Pollution Exposure

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Miguel A. Figliozzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on road Pollution Exposure externality
    Transportation Research Part A-policy and Practice, 2013
    Co-Authors: Alexander Y. Bigazzi, Miguel A. Figliozzi
    Abstract:

    The health cost of on-road air Pollution Exposure is a component of traffic marginal costs that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road Pollution Exposure as an externality of traffic, particularly important during traffic congestion when on-road Pollution Exposure is highest. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road Pollution Exposure in addition to time, fuel, and Pollution emissions components. The marginal external cost of on-road Exposure includes terms for the marginal vehicle’s emissions, the increased emissions from all vehicles caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle, and the additional Exposure duration for all travelers caused by additional congestion from the marginal vehicle. A sensitivity analysis shows that on-road Pollution Exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal social costs of traffic flow near freeway capacity, ranging from 4% to 38% with different Exposure parameters. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road Exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare loss because of sub-optimal tolls. While regional Pollution generates greater costs in uncongested conditions, on-road Exposure comes to dominate health costs on congested freeways because of increased duration and intensity of Exposure. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road Exposure costs reduces the magnitudes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system (ITS) improvements; the net benefits of road-pricing ITS systems are increased more than the net benefits of ITS traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road Exposure costs greatly increases heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of their higher emissions rates and greater roadway capacity utilization. Lastly, there are large uncertainties associated with the parameters utilized in the estimation of health outcomes that are a function of travel Pollution intensity and duration. More research is needed to develop on-road Exposure modeling tools that link repeated short-duration Exposure and health outcomes.

  • Marginal Costs of Freeway Traffic Congestion with On-Road Pollution Exposure Externality
    2013
    Co-Authors: Alexander Y. Bigazzi, Miguel A. Figliozzi
    Abstract:

    The health cost of on-road air Pollution Exposure is a component of marginal costs in congested traffic that has not previously been assessed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce on-road Pollution Exposure as an externality of traffic congestion. Marginal private and external cost equations are developed that include on-road Pollution Exposure in addition to time, fuel, and regional Pollution emissions components. Applying a set of parameter values based on the literature shows that on-road Pollution Exposure can be a large portion (18%) of marginal costs near freeway capacity. In an optimal pricing scenario, excluding the on-road Exposure externality can lead to 6% residual welfare losses because of sub-optimal tolls. Time is the dominant cost component, but on-road Exposure costs increase dramatically in congestion. The estimated marginal cost and benefit curves indicate a theoretical preference for price controls to address the externality problem. The inclusion of on-road Exposure reduces the sizes of projects required to cover implementation costs for intelligent transportation system improvements, with more of an effect on the estimated benefits of road-pricing systems than traffic flow improvements. When considering distinct vehicle classes, inclusion of on-road Exposure costs disproportionately affects heavy-duty vehicle marginal costs because of higher emissions rates and greater occupation of roadway capacity. Lastly, there are large uncertainties in the parameter estimates and more research is needed for on-road Exposure modeling tools and linkages between repeated short-duration Pollution Exposure and health outcomes.

Jing Hua - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • air Pollution Exposure in association with maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy
    Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Zhao, Zhijuan Cao, Yingying Yang, Chao Liu, Jing Hua
    Abstract:

    Abstract Association of prenatal air Pollution Exposure with maternal thyroid hormone (TH) levels remains unclear, especially during early pregnancy when even small changes in maternal TH could affect fetal neurodevelopment. We examined the effect of air Pollution Exposure on maternal TH levels in the second trimester of pregnancy. Serum concentrations of free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in 8077 pregnant women were measured by fluorescence and chemiluminescence immunoassays. Prenatal Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was estimated using land use regression models. FT4 levels were significantly inversely associated with both PM2.5 and NO2 Exposure. A 10 μg/m3 increase in NO2 Exposure in first trimester and PM2.5 Exposure in second trimester was associated with 0.61% (95% CI, -0.88% to -0.35%) and 0.73% (95% CI, -1.25% to -0.20%) decrease in FT4 levels, respectively. PM2.5 Exposure was also associated with elevated odds of maternal hypothyroxinemia. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 Exposure in both first and second trimester was associated with 28% (OR = 1.28, 95% CI, 1.05–1.57) and 23% (OR = 1.23, 95% CI, 1.00–1.51) increase in the odds of maternal hypothyroxinemia, respectively. Our findings suggest that air Pollution may interfere with maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy.

  • Particulate Air Pollution Exposure and Plasma Vitamin D Levels in Pregnant Women: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.
    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yan Zhao, Lei Wang, Hong-jiao Liu, Zhijuan Cao, Jing Cai, Jing Hua
    Abstract:

    Context No studies have assessed the association between air Pollution Exposure and vitamin D status in pregnant women. Objective To examine the association between particulate air Pollution Exposure and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D] levels in pregnant women. Design A longitudinal cohort study. Participants A total of 3285 pregnant women were recruited at a maternal and child health hospital. Interventions None. Main outcome measures Serum 25(OH)D levels. Results We observed trimester-specific associations between particulate air Pollution Exposure and circulating 25(OH)D levels. The associations were most pronounced for the periods of the third trimester and the entire pregnancy. A 10 μg/m3 increase in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) Exposure during the entire pregnancy was associated with a 4.62% (95% CI, -6.31% to -2.93%) and 5.06% (95% CI, -6.50% to -3.62%) decrease in 25(OH)D levels, respectively. Particulate air Pollution Exposure was also associated with elevated odds of maternal vitamin D deficiency. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure during the entire pregnancy was associated with a 45% (OR = 1.45, 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.63) and 48% (OR = 1.48, 95% CI, 1.33 to 1.64) increase in the odds of maternal vitamin D deficiency. Mediation analysis estimated that decreased solar UV-B radiation mediated 69.5% and 66.4% of the inverse association between PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure and circulating 25(OH)D levels. Conclusion Our results suggest that prenatal Exposure to particulate air Pollution may play an independent role in maternal vitamin D deficiency. The role of air Pollution should be incorporated into future guidelines for the prevention of maternal vitamin D deficiency.

Joel Schwartz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Lizzi Stausgaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a proper choice of route significantly reduces air Pollution Exposure a study on bicycle and bus trips in urban streets
    Science of The Total Environment, 2008
    Co-Authors: Ole Hertel, Martin Hvidberg, Matthias Ketzel, Lars Storm, Lizzi Stausgaard
    Abstract:

    A proper selection of route through the urban area may significantly reduce the air Pollution Exposure. This is the main conclusion from the presented study. Air Pollution Exposure is determined for two selected cohorts along the route going from home to working place, and back from working place to home. Exposure is determined with a street Pollution model for three scenarios: bicycling along the shortest possible route, bicycling along the low Exposure route along less trafficked streets, and finally taking the shortest trip using public transport. Furthermore, calculations are performed for the cases the trip takes place inside as well as outside the traffic rush hours. The results show that the accumulated air Pollution Exposure for the low Exposure route is between 10% and 30% lower for the primary pollutants (NOx and CO). However, the difference is insignificant and in some cases even negative for the secondary pollutants (NO2 and PM10/PM2.5). Considering only the contribution from traffic in the travelled streets, the accumulated air Pollution Exposure is between 54% and 67% lower for the low Exposure route. The bus is generally following highly trafficked streets, and the accumulated Exposure along the bus route is therefore between 79% and 115% higher than the high Exposure bicycle route (the short bicycle route). Travelling outside the rush hour time periods reduces the accumulated Exposure between 10% and 30% for the primary pollutants, and between 5% and 20% for the secondary pollutants. The study indicates that a web based route planner for selecting the low Exposure route through the city might be a good service for the public. In addition the public may be advised to travel outside rush hour time periods.

  • A proper choice of route significantly reduces air Pollution Exposure — A study on bicycle and bus trips in urban streets
    Science of The Total Environment, 2008
    Co-Authors: Ole Hertel, Martin Hvidberg, Matthias Ketzel, Lars Mølgaard Storm, Lizzi Stausgaard
    Abstract:

    A proper selection of route through the urban area may significantly reduce the air Pollution Exposure. This is the main conclusion from the presented study. Air Pollution Exposure is determined for two selected cohorts along the route going from home to working place, and back from working place to home. Exposure is determined with a street Pollution model for three scenarios: bicycling along the shortest possible route, bicycling along the low Exposure route along less trafficked streets, and finally taking the shortest trip using public transport. Furthermore, calculations are performed for the cases the trip takes place inside as well as outside the traffic rush hours. The results show that the accumulated air Pollution Exposure for the low Exposure route is between 10% and 30% lower for the primary pollutants (NOx and CO). However, the difference is insignificant and in some cases even negative for the secondary pollutants (NO2 and PM10/PM2.5). Considering only the contribution from traffic in the travelled streets, the accumulated air Pollution Exposure is between 54% and 67% lower for the low Exposure route. The bus is generally following highly trafficked streets, and the accumulated Exposure along the bus route is therefore between 79% and 115% higher than the high Exposure bicycle route (the short bicycle route). Travelling outside the rush hour time periods reduces the accumulated Exposure between 10% and 30% for the primary pollutants, and between 5% and 20% for the secondary pollutants. The study indicates that a web based route planner for selecting the low Exposure route through the city might be a good service for the public. In addition the public may be advised to travel outside rush hour time periods.

Itai Kloog - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

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