The Experts below are selected from a list of 315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Uta Frith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Can autistic children Predict Behavior by social stereotypes
Current biology : CB, 2007Co-Authors: Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, Elizabeth N. Bartmess, Sarah White, Uta FrithAbstract:SummaryExplaining and Predicting Behavior involves understanding others in terms of their mental states — the so-called Theory of Mind (ToM). It also involves the capacity to understand others in terms of culturally transmitted information about group membership, for example, which social groups exist in one's culture and which stereotypes adhere to these groups. This capacity typically emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, just like ToM understanding [1,2]. Are the cognitive capacities underlying ToM and stereotypes the same or do they provide independent means of understanding and Predicting the actions of others? Children with autism have a profound inability to engage in everyday social interaction, as well as impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, which have been attributed to a severe delay in ToM development [3,4]. If the use of stereotypes and mental states were part and parcel of the same underlying cognitive process [5], then autistic children should have similar difficulties with both. We report here that 8-year-old autistic children with a mental age of 7, who fail ToM tasks, nevertheless know and use gender and race stereotypes just like normal children. This provides a powerful argument for the assumption of distinct processes in social reasoning [6] (see Supplemental data)
-
Can autistic children Predict Behavior by social stereotypes
Current biology : CB, 2007Co-Authors: Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, Elizabeth N. Bartmess, Sarah White, Uta FrithAbstract:Explaining and Predicting Behavior involves understanding others in terms of their mental states — the so-called Theory of Mind (ToM). It also involves the capacity to understand others in terms of culturally transmitted information about group membership, for example, which social groups exist in one’s culture and which stereotypes adhere to these groups. This capacity typically emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, just like ToM understanding [1,2]. Are the cognitive capacities underlying ToM and stereotypes the same or do they provide independent means of understanding and Predicting the actions of others? Children with autism have a profound inability to engage in everyday social interaction, as well as impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, which have been attributed to a severe delay in ToM development [3,4]. If the use of stereotypes and mental states were part and parcel of the same underlying cognitive process [5], then autistic children should have similar difficulties with both. We report here that 8-year-old autistic children with a mental age of 7, who fail ToM tasks, nevertheless know and use gender and race stereotypes just like normal children. This provides a powerful argument for the assumption of distinct processes in social reasoning
Lawrence A. Hirschfeld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Can autistic children Predict Behavior by social stereotypes
Current biology : CB, 2007Co-Authors: Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, Elizabeth N. Bartmess, Sarah White, Uta FrithAbstract:SummaryExplaining and Predicting Behavior involves understanding others in terms of their mental states — the so-called Theory of Mind (ToM). It also involves the capacity to understand others in terms of culturally transmitted information about group membership, for example, which social groups exist in one's culture and which stereotypes adhere to these groups. This capacity typically emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, just like ToM understanding [1,2]. Are the cognitive capacities underlying ToM and stereotypes the same or do they provide independent means of understanding and Predicting the actions of others? Children with autism have a profound inability to engage in everyday social interaction, as well as impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, which have been attributed to a severe delay in ToM development [3,4]. If the use of stereotypes and mental states were part and parcel of the same underlying cognitive process [5], then autistic children should have similar difficulties with both. We report here that 8-year-old autistic children with a mental age of 7, who fail ToM tasks, nevertheless know and use gender and race stereotypes just like normal children. This provides a powerful argument for the assumption of distinct processes in social reasoning [6] (see Supplemental data)
-
Can autistic children Predict Behavior by social stereotypes
Current biology : CB, 2007Co-Authors: Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, Elizabeth N. Bartmess, Sarah White, Uta FrithAbstract:Explaining and Predicting Behavior involves understanding others in terms of their mental states — the so-called Theory of Mind (ToM). It also involves the capacity to understand others in terms of culturally transmitted information about group membership, for example, which social groups exist in one’s culture and which stereotypes adhere to these groups. This capacity typically emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, just like ToM understanding [1,2]. Are the cognitive capacities underlying ToM and stereotypes the same or do they provide independent means of understanding and Predicting the actions of others? Children with autism have a profound inability to engage in everyday social interaction, as well as impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, which have been attributed to a severe delay in ToM development [3,4]. If the use of stereotypes and mental states were part and parcel of the same underlying cognitive process [5], then autistic children should have similar difficulties with both. We report here that 8-year-old autistic children with a mental age of 7, who fail ToM tasks, nevertheless know and use gender and race stereotypes just like normal children. This provides a powerful argument for the assumption of distinct processes in social reasoning
Maren N Vitousek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
stress and success individual differences in the glucocorticoid stress response Predict Behavior and reproductive success under high predation risk
Hormones and Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Maren N Vitousek, Brittany D Jenkins, Rebecca J SafranAbstract:A fundamental element of how vertebrates respond to stressors is by rapidly elevating circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Individual variation in the magnitude of the glucocorticoid stress response has been linked with reproductive success and survival. But while the adaptive value of this response is believed to stem in part from changes in the expression of hormone-mediated Behaviors, it is not clear how the Behavior of stronger and weaker glucocorticoid responders differs during reproduction, or during exposure to ecologically relevant stressors. Here we report that in a population of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) experiencing high rates of nest predation, circulating levels of corticosterone (the primary avian glucocorticoid) during exposure to a standardized stressor Predict aspects of subsequent Behavior and fitness. Individuals that mounted a stronger corticosterone stress response during the early reproductive period did not differ in clutch size, but fledged fewer offspring. Parents with higher stress-induced corticosterone during the early reproductive period later provisioned their nestlings at lower rates. Additionally, in the presence of a model predator stress-induced corticosterone was positively associated with the latency to return to the nest, but only among birds that were observed to return. Model comparisons revealed that stress-induced hormones were better Predictors of the Behavioral and fitness effects of exposure to transient, ecologically relevant stressors than baseline corticosterone. These findings are consistent with functional links between individual variation in the hormonal and Behavioral response to stressors. If such links occur, then selection on the heritable components of the corticosterone stress response could promote adaptation to novel environments or predation regimes.
Rebecca J Safran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
stress and success individual differences in the glucocorticoid stress response Predict Behavior and reproductive success under high predation risk
Hormones and Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Maren N Vitousek, Brittany D Jenkins, Rebecca J SafranAbstract:A fundamental element of how vertebrates respond to stressors is by rapidly elevating circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Individual variation in the magnitude of the glucocorticoid stress response has been linked with reproductive success and survival. But while the adaptive value of this response is believed to stem in part from changes in the expression of hormone-mediated Behaviors, it is not clear how the Behavior of stronger and weaker glucocorticoid responders differs during reproduction, or during exposure to ecologically relevant stressors. Here we report that in a population of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) experiencing high rates of nest predation, circulating levels of corticosterone (the primary avian glucocorticoid) during exposure to a standardized stressor Predict aspects of subsequent Behavior and fitness. Individuals that mounted a stronger corticosterone stress response during the early reproductive period did not differ in clutch size, but fledged fewer offspring. Parents with higher stress-induced corticosterone during the early reproductive period later provisioned their nestlings at lower rates. Additionally, in the presence of a model predator stress-induced corticosterone was positively associated with the latency to return to the nest, but only among birds that were observed to return. Model comparisons revealed that stress-induced hormones were better Predictors of the Behavioral and fitness effects of exposure to transient, ecologically relevant stressors than baseline corticosterone. These findings are consistent with functional links between individual variation in the hormonal and Behavioral response to stressors. If such links occur, then selection on the heritable components of the corticosterone stress response could promote adaptation to novel environments or predation regimes.
Sarah White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Can autistic children Predict Behavior by social stereotypes
Current biology : CB, 2007Co-Authors: Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, Elizabeth N. Bartmess, Sarah White, Uta FrithAbstract:SummaryExplaining and Predicting Behavior involves understanding others in terms of their mental states — the so-called Theory of Mind (ToM). It also involves the capacity to understand others in terms of culturally transmitted information about group membership, for example, which social groups exist in one's culture and which stereotypes adhere to these groups. This capacity typically emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, just like ToM understanding [1,2]. Are the cognitive capacities underlying ToM and stereotypes the same or do they provide independent means of understanding and Predicting the actions of others? Children with autism have a profound inability to engage in everyday social interaction, as well as impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, which have been attributed to a severe delay in ToM development [3,4]. If the use of stereotypes and mental states were part and parcel of the same underlying cognitive process [5], then autistic children should have similar difficulties with both. We report here that 8-year-old autistic children with a mental age of 7, who fail ToM tasks, nevertheless know and use gender and race stereotypes just like normal children. This provides a powerful argument for the assumption of distinct processes in social reasoning [6] (see Supplemental data)
-
Can autistic children Predict Behavior by social stereotypes
Current biology : CB, 2007Co-Authors: Lawrence A. Hirschfeld, Elizabeth N. Bartmess, Sarah White, Uta FrithAbstract:Explaining and Predicting Behavior involves understanding others in terms of their mental states — the so-called Theory of Mind (ToM). It also involves the capacity to understand others in terms of culturally transmitted information about group membership, for example, which social groups exist in one’s culture and which stereotypes adhere to these groups. This capacity typically emerges between 3 and 5 years of age, just like ToM understanding [1,2]. Are the cognitive capacities underlying ToM and stereotypes the same or do they provide independent means of understanding and Predicting the actions of others? Children with autism have a profound inability to engage in everyday social interaction, as well as impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, which have been attributed to a severe delay in ToM development [3,4]. If the use of stereotypes and mental states were part and parcel of the same underlying cognitive process [5], then autistic children should have similar difficulties with both. We report here that 8-year-old autistic children with a mental age of 7, who fail ToM tasks, nevertheless know and use gender and race stereotypes just like normal children. This provides a powerful argument for the assumption of distinct processes in social reasoning
