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Amar Khoday - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Resisting Criminal Organizations: Reconceptualizing the “Political” in International Refugee Law
McGill Law Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Amar KhodayAbstract:This article examines and reconstructs the term “Political” in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Individuals may be eligible for refugee status if they can prove that they have a well-founded fear of persecution for, amongst other reasons, their Political opinion. At the same time, individuals are excluded from obtaining refugee status where there are serious reasons for considering that they have committed a serious non-Political Crime. For those resisting persons or entities wielding oppressive power, the meaning of the term “Political” in these provisions has particular importance. Where the targets of resistance are criminal organizations, however, courts and tribunals have been, for the most part, reluctant to recognize such resistance as manifesting a Political opinion.Given the demonstrated power of criminal organizations, this article contends that opposition to these entities should be viewed as being “Political”. Through an examination of the text, context, and purpose of the Refugee Convention, it argues that a broader understanding of the term “Political” is reasonable if not compelling. The article examines the conflicting jurisprudence and discourse surrounding “Political opinion” and “Political Crimes”. Despite some strong voices in support of a more traditional state-centric interpretation, others have advanced more robust articulations that account for the dynamic nature and diversity of power transactions between citizens and powerful non-state actors. Finally, the article examines the substantial power of drug cartels and youth gangs in particular Central American states to illustrate that they exercise de facto control in substantial geographic spaces. As such, resistance to such entities should properly be viewed as “Political” within the meaning of the Refugee Convention.
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Seen in Its True Light: Desertion as a Pure Political Crime
2014Co-Authors: Amar KhodayAbstract:Individuals from democratic states who flee state prosecution and seek refugee status in Canada face significant challenges in obtaining asylum. There is a strong presumption that the legal system of their country of nationality will provide adequate procedural safeguards. This presumption extends to US military deserters who refused to serve in Iraq. The consequence is that numerous claimants have been denied over the past decade.This article contends that where the feared prosecution relates to a Political Crime, there should not be a presumption of state protection. Furthermore, the article posits and discusses why desertion should constitute a pure Political Crime much like treason, sedition, or espionage. Lastly, the article argues, pursuant to United Nations policies, that such deserters should be able to obtain refugee status only where their desertion constitutes a refusal to be associated with military actions that are internationally condemned as contrary to the basic rules of human conduct.
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Seen in Its True Light: Desertion as a Pure Political Crime
Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 2014Co-Authors: Amar KhodayAbstract:Individuals from democratic states who flee state prosecution and seek refugee status in Canada face significant challenges in obtaining asylum. There is a strong presumption that the legal system of their country of nationality will provide adequate procedural safeguards. This presumption extends to US military deserters who refused to serve in Iraq. The consequence is that numerous claimants have been denied over the past decade. This article contends that where the feared prosecution relates to a Political Crime, there should not be a presumption of state protection. Furthermore, the article posits and discusses why desertion should constitute a pure Political Crime much like treason, sedition, or espionage. Lastly, the article argues, pursuant to United Nations policies, that such deserters should be able to obtain refugee status only where their desertion constitutes a refusal to be associated with military actions that are internationally condemned as contrary to the basic rules of human conduct. Les personnes originaires de pays democratiques faisant face a des poursuites font face a plusieurs difficultes lorsqu’elles fuient leur pays et font une demande d’asile au Canada. Il y a en effet une forte presomption que le sys- teme legal de ces pays peut assurer une procedure judiciaire securitaire et equitable. Ces presomptions s’appliquent egalement dans le cas des militaires americains qui ont deserte pour eviter de servir en Irak. Plusieurs demandes d’asile ont par consequent echoue pendant la derniere decennie. Cet article avance qu’il ne devrait pas y avoir de presomption de securite lorsque les procedures judiciaires relevent de Crimes politiques. De plus, on y argumente que la desertion devrait etre consideree comme un veritable Crime politique, tout comme le sont la trahison, la sedition et l’espionnage. Enfin, cet article montre, en accord avec les politiques des Nations Unies, que les deserteurs devraient obtenir le statut de refugie seulement lorsque leur desertion consiste en un refus de participer a des manœuvres militaires qui sont internationalement condamnees en raison de principes moraux humains.
Karl Härter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE CIRCULATION OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW BETWEEN THE AMERICAS AND GERMANY (1848-1914) IN EXTRADITION TREATIES, JURIDICAL DISCOURSES AND INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS - DOI: 10.12818/P.0304-2340.2019v74p353
2019Co-Authors: Karl HärterAbstract:The article observes the circulation of transnational criminal law in the period from 1848 to 1914 by analysing the extradition treaties concluded between states in Germany and the Americas. By looking at these countries separated by a vast distance, one can observe the expansion of the international circulation of criminal law and the variety of international actors between the European Revolutions of 1848 and the outbreak of World War I, which marked a pivotal time span for the formation of transnational criminal law. Specific attention is paid to the issues of ‘transnational Crime’ and ‘Political offences’ as well as to the question how the international circulation of criminal law shaped legal concepts and narratives of ‘international Crime and security’. The analysis includes the juridical discourses, international conferences and organisations insofar as they dealt with extradition, transnational and Political Crime as well as formed a part of the international circulation of transnational criminal law. An important aim is to show that Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay participated in the international circulation of transnational criminal law through extradition treaties, multilateral conventions and national extradition laws, not to mention influenced the legal concepts of transnational Political and international Crime. KEYWORDS: Transnational criminal law. Political Crime. International Crime. Extradition.
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cultural deviance Political Crime public media and security perspectives on the cultural history of Crime and criminal justice in early modern europe
Crime history and societies, 2017Co-Authors: Karl HärterAbstract:The historiography of Crime and criminal justice in early modern Europe covers a wide array of topics and approaches, focusing on the social history of Crime and conflict, violence and theft, the criminal justice system, penal law, punishments, procedure and infrajudicial conflict regulation. Although addressed in many studies and well-established historical issues, culture, religion, transnationality, politics and security still seem to be prospective fields for further research in the histo...
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Political Crime in early modern Europe: Assassination, legal responses and popular print media
European Journal of Criminology, 2013Co-Authors: Karl HärterAbstract:The article explores two prospective fields within the burgeoning history of Crime: the various responses of early modern legal systems in Europe to violent Political Crimes such as assassination a...
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security and cross border Political Crime the formation of transnational security regimes in 18th and 19th century europe
Historical Social Research, 2013Co-Authors: Karl HärterAbstract:Sicherheit und grenzubergreifende politische Kriminalitat: Die For mierung transnationaler Sicherheitsregime in Europa im 18. und 19. Jahrhun dert*. This contribution proposes to observe Foucault's concept of the security dispositive from the angle of transnational security and criminal law regimes. Since the late 18th century security and securitization became not only a prime category and field of national policies and discourses but were increasingly in fluenced by transnational issues and cross-border security threats (or narra tives) such as international Crime, transnational Political violence and interna tional conspiracies. This was accompanied by the formation of transnational security regimes, which concerned cross-border security policies, discourses and legal norms in the fields of extradition, Political asylum, and police co operation, with a variety of different actors: states, police organizations, ex perts, international organizations. These transnational security regimes and their respective fields were characterized by complex interdependencies and interactions as well as by legal pluralism, flexibility, fragmentation, collisions, and Entrechtlichung, transgressing national security and extending securitiza tion to indefinite "global" security spaces. Though this could be interpreted as an "international security dispositive" it as well challenges Foucault's concept which, in the end, should be substituted by the historical model of "transna
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Legal Concepts of Terrorism as Political Crime and International Criminal Law in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Europe
Post 9 11 and the State of Permanent Legal Emergency, 2012Co-Authors: Karl HärterAbstract:This chapter gives an overview of the history of terrorism by analyzing terrorism as a Political Crime in eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe. At the time ‘terrorism’ did not merely exist as a separate, specific phenomenon but was considered as a Political Crime like treason or the ‘Crimen laesae maiestatis.’ Reacting to different forms of Political dissidence, revolt and criminal/terrorist action, the European authorities and states slowly shaped the legal concept of terrorism and developed an anti-terrorism legislation which could be extended to various forms of Political dissidence and Crime. This development was accompanied by the establishment of different new techniques of policing and anti-terrorism measures which were only partially integrated in the legal system or legally controlled. Particularly in the second half of the nineteenth century this development implied not only the modification of domestic criminal law but also affected fundamental rights and civil liberties already established by European constitutionalism. On the basis of these general developments, the chapter explores especially the impact of the legal concepts of terrorism on ‘international criminal law’. Political movements, Political dissidents, rebels and anarchist could be labeled ‘terrorist’ and were considered a trans-border threat. This influenced not only the establishment and intensification of trans-border police activities and prosecution of ‘terrorists’ but stimulated the formation of international criminal law, particularly with regard to legal assistance, extradition, and asylum. The latter practices were modified by new norms like the assassination or the anarchist clause which restricted the granting of Political asylum and extended extradition with regard to Political Crimes and terrorism. In this respect the legal concepts of terrorism affected fundamental rights and civil liberties on the international level and influenced the development of trans-border anti-terrorism measures and the formation of ‘international criminal law’.
Åberg Felicia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Könsstympning som uteslutningsgrund? - En undersökning av förhållandet mellan flyktingskap och uteslutning
Lunds universitet Juridiska fakulteten, 2019Co-Authors: Åberg FeliciaAbstract:In this essay, the relationship between refugee protection and exclusion is examined when a person has committed female genital mutilation/cutting before he or she came to Sweden. The question to be answered is whether female genital mutilation/cutting can constitute a serious non-Political Crime. The Swedish Migration Court has considered female genital mutilation/cutting as a serious non-Political Crime in two cases, which have been granted leave to appeal to the Migration Court of Appeal. The two cases are not described in detail in the essay, but can however be said to express the need for research. The essay is divided into one more descriptive part and one more analytical part. In order to determine the legal situation material such as the law, legislative history, common practice and doctrine have been used. The question of exclusion from refugee protection becomes relevant only after the person has been found to be a refugee. Both the refugee definition and the exclusion grounds are based on international law. In the essay, it is stated that a person is excluded from being considered a refugee if there is particular reason to assume that he or she has committed a serious non-Political Crime outside Sweden before he or she came here. Such Crimes mentioned to be serious non-Political Crimes are rape, murder and armed robbery. In the essay, it is stated that the conception of justice of female genital mutilation/cutting is similar to that of rape and gross assault, which may indicate that female genital mutilation/cutting is a serious non-Political Crime and ground for exclusion. In the analytical part of the essay, some problematic arguments are presented, including how social and cultural values can be of importance in the case of female genital mutilation/cutting as a ground for exclusion.I uppsatsen undersöks förhållandet mellan flyktingskap och uteslutning från flyktingskap för den som utfört eller låtit annan utföra könsstympning innan han eller hon kom till Sverige. Den centrala frågeställningen är om könsstympning kan utgöra ett grovt icke-politiskt brott enligt utlänningslagen. Migrationsdomstolen har bedömt könsstympning utgöra ett grovt icke-politiskt brott i två mål, som har beviljats prövningstillstånd till Migrationsöverdomstolen. Målen beskrivs inte ingående i uppsatsen, men de kan sägas ge uttryck för att forskningsbehov finns. Uppsatsen är indelad i en mer deskriptiv del och en mer analytisk del. För att fastställa rättsläget har en rättsdogmatisk metod använts. Som material har lagstiftning, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin använts. Frågan om uteslutning från flyktingskap blir relevant först efter att personen har konstaterats vara flykting. Såväl flyktingdefinitionen som uteslutningsgrunderna bygger på internationell rätt. I uppsatsen konstateras att en utlänning är utesluten från att anses som flykting om det finns synnerlig anledning att anta att han eller hon har gjort sig skyldig till ett grovt icke-politiskt brott utanför Sverige innan han eller hon kom hit. Sådana brott som nämns i förarbetena till utlänningslagen och i internationella styrdokument är våldtäkt, mord och väpnat rån. Det konstateras i uppsatsen att den svenska rättsuppfattningen om könstympningsbrottet liknar den om de nämnda brotten. Detta kan tala för att kvinnlig könsstympning skulle kunna utgöra grund för uteslutning som ett grovt icke-politiskt brott. I uppsatsens mer analytiska del förs vidare vissa problematiserande resonemang, bland annat om hur sociala och kulturella värderingar kan få betydelse i den här typen av mål
William Alex Pridemore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Politics, culture, and Political Crime: Covariates of abortion clinic attacks in the United States
Journal of Criminal Justice, 2007Co-Authors: Joshua D. Freilich, William Alex PridemoreAbstract:This study examined Crime and violence against abortion clinics, testing elements of several theories that may help explain the variation of such attacks. The study theoretically and methodologically improved upon the prior research on abortion-related Crime and violence. Theoretically, it investigated previously unexamined hypotheses from the social movement literature that may be relevant to this type of behavior. Methodologically, it used more careful measures for several variables, employed unique and heretofore ignored data bases, and examined hundreds of criminal acts across several types of Crime (e.g., violence, vandalism, and harassment) directed at abortion clinics. Employing robust logistic regression and correcting for clustering of clinics by state, the study investigated the cross-sectional effects of state-level cultural and structural characteristics on anti-abortion Crimes against clinics and staff. Results indicated that some Crimes against clinics are more likely in areas where female empowerment is weaker, female victimization is more tolerated, and the anti-abortion movement has failed to reduce abortions.
Alina Korn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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From refugees to infiltrators: constructing Political Crime in Israel in the 1950s
International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 2003Co-Authors: Alina KornAbstract:Dans cet article, l'A se penche sur la construction sociale des comportements criminels concernant les palestiniens dans l'Etat d'Israel. L'A revient sur les conditions historiques de l'exclusion des palestiniens des territoires qu'ils occupaient en 1948, pour s'interesser aux mouvements de refugies, particulierement celui des infiltrateurs. L'A analyse ici l'evolution de la legislation israelienne concernant les Crimes politiques, les comportements criminels et deviants qui englobent les mouvements de refugies, sans distinction et qui deplacent le probleme aux frontieres de l'Etat