict/dispute resolution skills such as mediation. On the contrary, the present research illustrates how many alternative forms of conflict/dispute resolution (i.e., mediation) available to patrol Officers are very consistent with the pragmatic realities of policing. Police Officers, for example, can improve their effectiveness in achieving Police patrol objectives through becoming skilled at mediation and problem-directed policing. Many Police scenes are amenable to resolution through nonconventional conflict/dispute resolution methodologies. Uniformed patrol Police Officers are capable of becoming skilled conflict/dispute resolution professionals by employing these methods. They can fulfill this role if instructed as to specific methodologies as well as how, through the methodologies, to methodologically, systematically, and professionally manage conflict situations. The idea is not to turn street cops into social workers or social scientists, but to perfect what Police Officers have been doing all along: conflict resolution.
Auzeen Shariati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a field experiment of the impact of body worn cameras bwcs on Police Officer behavior and perceptions
Journal of Criminal Justice, 2017Co-Authors: Andrea M Headley, Rob T Guerette, Auzeen ShariatiAbstract:Abstract Amidst the backdrop of considerable citizen unrest in the U.S. stemming from perceived injustices within Police-citizen interactions in recent years, many government leaders have relied on the use of body-worn cameras as a means of improving citizen relations. The promise of body-worn cameras is that they might improve Officer and citizen behavior given the possibility of retrospective and independent determinations of the appropriateness of behaviors which occur within Police-citizen encounters. While the emerging evaluation evidence of their usefulness have been generally promising, overall determinations remain incomplete. Using a partial randomized experimental design, this study evaluated the impact of a test pilot program of body-worn camera use by the Hallandale Beach, Florida Police Department in the U.S. to determine their impact on Police Officer behavior and perceptions. Findings revealed that Officers with BWCs 1) relied on less intrusive methods to resolve incidents, 2) continued to be active rather than abstaining from community contact, and 3) Officer perceptions of the usefulness of BWCs remained pessimistic. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Kailyn Kahre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Police Officer attitudes towards intranasal naloxone training
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2015Co-Authors: Bradley Ray, Daniel Odonnell, Kailyn KahreAbstract:Abstract Background One approach to reduce fatal opioid overdose is by distributing naloxone to law enforcement Officers. While several cities have implemented these naloxone programs, little research has investigated Officer attitudes about their training. The present research attempts to fill this gap by analyzing survey data from Police Officers following intranasal naloxone training. Methods All of the Police Officers within the same district in Indianapolis, Indiana, underwent training to recognize opioid overdose and to administer intranasal naloxone (N = 117). Following training, Officers completed a survey that measured prior experience with opioid overdose, perceived importance of training, and items from the Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) to measure attitudes following training. Results The Officers had overwhelmingly positive feelings about the training, that it was not difficult, and that other Officers should be trained to use naloxone. The OOAS items suggest that Officers know the appropriate actions to take in the event of an overdose and feel that administering intranasal naloxone will not be difficult. Finally, we found that Officers who had more experience with opioid overdose had more positive attitudes about the training. Conclusion Distributing naloxone to Police Officers is likely a trend that will continue so it is important to understand how Police Officers respond to training to assure that future trainings are as effective as possible. Further research is needed to investigate the impact that these programs have on the community.