The Experts below are selected from a list of 38304 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jaquelyn L. Jahn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mapping fatal Police Violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017
PloS one, 2020Co-Authors: Gabriel Schwartz, Jaquelyn L. JahnAbstract:Background & methods: Recent social movements have highlighted fatal Police Violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal Police Violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal Police Violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013–2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports. Results: Rates of Police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal Police Violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly ‘accidental’ deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated. Conclusions: Preventing fatal Police Violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention.
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mapping fatal Police Violence across u s metropolitan areas overall rates and racial ethnic inequities 2013 2017
PLOS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Gabriel Schwartz, Jaquelyn L. JahnAbstract:Background & methods: Recent social movements have highlighted fatal Police Violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal Police Violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal Police Violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013–2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports. Results: Rates of Police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal Police Violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly ‘accidental’ deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated. Conclusions: Preventing fatal Police Violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention.
Jeffrey Ian Ross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Role of the Media in the Creation of Public Police Violence
1998Co-Authors: Jeffrey Ian RossAbstract:The process by which incidents of Police Violence come to public, governmental, and Police attention, and the reactions by various actors in these groups, consists of a complex web of responses, reactions, consequences, effects, and implications, hereafter labeled "outcomes." Central to this process is the role of the mass media. Police Violence can be thought of as similar to Freud's characterization of the mental process whereby 10 percent is conscious or above the surface, and 90 percent is unconscious or below the surface. The majority of Police Violence takes place beyond the knowledge of the public; only a small percentage of such activities become public knowledge.Through a review of the literature and series of interviews conducted with Police and crime reporters, editors and producers, Police public affairs personnel, and other actors in the criminal justice system in Denver, New York City, and Toronto, I developed a model of the process by which information on Police Violence is transformed into articles in the press and stories that are broadcast on radio and television.
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A Process Model of Public Police Violence
Criminal Justice Policy Review, 1995Co-Authors: Jeffrey Ian RossAbstract:Tlie author proposes and outlines a three stage process model to explain the reactions to public Police Violence. He argues that this model provides a better explanation of the effects of Police Violence than "natural history" and "public arenas" models can. The model consists of three stages: arousal, reactions, and outcomes, and four categories of actors: victims, Police, public, and government.
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The Future of Municipal Police Violence in Advanced Industrialized Democracies: Towards a Structural Causal Model
SSRN Electronic Journal, 1994Co-Authors: Jeffrey Ian RossAbstract:Research on the future of policing generally ignores the problem of Police Violence. The author articulates a series of important structural level factors predicted to influence situational variables connected to the type, amount, and severity of Police Violence in the future. Relationships among the variables are posited, then assembled into a tentative causal model. The author concludes by discussing alternative methodologies for testing propositions from this model.
Jordan E. Devylder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Police Violence among Adults Diagnosed with Mental Disorders
Health & social work, 2020Co-Authors: Hyun Jin Jun, Jordan E. Devylder, Lisa FedinaAbstract:Police Violence is reportedly common among those diagnosed with mental disorders characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms or pronounced emotional lability. Despite the perception that people with mental illness are disproportionately mistreated by the Police, there is relatively little empirical research on this topic. A cross-sectional general population survey was administered online in 2017 to 1,000 adults in two eastern U.S. cities to examine the relationship between Police Violence exposure, mental disorders, and crime involvement. Results from hierarchical logistic regression and mediation analyses revealed that a range of mental health conditions are broadly associated with elevated risk for Police Violence exposure. Individuals with severe mental illness are more likely than the general population to be physically victimized by Police, regardless of their involvement in criminal activities. Most of the excess risk of Police Violence exposure related to common psychiatric diagnoses was explained by confounding factors including crime involvement. However, crime involvement may necessitate more Police contact, but does not necessarily justify victimization or excessive force (particularly sexual and psychological Violence). Findings support the need for adequate training for Police officers on how to safely interact with people with mental health conditions, particularly severe mental illness.
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association of exposure to Police Violence with prevalence of mental health symptoms among urban residents in the united states
JAMA Network Open, 2018Co-Authors: Jordan E. Devylder, Lisa Fedina, Bruce G. Link, Daniel Coleman, Deidre M Anglin, Courtney D Cogburn, Richard P BarthAbstract:Importance Police Violence is reportedly widespread in the United States and may pose a significant risk to public mental health. Objective To examine the association between 12-month exposure to Police Violence and concurrent mental health symptoms independent of trauma history, crime involvement, and other forms of interpersonal Violence exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, general population survey study of 1221 eligible adults was conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City, New York, from October through December 2017. Participants were identified through Qualtrics panels, an internet-based survey administration service using quota sampling. Exposures Past 12-month exposure to Police Violence, assessed using the Police Practices Inventory. Subtypes of Violence exposure were coded according to the World Health Organization domains of Violence (ie, physical, sexual, psychological, and neglectful). Main Outcomes and Measures Current Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) score, past 12-month psychotic experiences (World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview), and past 12-month suicidal ideation and attempts. Results Of 1221 eligible participants, there were 1000 respondents (81.9% participation rate). The sample matched the adult population of included cities on race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, 339 [33.9%]; non-Hispanic black/African American, 390 [39.0%]; Hispanic/Latino, 178 [17.8%]; other, 93 [9.3%]), age (mean [SD], 39.8 [15.2] years), and gender (women, 600 [60.0%]; men, 394 [39.4%]; transgender, 6 [0.6%]) within 10% above or beyond 2010 census distributions. Twelve-month prevalence of Police Violence was 3.2% for sexual Violence, 7.5% for physical Violence without a weapon, 4.6% for physical Violence with a weapon, 13.2% for psychological Violence, and 14.9% for neglect. Police Violence exposures were higher among men, people of color, and those identified as homosexual or transgender. Respondents reported suicidal ideation (9.1%), suicide attempts (3.1%), and psychotic experiences (20.6%). The mean (SD) K6 score was 5.8 (6.1). All mental health outcomes were associated with Police Violence exposure in adjusted logistic regression analyses. Physical Violence with a weapon and sexual Violence were associated with greater odds of psychotic experiences (odds ratio [95% CI]: 4.34 [2.05-9.18] for physical Violence with a weapon; 6.61 [2.52-17.36] for sexual Violence), suicide attempts (odds ratio [95% CI]: 7.30 [2.94-18.14] for physical Violence with a weapon; 6.63 [2.64-16.64] for sexual Violence), and suicidal ideation (odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.72 [1.30-5.68] for physical Violence with a weapon; 3.76 [1.72-8.20] for sexual Violence). Conclusions and Relevance Police Violence was commonly reported, especially among racial/ethnic and sexual minorities. Associations between Violence and mental health outcomes did not appear to be explained by confounding factors and appeared to be especially pronounced for assaultive forms of Violence.
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Police Violence among women in four U.S. cities
Preventive medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Lisa Fedina, Bethany L. Backes, Hyun Jin Jun, Roma Shah, Boyoung Nam, Bruce G. Link, Jordan E. DevylderAbstract:Abstract Police Violence has been identified as a public health concern in the U.S., yet few studies have assessed the prevalence and nature of Police Violence among women. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that women reporting intimate partner Violence (IPV) and sexual Violence (SV) to Police are often met with harmful or neglectful Police responses and thus, women's exposures to Police Violence may be associated with experiences of IPV and SV; however, this has not yet been empirically tested. This study assesses lifetime prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of Police Violence among women and investigates potential associations between IPV, SV, and Police Violence. A cross-sectional survey was administered in four Eastern U.S. cities in March and April 2016 (N = 932). Physical, sexual, and psychological Police victimization and neglect by Police were assessed. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between IPV, SV, and Police Violence, adjusting for sociodemographics. Lifetime prevalence of physical (4%), sexual (3.3%), and psychological (14.4%) Police Violence and neglect (17.2%), show that a notable proportion of women experience Police victimization, with significantly higher rates among racial and ethnic minority women. Women with IPV and SV histories had increased odds of experiencing most forms of Police Violence compared to women without IPV and SV histories. Findings suggest the need for gender-inclusive community-centered policing initiatives and other preventive efforts aimed at eliminating Police Violence. Police Violence and victimization among women should also be considered in IPV and SV intervention and treatment responses.
Lisa Fedina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impact of Police Violence on Mental Health: A Theoretical Framework
American journal of public health, 2020Co-Authors: Jordan Devylder, Lisa Fedina, Bruce LinkAbstract:Police Violence has increasingly been recognized as a public health concern in the United States, and accumulating evidence has shown Police Violence exposure to be linked to a broad range of healt...
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Police Violence among Adults Diagnosed with Mental Disorders
Health & social work, 2020Co-Authors: Hyun Jin Jun, Jordan E. Devylder, Lisa FedinaAbstract:Police Violence is reportedly common among those diagnosed with mental disorders characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms or pronounced emotional lability. Despite the perception that people with mental illness are disproportionately mistreated by the Police, there is relatively little empirical research on this topic. A cross-sectional general population survey was administered online in 2017 to 1,000 adults in two eastern U.S. cities to examine the relationship between Police Violence exposure, mental disorders, and crime involvement. Results from hierarchical logistic regression and mediation analyses revealed that a range of mental health conditions are broadly associated with elevated risk for Police Violence exposure. Individuals with severe mental illness are more likely than the general population to be physically victimized by Police, regardless of their involvement in criminal activities. Most of the excess risk of Police Violence exposure related to common psychiatric diagnoses was explained by confounding factors including crime involvement. However, crime involvement may necessitate more Police contact, but does not necessarily justify victimization or excessive force (particularly sexual and psychological Violence). Findings support the need for adequate training for Police officers on how to safely interact with people with mental health conditions, particularly severe mental illness.
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association of exposure to Police Violence with prevalence of mental health symptoms among urban residents in the united states
JAMA Network Open, 2018Co-Authors: Jordan E. Devylder, Lisa Fedina, Bruce G. Link, Daniel Coleman, Deidre M Anglin, Courtney D Cogburn, Richard P BarthAbstract:Importance Police Violence is reportedly widespread in the United States and may pose a significant risk to public mental health. Objective To examine the association between 12-month exposure to Police Violence and concurrent mental health symptoms independent of trauma history, crime involvement, and other forms of interpersonal Violence exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, general population survey study of 1221 eligible adults was conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City, New York, from October through December 2017. Participants were identified through Qualtrics panels, an internet-based survey administration service using quota sampling. Exposures Past 12-month exposure to Police Violence, assessed using the Police Practices Inventory. Subtypes of Violence exposure were coded according to the World Health Organization domains of Violence (ie, physical, sexual, psychological, and neglectful). Main Outcomes and Measures Current Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) score, past 12-month psychotic experiences (World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview), and past 12-month suicidal ideation and attempts. Results Of 1221 eligible participants, there were 1000 respondents (81.9% participation rate). The sample matched the adult population of included cities on race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, 339 [33.9%]; non-Hispanic black/African American, 390 [39.0%]; Hispanic/Latino, 178 [17.8%]; other, 93 [9.3%]), age (mean [SD], 39.8 [15.2] years), and gender (women, 600 [60.0%]; men, 394 [39.4%]; transgender, 6 [0.6%]) within 10% above or beyond 2010 census distributions. Twelve-month prevalence of Police Violence was 3.2% for sexual Violence, 7.5% for physical Violence without a weapon, 4.6% for physical Violence with a weapon, 13.2% for psychological Violence, and 14.9% for neglect. Police Violence exposures were higher among men, people of color, and those identified as homosexual or transgender. Respondents reported suicidal ideation (9.1%), suicide attempts (3.1%), and psychotic experiences (20.6%). The mean (SD) K6 score was 5.8 (6.1). All mental health outcomes were associated with Police Violence exposure in adjusted logistic regression analyses. Physical Violence with a weapon and sexual Violence were associated with greater odds of psychotic experiences (odds ratio [95% CI]: 4.34 [2.05-9.18] for physical Violence with a weapon; 6.61 [2.52-17.36] for sexual Violence), suicide attempts (odds ratio [95% CI]: 7.30 [2.94-18.14] for physical Violence with a weapon; 6.63 [2.64-16.64] for sexual Violence), and suicidal ideation (odds ratio [95% CI]: 2.72 [1.30-5.68] for physical Violence with a weapon; 3.76 [1.72-8.20] for sexual Violence). Conclusions and Relevance Police Violence was commonly reported, especially among racial/ethnic and sexual minorities. Associations between Violence and mental health outcomes did not appear to be explained by confounding factors and appeared to be especially pronounced for assaultive forms of Violence.
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Police Violence among women in four U.S. cities
Preventive medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Lisa Fedina, Bethany L. Backes, Hyun Jin Jun, Roma Shah, Boyoung Nam, Bruce G. Link, Jordan E. DevylderAbstract:Abstract Police Violence has been identified as a public health concern in the U.S., yet few studies have assessed the prevalence and nature of Police Violence among women. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that women reporting intimate partner Violence (IPV) and sexual Violence (SV) to Police are often met with harmful or neglectful Police responses and thus, women's exposures to Police Violence may be associated with experiences of IPV and SV; however, this has not yet been empirically tested. This study assesses lifetime prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of Police Violence among women and investigates potential associations between IPV, SV, and Police Violence. A cross-sectional survey was administered in four Eastern U.S. cities in March and April 2016 (N = 932). Physical, sexual, and psychological Police victimization and neglect by Police were assessed. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between IPV, SV, and Police Violence, adjusting for sociodemographics. Lifetime prevalence of physical (4%), sexual (3.3%), and psychological (14.4%) Police Violence and neglect (17.2%), show that a notable proportion of women experience Police victimization, with significantly higher rates among racial and ethnic minority women. Women with IPV and SV histories had increased odds of experiencing most forms of Police Violence compared to women without IPV and SV histories. Findings suggest the need for gender-inclusive community-centered policing initiatives and other preventive efforts aimed at eliminating Police Violence. Police Violence and victimization among women should also be considered in IPV and SV intervention and treatment responses.
Gabriel Schwartz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mapping fatal Police Violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017
PloS one, 2020Co-Authors: Gabriel Schwartz, Jaquelyn L. JahnAbstract:Background & methods: Recent social movements have highlighted fatal Police Violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal Police Violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal Police Violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013–2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports. Results: Rates of Police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal Police Violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly ‘accidental’ deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated. Conclusions: Preventing fatal Police Violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention.
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mapping fatal Police Violence across u s metropolitan areas overall rates and racial ethnic inequities 2013 2017
PLOS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Gabriel Schwartz, Jaquelyn L. JahnAbstract:Background & methods: Recent social movements have highlighted fatal Police Violence as an enduring public health problem in the United States. To solve it, the public requires basic information, such as understanding where rates of fatal Police Violence are particularly high, and for which groups. Existing mapping efforts, though critically important, often use inappropriate statistical methods and can produce misleading, unstable rates when denominators are small. To fill this gap, we use inverse-variance-weighted multilevel models to estimate overall and race-stratified rates of fatal Police Violence for all Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the U.S. (2013–2017), as well as racial inequities in these rates. We analyzed the most recent, reliable data from Fatal Encounters, a citizen science initiative that aggregates and verifies media reports. Results: Rates of Police-related fatalities varied dramatically, with the deadliest MSAs exhibiting rates nine times those of the least deadly. Overall rates in Southwestern MSAs were highest, with lower rates in the northern Midwest and Northeast. Yet this pattern was reversed for Black-White inequities, with Northeast and Midwest MSAs exhibiting the highest inequities nationwide. Our main results excluded deaths that could be considered accidents (e.g., vehicular collisions), but sensitivity analyses demonstrated that doing so may underestimate the rate of fatal Police Violence in some MSAs by 60%. Black-White and Latinx-White inequities were slightly underestimated nationally by excluding reportedly ‘accidental’ deaths, but MSA-specific inequities were sometimes severely under- or over-estimated. Conclusions: Preventing fatal Police Violence in different areas of the country will likely require unique solutions. Estimates of the severity of these problems (overall rates, racial inequities, specific causes of death) in any given MSA are quite sensitive to which types of deaths are analyzed, and whether race and cause of death are attributed correctly. Monitoring and mapping these rates using appropriate methods is critical for government accountability and successful prevention.