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William E. Fry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Potato Late Blight.
2006Co-Authors: William E. Fry, Eduardo S. G. MizubutiAbstract:Potato Late Blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary may be the best known, longest studied and still among the most destructive of all plant diseases. Devastation caused by this plant pathogen in the Late 1840s in Europe led to food shortages throughout Europe and gave rise to the Irish Potato famine. The enormity of the famine initiated by this plant disease stimuLated much investigation on plant diseases and led to the development of plant pathology as a distinct discipline. However, the impact of these studies had a much broader impact. Inoculation experiments by de Bary provided evidence for the causal role of this pathogen in the disease and contributed to the Later acceptance of Pasteur’s more general germ theory of disease.
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Potato Late Blight Management in the Toluca Valley: Field Validation of SimCast Modified for Cultivars with High Field Resistance.
Plant disease, 2002Co-Authors: Niklaus J. Grünwald, Gaspar Romero Montes, H. Lozoya Saldaña, O. A. Rubio Covarrubias, William E. FryAbstract:Grunwald, N. J., Romero Montes, G., Lozoya Saldana, H., Rubio Covarrubias, O. A., and Fry, W. E. 2002. Potato Late Blight management in the Toluca valley: Field validation of SimCast modified for cultivars with high field resistance. Plant Dis. 86:1163-1168. Management of Potato Late Blight in the highland tropics is very costly and remains difficult. Reducing the impact of Late Blight through the use of resistant cultivars in combination with a fungicide forecasting system could lower the number of costly fungicide applications. Previously, we evaluated the fungicide advisory SimCast for use with Mexican cultivars of high levels of field resistance for use in the central highlands of Mexico and found that it predicted too many fungicide applications for cultivars of moderate to high levels of resistance. We adapted SimCast for cultivars with higher levels of resistance, and field validations conducted in 1999 and 2000 show that SimCast resulted in good disease control on cultivars ranging from susceptible to highly resistant. The number of fungicide applications forecast for cultivars with moderate to high levels of resistance was reduced. Precipitation was the environmental variable responsible for most of the forecasts made. Our work demonstrates that a predictive system can be portable from the temperate climate to a tropical highland climate. A user-friendly decision support system consisting of just a rain-gauge and the exclusive use of SimCast’s fungicide units could be a valuable and affordable tool in managing Potato Late Blight in the highland tropics.
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Evaluation of Potato Late Blight forecasts modified to include weather forecasts : a simulation analysis
Phytopathology, 1993Co-Authors: R. Raposo, Daniel S. Wilks, William E. FryAbstract:The potential effect of incorporating weather forecasts into Potato Late Blight disease forecasts for timing protectant fungicide applications was investigated. Fungicide applications, fungicide weathering, and pathogen development were simuLated with a system of field-tested computer simulation models, using 50 yr of weather data from Steuben County, New York. Weather forecasts were simuLated with a probability model that reLates distributions of observed high relative humidity periods and mean temperature to forecasts produced by the National Meteorological Center []
Karen A Garrett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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climate change may have limited effect on global risk of Potato Late Blight
Global Change Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Adam H Sparks, Gregory A Forbes, Robert J Hijmans, Karen A GarrettAbstract:Weather affects the severity of many plant diseases, and climate change is likely to alter the patterns of crop disease severity. Evaluating possible future patterns can help focus crop breeding and disease management research. We examined the global effect of climate change on Potato Late Blight, the disease that caused the Irish Potato famine and still is a common Potato disease around the world. We used a metamodel and considered three global climate models for the A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario for three 20-year time-slices: 2000–2019, 2040–2059 and 2080–2099. In addition to global analyses, five regions were evaluated where Potato is an important crop: the Andean Highlands, Indo-Gangetic Plain and Himalayan Highlands, Southeast Asian Highlands, Ethiopian Highlands, and Lake Kivu Highlands in Sub-Saharan Africa. We found that the average global risk of Potato Late Blight increases initially, when compared with historic climate data, and then declines as planting dates shift to cooler seasons. Risk in the agro-ecosystems analyzed, varied from a large increase in risk in the Lake Kivu Highlands in Rwanda to decreases in the Southeast Asian Highlands of Indonesia.
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the effects of host diversity and other management components on epidemics of Potato Late Blight in the humid highland tropics
Phytopathology, 2001Co-Authors: Karen A Garrett, Christopher C Mundt, Rebecca Nelson, G Chacon, R E Jaramillo, G A ForbesAbstract:Garrett, K. A., Nelson, R. J., Mundt, C. C., Chacon, G., Jaramillo, R. E., and Forbes, G. A. 2001. The effects of host diversity and other management components on epidemics of Potato Late Blight in the humid highland tropics. Phytopathology 91:993-1000. A field study at three highland sites near Quito, Ecuador, was conducted to determine whether host-diversity effects on Potato Late Blight would be as important as recently found in studies conducted in temperate areas. We compared three Potato mixtures and use of mixtures in combination with different planting densities and two fungicide regimes. Treatment comparisons were made by absolute and relative measures of host-diversity effects and incorporating a truncated area under the disease progress curve as a means of standardizing comparisons across sites. Potato-faba intercrops consisting of only 10% Potato provided an estimate of the effects of dilution of susceptible host tissue. Host-diversity effects were very different across study sites, with a large host-diversity effect for reduced disease only at the site most distant from commercial Potato production. Planting density had little influence on host-diversity effects or on Late Blight in single-genotype stands. Fungicide use in combination with Potato mixtures enhanced a host-diversity effect for reduced Late Blight. Potato-faba intercrops produced only a small decrease in Potato Late Blight. Effects of host diversity on yield were variable, with the greatest increase in yield for mixtures treated with fungicides at the site most distant from commercial Potato production. The effects of host diversity on Late Blight severity may be less consistent in the tropical highlands than in the temperate zone, but can contribute to integrated disease management.
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host diversity can reduce Potato Late Blight severity for focal and general patterns of primary inoculum
Phytopathology, 2000Co-Authors: Karen A Garrett, Christopher C MundtAbstract:Garrett, K. A., and Mundt, C. C. 2000. Host diversity can reduce Potato Late Blight severity for focal and general patterns of primary inoculum. Phytopathology 90:1307-1312. The use of host diversity as a tool for management of Potato Late Blight has not been viewed as promising in the past. But the increasing importance of Late Blight internationally has brought new consideration to all potential management tools. We studied the effect of host diversity on epidemics of Potato Late Blight in Oregon, where there was little outside inoculum. The experimental system consisted of susceptible Potato cv. Red LaSoda and a highly resistant breeding selection, inocuLated with local isoLates of US-8 Phytophthora infestans. Potatoes were grown in singlegenotype plots and also in a mixture of 10 susceptible and 26 resistant Potato plants. Half of the plots received inoculation evenly thr oughout the plot (general inoculation) and half received an equal quan tity of inoculum in only one corner of the plot (focal inoculation). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was greater in single genotype stands of susceptible cv. Red LaSoda inocuLated throughout the plot than with stands inocuLated in one focus. The host-diversity effect on foliar Late Blight was significant in both years of the investigation; the AUDPC was reduced by an average of 37% in 1997 and 36% in 1998, compared with the mean disease level for the Potato genotypes grown separately. Though the evidence for influence of inoculum pattern on host-diversity effects was weak (P = 0.15), in both years there was a trend toward greater hostdiversity effects for general inoculation. Statistical significance of hostdiversity effects on tuber yield and Blight were found only in one of the two years. In that year, tuber yield from both the resistant and susceptible cultivar was increased in mixtures compared with single genotype stands and tuber Blight was decreased in mixtures for susceptible cv. Red LaSoda. Additional keywords: cultivar mixtures, genetic diversity, spatial pattern of inoculum, variety mixtures.
Steven Kildea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Opportunities for an improved Potato Late Blight management in the Republic of Ireland: Field evaluation of the modified Irish Rules crop disease risk prediction model.
Phytopathology, 2021Co-Authors: Mladen Cucak, Rafael De Andrade Moral, Rowan Fealy, Keith Lambkin, Steven KildeaAbstract:Potato Late Blight remains the most significant disease threat of Potato cultivation globally, often requiring expensive, time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly approaches to disease management. The goal of this research was to evaluate whether an estimation of Potato Late Blight risk based on environmental factors can be reliably used to adjust the standard Potato Late Blight management practices and the role of cultivar resistance under growing conditions and contemporary Phytophthora infestans populations in the Republic of Ireland. Using the modified Irish Rules model, it was possible to reduce fungicide usage by 58.7% on average, compared to current standard practices used by growers and without adversely compromising disease control and yield, with similar results achieved by the half dose programme. Host resistance levels were found to be correLated with a delay in the initiation of the epidemics, final foliar disease levels and reduction of fungicide usage. Disease levels on the highly resistant cultivars remained low and a clear selection pattern towards the P. infestans genotypes EU_13_A2 and EU_6_A1 was observed. An increase in the frequency of strains belonging to genotypes EU_13_A2 and EU_6_A1 was also observed to occur in the latter part of the trial growing seasons. Due to the increasingly dynamic nature of the population structure, associated with the continued evolution of the P. infestans population and the arrival of EU_36_A2 in the Republic of Ireland, routine population monitoring is required to ensure that Potato Late Blight control strategies remain effective.
Shumin Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ethylicin prevents Potato Late Blight by disrupting protein biosynthesis of phytophthora infestans
Pathogenetics, 2020Co-Authors: Shumin Zhang, Pan Dong, Meiquan Zhang, Rehman A Khalid, Yang Chen, Hanyan Wang, Maozhi RenAbstract:Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of Potato Late Blight, triggered the devastating Great Irish Famine that lasted from 1845 to 1852. Today, it is still the greatest threat to the Potato yield. Ethylicin is a broad-spectrum biomimetic-fungicide. However, its application in the control of Phytophthora infestans is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethylicin on Phytophthora infestans. We found that ethylicin inhibited the mycelial growth, sporulation capacity, spore germination and virulence of Phytophthora infestans. Furthermore, the integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics indicates that ethylicin may inhibit peptide or protein biosynthesis by suppressing both the ribosomal function and amino acid metabolism, causing an inhibitory effect on Phytophthora infestans. These observations indicate that ethylicin may be an anti-oomycete agent that can be used to control Phytophthora infestans.
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melatonin attenuates Potato Late Blight by disrupting cell growth stress tolerance fungicide susceptibility and homeostasis of gene expression in phytophthora infestans
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017Co-Authors: Shumin Zhang, Xianzhe Zheng, Russel J Reiter, Shun Feng, Ying Wang, Zhengguo Li, Raju DatlaAbstract:Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) is the causal agent of Potato Late Blight, which caused the devastating Irish Potato Famine during 1845-1852. Until now, Potato Late Blight is still the most serious threat to Potato growth and has caused significant economic losses worldwide. Melatonin can induce plant innate immunity against pathogen infection, but the direct effects of melatonin on plant pathogens are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the direct effects of melatonin on P. infestans. Exogenous melatonin significantly attenuated the Potato Late Blight by inhibiting mycelial growth, changing cell ultrastructure, and reducing stress tolerance of P. infestans. Notably, synergistic anti-fungal effects of melatonin with fungicides on P. infestans suggest that melatonin could reduce the dose levels and enhance the efficacy of fungicide against Potato Late Blight. A transcriptome analysis was carried out to mine downstream genes whose expression levels were affected by melatonin. The analysis of the transcriptome suggests that 66 differentially expressed genes involved in amino acid metabolic processes were significantly affected by melatonin. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes associated with stress tolerance, fungicide resistance, and virulence were also affected. These findings contribute to a new understanding of the direct functions of the melatonin on P. infestans and provide a potential ecofriendly biocontrol approach using a melatonin-based paradigm and application to prevent Potato Late Blight.
Maozhi Ren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Antifungal activity of chitosan against Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen of Potato Late Blight.
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2020Co-Authors: Xiaoqing Huang, Ziyue You, Yang Luo, Chengji Yang, Jie Ren, Yanlin Liu, Guangjing Wei, Pan Dong, Maozhi RenAbstract:Abstract Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen of Potato Late Blight which is a devastating disease of Potatoes, causes stem and leaf rot, leading to significant economic losses. Chitosan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties. However, the specific mechanism of chitosan on Phytophthora infestans has not been studied. In this study, we found that chitosan significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of Phytophthora infestans in vitro, reduced the resistance of Phytophthora infestans to various adverse conditions, and it had synergistic effect with pesticides, making it a potential way to reduce the use of chemical pesticides. In addition, chitosan could induce resistance in Potato pieces and leaves to Phytophthora infestans. Transcriptome analysis data showed that chitosan mainly affected cell growth of Phytophthora infestans, and most of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and Gene ontology (GO) terms revolved in metabolic processes, cell membrane structure and function and ribosome biogenesis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) reLated to adverse stress and virulence were also discussed. On the whole, this study provided new ideas for the development of chitosan as an eco-friendly preparation for controlling Potato Late Blight.
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ethylicin prevents Potato Late Blight by disrupting protein biosynthesis of phytophthora infestans
Pathogenetics, 2020Co-Authors: Shumin Zhang, Pan Dong, Meiquan Zhang, Rehman A Khalid, Yang Chen, Hanyan Wang, Maozhi RenAbstract:Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of Potato Late Blight, triggered the devastating Great Irish Famine that lasted from 1845 to 1852. Today, it is still the greatest threat to the Potato yield. Ethylicin is a broad-spectrum biomimetic-fungicide. However, its application in the control of Phytophthora infestans is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethylicin on Phytophthora infestans. We found that ethylicin inhibited the mycelial growth, sporulation capacity, spore germination and virulence of Phytophthora infestans. Furthermore, the integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics indicates that ethylicin may inhibit peptide or protein biosynthesis by suppressing both the ribosomal function and amino acid metabolism, causing an inhibitory effect on Phytophthora infestans. These observations indicate that ethylicin may be an anti-oomycete agent that can be used to control Phytophthora infestans.