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D.m. Vonk Noordegraaf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Road Pricing Policy Implementation
2016Co-Authors: D.m. Vonk NoordegraafAbstract:Urban areas suffer from the negative externalities of road transport like congested road networks, air pollution and road traffic accidents. A measure to reduce these negative externalities is road pricing, meaning policies that impose direct charges on road use (Jones and Hervik, 1992). Since the introduction of road pricing in the literature (Knight, 1924; Pigou, 1920a), “congestion charging has been advocated by transport economists for many decades” (Santos et al., 2010a:34). Although many road pricing measures have been implemented, many initiatives have also failed to be implemented. The main barriers to the Implementation of road pricing “are typically public and political opposition” (Santos et al., 2010a:34) although other factors that can either contribute to or hamper road pricing Policy Implementation include the use of revenues, exemptions and privacy issues (Banister, 2004; Borins, 1988; Santos and Shaffer, 2004). Only a small number of studies give insights into how to enable road pricing Implementation in practice. The majority of these studies only discuss one or several Implementation factors and therefore do not give a complete overview. In this thesis I therefore analyse all known Implementation factors in road pricing Policy Implementation processes. In this thesis “Policy Implementation encompasses those actions by public or private individuals (or groups) that are directed at the achievement of objectives set forth in prior Policy decisions” (Van Meter and Van Horn, 1975:447).
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Policy Implementation lessons from six road pricing cases
Transportation Research Part A-policy and Practice, 2014Co-Authors: D.m. Vonk Noordegraaf, J A AnnemaAbstract:The Implementation of road pricing has been limited worldwide despite the notion that road pricing is generally considered to be a potentially effective measure to reduce externalities, in particular traffic congestion. By means of a content analysis of 106 scientific papers, this paper aims to identify and compare the detailed set of Implementation factors for the four implemented road pricing cases of Singapore, London, Stockholm and the Norwegian cities, and the two not implemented cases of Hong Kong and Edinburgh. Policy Implementation lessons are formulated to aid local and national authorities considering the Implementation of road pricing. In contrast to other studies, this paper identifies a broad set of Implementation factors for each empirical case (an average of 36). The cases have six generic Implementation factors in common, the most prominent being political and public support. However, the generic factors only account for on average 27% of all the Implementation factors listed. Consequently, authorities aiming to implement road pricing also need to take many case specific factors into account in the Implementation process. Furthermore, the six cases show that Policy Implementation will only be successful when many factors positively contribute to the process which explains why it is such a precarious endeavour.
George Orwa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of Equity on Policy Implementation in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:This study sought to influence of equity on Policy Implementation in Kenya. The thesis of this study was to confirm whether or not the gap between Policy and practice is the governance gap. Prior studies on Policy Implementation problems have dwelt much more on top-down versus bottom-up approaches and paid little attention on the influence of governance on public Policy Implementation. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population comprised 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and were pretested using a pilot study for validity and reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis results were used to reveal the influence of public participation on Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. The results indicated that equity influences success public Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. It was concluded that equity is a major determinants of public Policy Implementation in public institutions in Kenya. Keywords: Equity, Policy Implementation, Kenya.
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Influence of Public Participation on Policy Implementation in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:This study sought to influence of public participation on Policy Implementation in Kenya. The objective of this study was to confirm whether or not the gap between Policy and practice is the governance gap. Prior studies on Policy Implementation problems have dwelt much more on top-down versus bottom-up approaches and paid little attention on the influence of governance on public Policy Implementation. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population comprised 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and were pretested using a pilot study for validity and reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis results were used to reveal the influence of public participation on Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. The results indicated that Public Participation influences success public Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. It was concluded that public participation is a major determinants of public Policy Implementation in public institutions in Kenya. Keywords: Public participation, Policy Implementation, Kenya
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Influence of Accountability on Policy Implementation in Public Sector in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:Public Policy Implementation is important since it shapes our daily lives and welfare of our societies and might lead to peace and harmony or lead to war and chaos with far reaching consequences. However, problems associated with Policy Implementation occur when the desired result on the target or beneficiaries are not achieved. Reforms that seek to disconnect Policy Implementation from political matters may face a more difficult task than had been thought. The study endeavored to determine if accountability influences Policy Implementation in public sector in Kenya. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population included 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used for data collection and pretested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicated that there was a linear positive relationship between accountability and Public Policy Implementation which means that an increase in accountability would lead to a linear increase in Public Policy Implementation. The study concluded that accountability was important factor that affects effective public Policy Implementation in the public sector. The study recommended that the government should have effective mechanisms that obligate public sector entities to the citizens and other stakeholders to account, and be answerable, for their policies, decisions, and actions, particularly in relation to public finances. Keywords: Accountability, Governance, Public Policy and Implementation
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Influence of Transparency on Policy Implementation in Public Sector in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:Public Policy is seen as the broad framework of ideas and values within which decisions are taken and actions, or inactions, are pursued by governments in addressing a given set of problems. Inherent in the public Policy is the desire by the government to address specific problems. However, passing policies does not guarantee success on the ground if policies are not implemented well. Problems associated with Policy Implementation occur when the desired result on the target or beneficiaries are not achieved. The study sought to establish whether transparency has an influence on Policy Implementation in public sector in Kenya. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population included 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and were pretested and for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicated that there was a linear positive relationship between Transparency and Public Policy Implementation which means that an increase in Transparency would lead to a linear increase in Public Policy Implementation. It was concluded that Transparency has a significant influence on Public Policy Implementation and that it governance factor that affected effective Implementation of public Policy in public institutions in Kenya. The study recommended that public sector should adopt good governance practices in order to improve on Policy Implementation. Keywords: Transparency, Governance, Public Policy and Implementation
J A Annema - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Policy Implementation lessons from six road pricing cases
Transportation Research Part A-policy and Practice, 2014Co-Authors: D.m. Vonk Noordegraaf, J A AnnemaAbstract:The Implementation of road pricing has been limited worldwide despite the notion that road pricing is generally considered to be a potentially effective measure to reduce externalities, in particular traffic congestion. By means of a content analysis of 106 scientific papers, this paper aims to identify and compare the detailed set of Implementation factors for the four implemented road pricing cases of Singapore, London, Stockholm and the Norwegian cities, and the two not implemented cases of Hong Kong and Edinburgh. Policy Implementation lessons are formulated to aid local and national authorities considering the Implementation of road pricing. In contrast to other studies, this paper identifies a broad set of Implementation factors for each empirical case (an average of 36). The cases have six generic Implementation factors in common, the most prominent being political and public support. However, the generic factors only account for on average 27% of all the Implementation factors listed. Consequently, authorities aiming to implement road pricing also need to take many case specific factors into account in the Implementation process. Furthermore, the six cases show that Policy Implementation will only be successful when many factors positively contribute to the process which explains why it is such a precarious endeavour.
Paul Cairney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Never the twain shall meet? - a comparison of Implementation science and Policy Implementation research
Implementation Science, 2013Co-Authors: Per Nilsen, Christian Ståhl, Kerstin Roback, Paul CairneyAbstract:Background: Many of society's health problems require research-based knowledge acted on by healthcare practitioners together with Implementation of political measures from governmental agencies. However, there has been limited knowledge exchange between Implementation science and Policy Implementation research, which has been conducted since the early 1970s. Based on a narrative review of selective literature on Implementation science and Policy Implementation research, the aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of Policy Implementation research, analyze key similarities and differences between this field and Implementation science, and discuss how knowledge assembled in Policy Implementation research could inform Implementation science. Discussion: Following a brief overview of Policy Implementation research, several aspects of the two fields were described and compared: the purpose and origins of the research; the characteristics of the research; the development and use of theory; determinants of change (independent variables); and the impact of Implementation (dependent variables). The comparative analysis showed that there are many similarities between the two fields, yet there are also profound differences. Still, important learning may be derived from several aspects of Policy Implementation research, including issues related to the influence of the context of Implementation and the values and norms of the implementers (the healthcare practitioners) on Implementation processes. Relevant research on various associated Policy topics, including The Advocacy Coalition Framework, Governance Theory, and Institutional Theory, may also contribute to improved understanding of the difficulties of implementing evidence in healthcare. Implementation science is at a relatively early stage of development, and advancement of the field would benefit from accounting for knowledge beyond the parameters of the immediate Implementation science literature. Summary: There are many common issues in Policy Implementation research and Implementation science. Research in both fields deals with the challenges of translating intentions into desired changes. Important learning may be derived from several aspects of Policy Implementation research.
Tobias Otieno Konyango - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of Equity on Policy Implementation in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:This study sought to influence of equity on Policy Implementation in Kenya. The thesis of this study was to confirm whether or not the gap between Policy and practice is the governance gap. Prior studies on Policy Implementation problems have dwelt much more on top-down versus bottom-up approaches and paid little attention on the influence of governance on public Policy Implementation. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population comprised 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and were pretested using a pilot study for validity and reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis results were used to reveal the influence of public participation on Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. The results indicated that equity influences success public Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. It was concluded that equity is a major determinants of public Policy Implementation in public institutions in Kenya. Keywords: Equity, Policy Implementation, Kenya.
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Influence of Public Participation on Policy Implementation in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:This study sought to influence of public participation on Policy Implementation in Kenya. The objective of this study was to confirm whether or not the gap between Policy and practice is the governance gap. Prior studies on Policy Implementation problems have dwelt much more on top-down versus bottom-up approaches and paid little attention on the influence of governance on public Policy Implementation. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population comprised 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and were pretested using a pilot study for validity and reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis results were used to reveal the influence of public participation on Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. The results indicated that Public Participation influences success public Policy Implementation in the public sector in Kenya. It was concluded that public participation is a major determinants of public Policy Implementation in public institutions in Kenya. Keywords: Public participation, Policy Implementation, Kenya
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Influence of Accountability on Policy Implementation in Public Sector in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:Public Policy Implementation is important since it shapes our daily lives and welfare of our societies and might lead to peace and harmony or lead to war and chaos with far reaching consequences. However, problems associated with Policy Implementation occur when the desired result on the target or beneficiaries are not achieved. Reforms that seek to disconnect Policy Implementation from political matters may face a more difficult task than had been thought. The study endeavored to determine if accountability influences Policy Implementation in public sector in Kenya. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population included 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used for data collection and pretested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicated that there was a linear positive relationship between accountability and Public Policy Implementation which means that an increase in accountability would lead to a linear increase in Public Policy Implementation. The study concluded that accountability was important factor that affects effective public Policy Implementation in the public sector. The study recommended that the government should have effective mechanisms that obligate public sector entities to the citizens and other stakeholders to account, and be answerable, for their policies, decisions, and actions, particularly in relation to public finances. Keywords: Accountability, Governance, Public Policy and Implementation
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Influence of Transparency on Policy Implementation in Public Sector in Kenya
2018Co-Authors: Tobias Otieno Konyango, Patrick Karanja Ngugi, Gladys Rotich, George OrwaAbstract:Public Policy is seen as the broad framework of ideas and values within which decisions are taken and actions, or inactions, are pursued by governments in addressing a given set of problems. Inherent in the public Policy is the desire by the government to address specific problems. However, passing policies does not guarantee success on the ground if policies are not implemented well. Problems associated with Policy Implementation occur when the desired result on the target or beneficiaries are not achieved. The study sought to establish whether transparency has an influence on Policy Implementation in public sector in Kenya. A descriptive correlation research design was adopted and the target population included 20 ministries, 153 parastatals and government agencies. The study adopted a census technique with respect to the unit of analysis which is the public sector. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments and were pretested and for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicated that there was a linear positive relationship between Transparency and Public Policy Implementation which means that an increase in Transparency would lead to a linear increase in Public Policy Implementation. It was concluded that Transparency has a significant influence on Public Policy Implementation and that it governance factor that affected effective Implementation of public Policy in public institutions in Kenya. The study recommended that public sector should adopt good governance practices in order to improve on Policy Implementation. Keywords: Transparency, Governance, Public Policy and Implementation
