The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Martin Ravallion - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growth urbanization and Poverty Reduction in india
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016Co-Authors: Gaurav Datt, Martin Ravallion, Rinku MurgaiAbstract:Longstanding development issues are revisited in the light of our newly-constructed dataset of Poverty measures for India spanning 60 years, including 20 years since reforms began in earnest in 1991. We find a downward trend in Poverty measures since 1970, with an acceleration post-1991, despite rising inequality. Faster Poverty decline came with both higher growth and a more pro-poor pattern of growth. Post-1991 data suggest stronger inter-sectoral linkages: urban consumption growth brought gains to the rural as well as the urban poor and the primary-secondary-tertiary composition of growth has ceased to matter as all three sectors contributed to Poverty Reduction.
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a comparative perspective on Poverty Reduction in brazil china and india
World Bank Research Observer, 2009Co-Authors: Martin RavallionAbstract:Brazil, China, and India have seen falling Poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid Poverty Reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were many distortions to be removed and a relatively low inequality of access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped Poverty Reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve a higher proportionate rate of Poverty Reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to Poverty Reduction.
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a comparative perspective on Poverty Reduction in brazil china and india
2009Co-Authors: Martin RavallionAbstract:Brazil, China and India have seen falling Poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid Poverty Reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were ample distortions to remove and relatively low inequality in access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped Poverty Reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve more rapid Poverty Reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to Poverty Reduction.
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the pattern of growth and Poverty Reduction in china
Social Science Research Network, 2009Co-Authors: Jose Garcia Montalvo, Martin RavallionAbstract:China has seen a huge Reduction in the incidence of extreme Poverty since the economic reforms that started in the late 1970s. Yet, the growth process has been highly uneven across sectors and regions. The paper tests whether the pattern of China´s growth mattered to Poverty Reduction using a new provincial panel data set constructed for this purpose. The econometric tests support the view that the primary sector (mainly agriculture) has been the main driving force in Poverty Reduction over the period since 1980. It was the sectoral unevenness in the growth process, rather than its geographic unevenness, that handicapped Poverty Reduction. Yes, China has had great success in reducing Poverty through economic growth, but this happened despite the unevenness in its sectoral pattern of growth. The idea of a trade-off between these sectors in terms of overall progress against Poverty in China turns out to be a moot point, given how little evidence there is of any Poverty impact of non-primary sector growth, controlling for primary-sector growth. While the non-primary sectors were key drivers of aggregate growth, it was the primary sector that did the heavy lifting against Poverty.
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Poverty Reduction without economic growth explaining brazil s Poverty dynamics 1985 2004
2007Co-Authors: Francisco H G Ferreira, Phillippe G Leite, Martin RavallionAbstract:Brazil's slow pace of Poverty Reduction over the last two decades reflects both low growth and a low growth elasticity of Poverty Reduction. Using GDP data disaggregated by state and sector for a twenty-year period, this paper finds considerable variation in the Poverty-reducing effectiveness of growth-across sectors, across space, and over time. Growth in the services sector was substantially more Poverty-reducing than was growth in either agriculture or industry. Growth in industry had very different effects on Poverty across different states and its impact varied with initial conditions related to human development and worker empowerment. The determinants of Poverty Reduction changed around 1994: positive growth rates and a greater (absolute) elasticity with respect to agricultural growth contributed to faster Poverty Reduction. But because there was so little of it, economic growth played a relatively small role in accounting for Brazil's Poverty Reduction between 1985 and 2004. The taming of hyperinflation (in 1994) and substantial expansions in social security and social assistance transfers, beginning in 1988, accounted for a larger share of the overall Reduction in Poverty.
Alessandra Garbero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poverty Reduction during the rural urban transformation rural development is still more important than urbanisation
Journal of Policy Modeling, 2017Co-Authors: Katsushi S Imai, Raghav Gaiha, Alessandra GarberoAbstract:Abstract Based on cross-country panel datasets, we find that (i) an increase in population share in agriculture is associated with Poverty Reduction once the longer-term Poverty change or the dynamic is taken into account; (ii) rural non-agricultural sector also is Poverty reducing in some cases; and (iii) increased population in the mega cities has no role in Poverty Reduction. In fact, the growth of population in mega cities is “Poverty-increasing” in a few cases. Given that a rapid population growth or rural–urban migration is likely to increase Poverty, more emphasis should be placed on policies that enhance support for rural agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. If our analysis has any validity, doubts are raised about recent research emphasising the role of secondary towns or urbanisation as the main driver of extreme Poverty Reduction.
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Poverty Reduction during the rural urban transformation rural development is still more important than urbanisation
Journal of Policy Modeling, 2017Co-Authors: Katsushi S Imai, Raghav Gaiha, Alessandra GarberoAbstract:Abstract Based on cross-country datasets, we find that (i) development of the rural agricultural sector is the most Poverty reducing; (ii) rural non-agricultural sector also is Poverty reducing in some cases, but its magnitude is much smaller than that associated with the rural agricultural sector; and (iii) increased population in the mega cities has no role in Poverty Reduction. In fact, growth of population in mega cities is “Poverty-increasing” in a few cases. Given that a rapid population growth or rural-urban migration is likely to increase Poverty, more emphasis should be placed on policies that enhance support for rural agricultural sector and rural non-agricultural sector. If our analysis has any validity, serious doubts are raised about recent research emphasising the role of secondary towns or urbanisation as the main driver of extreme Poverty Reduction.
Xiaobo Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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public expenditure growth and Poverty Reduction in rural uganda
African Development Review, 2008Co-Authors: Shenggen Fan, Xiaobo ZhangAbstract:: Using district-level data for 1992, 1995, and 1999, the study estimated effects of different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural Poverty in Uganda. The results reveal that government spending on agricultural research and extension improved agricultural production substantially. This type of expenditure had the largest measured returns to growth in agricultural production. Agricultural research and extension spending also had the largest assessed impact on Poverty Reduction. Government spending on rural roads also had a substantial marginal impact on rural Poverty Reduction. The impact of low-grade roads such as feeder roads is larger than that of high-grade roads such as murram and tarmac roads. Education's effects rank after agricultural research and extension, and roads. Government spending in health did not show a large impact on growth in agricultural productivity or a Reduction in rural Poverty. Additional investments in the northern region (a poor region) contribute the most to reducing Poverty. However, it is the western region (a relatively well-developed region) where most types of investment have highest returns in terms of increased agricultural productivity.
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public expenditure growth and Poverty Reduction in rural uganda
2004Co-Authors: Shenggen Fan, Xiaobo Zhang, Neetha RaoAbstract:"Using district-level data for 1992, 1995, and 1999, the study estimated effects of different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural Poverty in Uganda. The results reveal that government spending on agricultural research and extension improved agricultural production substantially. This type of expenditure had the largest measured returns to growth in agricultural production. Agricultural research and extension spending also has the largest assessed impact on Poverty Reduction. Government spending on rural roads also had substantial marginal impact on rural Poverty Reduction. The impact of low-grade roads such as feeder roads is larger than that of high-grade roads such as murram and tarmac roads. Education's effects rank after agricultural research and extension, and roads. Government spending in health did not show a large impact on growth in agricultural productivity or a Reduction in rural Poverty, but in part because of difficulties in measuring some of the impacts of this type of investment. Additional investments in the northern region (a poor region) contribute the most to reducing Poverty. The Poverty-Reduction effect of spending on infrastructure and education is particularly high in this region. However, it is the western region (a relatively well-developed region) where most types of investment have highest returns in terms of increased agricultural productivity." Authors' Abstract
Raghav Gaiha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poverty Reduction during the rural urban transformation rural development is still more important than urbanisation
Journal of Policy Modeling, 2017Co-Authors: Katsushi S Imai, Raghav Gaiha, Alessandra GarberoAbstract:Abstract Based on cross-country panel datasets, we find that (i) an increase in population share in agriculture is associated with Poverty Reduction once the longer-term Poverty change or the dynamic is taken into account; (ii) rural non-agricultural sector also is Poverty reducing in some cases; and (iii) increased population in the mega cities has no role in Poverty Reduction. In fact, the growth of population in mega cities is “Poverty-increasing” in a few cases. Given that a rapid population growth or rural–urban migration is likely to increase Poverty, more emphasis should be placed on policies that enhance support for rural agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. If our analysis has any validity, doubts are raised about recent research emphasising the role of secondary towns or urbanisation as the main driver of extreme Poverty Reduction.
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Poverty Reduction during the rural urban transformation rural development is still more important than urbanisation
Journal of Policy Modeling, 2017Co-Authors: Katsushi S Imai, Raghav Gaiha, Alessandra GarberoAbstract:Abstract Based on cross-country datasets, we find that (i) development of the rural agricultural sector is the most Poverty reducing; (ii) rural non-agricultural sector also is Poverty reducing in some cases, but its magnitude is much smaller than that associated with the rural agricultural sector; and (iii) increased population in the mega cities has no role in Poverty Reduction. In fact, growth of population in mega cities is “Poverty-increasing” in a few cases. Given that a rapid population growth or rural-urban migration is likely to increase Poverty, more emphasis should be placed on policies that enhance support for rural agricultural sector and rural non-agricultural sector. If our analysis has any validity, serious doubts are raised about recent research emphasising the role of secondary towns or urbanisation as the main driver of extreme Poverty Reduction.
Shenggen Fan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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public expenditure growth and Poverty Reduction in rural uganda
African Development Review, 2008Co-Authors: Shenggen Fan, Xiaobo ZhangAbstract:: Using district-level data for 1992, 1995, and 1999, the study estimated effects of different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural Poverty in Uganda. The results reveal that government spending on agricultural research and extension improved agricultural production substantially. This type of expenditure had the largest measured returns to growth in agricultural production. Agricultural research and extension spending also had the largest assessed impact on Poverty Reduction. Government spending on rural roads also had a substantial marginal impact on rural Poverty Reduction. The impact of low-grade roads such as feeder roads is larger than that of high-grade roads such as murram and tarmac roads. Education's effects rank after agricultural research and extension, and roads. Government spending in health did not show a large impact on growth in agricultural productivity or a Reduction in rural Poverty. Additional investments in the northern region (a poor region) contribute the most to reducing Poverty. However, it is the western region (a relatively well-developed region) where most types of investment have highest returns in terms of increased agricultural productivity.
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road development economic growth and Poverty Reduction in china
2005Co-Authors: Shenggen Fan, Connie ChankangAbstract:ABSTRACT Since 1978, China has adopted a series of economic reforms leading to rapid economic growth and Poverty Reduction. National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at about 9 percent per annum from 1978 to 2002, while per capita income increased by 8 percent per annum. The post-reform period was also characterized by an unprecedented decline in Poverty. However, income inequality has worsened between coastal and interior provinces as well as between rural and urban areas. A number of factors contributed to this widening disparity in regional development in China, including differences in natural resources endowments, and infrastructure and human capital development. When the policy reforms began in 1978, China was poorly endowed with transportation infrastructure. With rapid economic growth, the demand for road transport soared and consequently transportation shortages and congestion problems surfaced. Since 1985, the government has given high priority to road development, particularly development of high-quality roads such as highways connecting major industrial centers in coastal areas. In the 1990s, investment in infrastructure became a national priority and various policies were implemented to promote the rapid construction of highways. The development of expressways has been particularly remarkable, increasing from 147 kilometers in 1988 to 25,130 kilometers in 2002, equivalent to an average annual growth rate of 44%. In contrast, the length of low quality, mostly rural roads increased very little, by only 3% per year over the same period. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of public infrastructure on growth and Poverty Reduction in China, paying a particular attention to the contribution of roads. The beneficial impacts of roads on production and productivity, as well as on Poverty alleviation, are well recognized in the literature but some important gaps remain. First, the impact of roads of different quality has received little attention. While the total length or density of roads is a useful indicator of the road infrastructure available in a country, it is important to account for quality differences because different types of roads
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public expenditure growth and Poverty Reduction in rural uganda
2004Co-Authors: Shenggen Fan, Xiaobo Zhang, Neetha RaoAbstract:"Using district-level data for 1992, 1995, and 1999, the study estimated effects of different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural Poverty in Uganda. The results reveal that government spending on agricultural research and extension improved agricultural production substantially. This type of expenditure had the largest measured returns to growth in agricultural production. Agricultural research and extension spending also has the largest assessed impact on Poverty Reduction. Government spending on rural roads also had substantial marginal impact on rural Poverty Reduction. The impact of low-grade roads such as feeder roads is larger than that of high-grade roads such as murram and tarmac roads. Education's effects rank after agricultural research and extension, and roads. Government spending in health did not show a large impact on growth in agricultural productivity or a Reduction in rural Poverty, but in part because of difficulties in measuring some of the impacts of this type of investment. Additional investments in the northern region (a poor region) contribute the most to reducing Poverty. The Poverty-Reduction effect of spending on infrastructure and education is particularly high in this region. However, it is the western region (a relatively well-developed region) where most types of investment have highest returns in terms of increased agricultural productivity." Authors' Abstract
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road development economic growth and Poverty Reduction in china
Research Papers in Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Shenggen Fan, Connie ChankangAbstract:"Since 1978, China has adopted a series of economic reforms leading to rapid economic growth and Poverty Reduction. National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew at about 9 percent per annum from 1978 to 2002, while per capita income increased by 8 percent per annum. The post-reform period was also characterized by an unprecedented decline in Poverty. However, income inequality has worsened between coastal and interior provinces as well as between rural and urban areas. A number of factors contributed to this widening disparity in regional development in China, including differences in natural resources endowments, and infrastructure and human capital development... The objective of this study is to assess the impact of public infrastructure on growth and Poverty Reduction in China, paying a particular attention to the contribution of roads. ...The most significant finding of this study is that low quality (mostly rural) roads have benefit/cost ratios for national GDP that are about four times larger than the benefit/cost ratios for high quality roads. Even in terms of urban GDP, the benefit/cost ratios for low quality roads are much greater than those for high quality roads." from Authors' Abstract
