The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kimberly O Obrien - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vitamin b12 status in Pregnant Adolescents and their infants
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Julia L. Finkelstein, Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among Pregnant Adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy Pregnant Adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in Adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<148.0 pmol/L; 1.6%) in Adolescents was low during pregnancy, 22.6% of Adolescents were vitamin B12 insufficient (<221.0 pmol/L; 22.6%) at mid-gestation. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased from mid-gestation to delivery (p < 0.0001), and 53.4% had insufficient vitamin B12 status at delivery. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations (p < 0.001) and vitamin B12 deficiency (p = 0.002) at delivery were significantly associated with infant vitamin B12 concentrations in multivariate analyses, adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, parity, smoking status, relationship status, prenatal supplement use, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race, and intake of vitamin B12 and folate. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased during pregnancy and predicted neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort of healthy Pregnant Adolescents.
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a brief survey of dietary beliefs and behaviors of Pregnant Adolescents
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2016Co-Authors: Meredith Bruening, Corrie M Whisner, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Abstract Study Objective To provide a brief assessment of dietary beliefs and behaviors in an understudied high-risk population of Pregnant Adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants Diverse Pregnant Adolescents (n = 66) recruited from the Rochester Adolescent Maternity Program at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York completed a nutrition knowledge and beliefs survey once during pregnancy. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Responses were recorded by a health project coordinator who had good rapport with the teens. Study staff evaluated responses for emergent themes and thematically coded survey data. All responses were assessed relative to demographic variables using χ2 and analysis of variance tests. Results Most (83%; 55/66) Pregnant teens self-identified as African American with 21% (14/66) identifying as Hispanic. Most (92%; 61/66) Adolescents had medical insurance and 28% (19/66) reported participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. The importance of proper nutrition was acknowledged but 14% (9/66) reported that diet did not matter or they were unsure of the importance of nutrition for the fetus. Money, access to food, and personal relationships were reported as constraining factors for a healthy diet. Response themes did not differ according to demographic characteristics. Conclusion Overall, Pregnant teens recognize the importance of dietary intake during pregnancy but this knowledge does not always translate into behaviors. Understanding the health knowledge and behaviors of Pregnant Adolescents might provide a foundation for future lifestyle and clinical interventions.
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vitamin b12 and placental expression of transcobalamin in Pregnant Adolescents
Placenta, 2016Co-Authors: Alexander J Layden, Eva K. Pressman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O Obrien, Elizabeth Cooper, Julia L. FinkelsteinAbstract:Abstract Background Transcobalamin is a key placental protein involved in transport of vitamin B12 to the fetus. However, few data currently exist on the ability of the placenta to modify vitamin B12 transporter expression, particularly in high-risk populations such as Pregnant Adolescents. Objective This study was conducted to determine the impact of maternal and neonatal serum vitamin B12 concentrations on placental transcobalamin (TC) expression in a cohort of healthy Pregnant Adolescents in the United States. Design Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were measured in maternal blood samples at mid-gestation (26.4 ± 2.8 weeks) and delivery (39.8 ± 1.4 weeks) and infant cord blood samples at birth. Placentas were collected at delivery and TC mRNA expression (ΔΔCt) and TC protein abundance (TC:α-actin) were evaluated. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine the associations of maternal serum (mid-gestation, delivery) and cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations with placental TC mRNA expression and protein abundance (n = 63). Results Maternal serum vitamin B12 concentrations at mid-gestation or delivery were not significantly associated with placental TC mRNA expression or TC protein abundance (p > 0.05). Higher placental TC protein abundance was associated with increased cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations (p = 0.003). Conclusions Higher placental TC protein abundance was associated with higher cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations, suggesting a potential role in vitamin B12 transport to the fetus.
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prevalence of anemia and associations between neonatal iron status hepcidin and maternal iron status among neonates born to Pregnant Adolescents
Pediatric Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Tera R. Kent, Elizabeth Cooper, Mark Westerman, Mark Orlando, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Prevalence of anemia and associations between neonatal iron status, hepcidin, and maternal iron status among neonates born to Pregnant Adolescents
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maternal diet but not gestational weight gain predicts central adiposity accretion in utero among Pregnant Adolescents
International Journal of Obesity, 2015Co-Authors: Corrie M Whisner, Eva K. Pressman, Elizabeth Cooper, Bridget E Young, Ruth Anne Queenan, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Maternal diet but not gestational weight gain predicts central adiposity accretion in utero among Pregnant Adolescents
Jeannette R Ickovics - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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depressive symptoms and gestational length among Pregnant Adolescents cluster randomized control trial of centeringpregnancy plus group prenatal care
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer N Felder, Jessica B Lewis, Jonathan N Tobin, Elissa S Epel, Shayna D Cunningham, Sharon Schindler Rising, Melanie Thomas, Jeannette R IckovicsAbstract:OBJECTIVES: Depressive symptoms are associated with preterm birth among adults. Pregnant Adolescents have high rates of depressive symptoms and low rates of treatment; however, few interventions have targeted this vulnerable group. Objectives are to: (a) examine impact of CenteringPregnancy® Plus group prenatal care on perinatal depressive symptoms compared to individual prenatal care; and (b) determine effects of depressive symptoms on gestational age and preterm birth among Pregnant Adolescents. METHOD: This cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in 14 community health centers and hospitals in New York City. Clinical sites were randomized to receive standard individual prenatal care (n = 7) or CenteringPregnancy® Plus group prenatal care (n = 7). Pregnant Adolescents (ages 14-21, N = 1,135) completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale during pregnancy (second and third trimesters) and postpartum (6 and 12 months). Gestational age was obtained from medical records, based on ultrasound dating. Intention to treat analyses were used to examine objectives. RESULTS: Adolescents at clinical sites randomized to CenteringPregnancy® Plus experienced greater reductions in perinatal depressive symptoms compared to those at clinical sites randomized to individual care (p = .003). Increased depressive symptoms from second to third pregnancy trimester were associated with shorter gestational age at delivery and preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation). Third trimester depressive symptoms were also associated with shorter gestational age and preterm birth. All p < .05. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant Adolescents should be screened for depressive symptoms prior to third trimester. Group prenatal care may be an effective nonpharmacological option for reducing depressive symptoms among perinatal Adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record
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intimate partner victimization and health risk behaviors among Pregnant Adolescents
American Journal of Public Health, 2016Co-Authors: Lmft Jessica B Lewis, Jonathan N Tobin, Jeannette R IckovicsAbstract:Objectives. To provide lifetime estimates of intimate partner victimization among Pregnant Adolescents and examine associations between victimization and health risk behaviors identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as leading causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality.Methods. Participants (n = 1233) were predominantly Latina (58%) and non-Latina Black (34%) Pregnant Adolescents (aged 14–21 years) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of group prenatal care in 14 clinical sites in New York City (2008–2012). They completed surveys to assess interpersonal victimization and risk behaviors: substance use, risky sexual behaviors, injuries or violence, unhealthy dietary behavior, and inadequate physical activity.Results. Fifty-two percent reported intimate partner victimization, which was associated with nearly all health risk behaviors.Conclusions. Pregnant Adolescents who experienced intimate partner victimization were significantly more likely to engage in health risk behaviors, w...
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Pregnant Adolescents at risk sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted disease prevalence
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2003Co-Authors: Linda M Niccolai, Kathleen A Ethier, Trace Kershaw, Jessica B Lewis, Jeannette R IckovicsAbstract:OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of high-risk sexual behaviors and the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea among Pregnant Adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: These analyses used data from 203 Pregnant and 209 nonPregnant Adolescents who were recruited from public health clinics. Data sources included interviewer-administered questionnaires, ligase chain reaction tests for chlamydia/gonorrhea in the third trimester of pregnancy, and state health department reports of chlamydia/gonorrhea. Statistical analyses included logistic regression. RESULTS: Pregnant Adolescents were significantly more likely to have not used condoms during sexual intercourse in the past 30 days compared with nonPregnant Adolescents, although other sexual risk behaviors were reduced. Nineteen percent of Pregnant Adolescents had chlamydia or gonorrhea diagnosed during the pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Pregnant Adolescents have high levels of sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy, and many Adolescents use condoms inconsistently. Prenatal care providers may be in a unique position to decrease sexually transmitted diseases among Pregnant Adolescents by encouraging the reduction of risk behaviors and aggressively screening for sexually transmitted diseases as part of routine prenatal care.
Eva K. Pressman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vitamin B12 Status in Pregnant Adolescents and Their Infants
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Julia L. Finkelstein, Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O. O'brienAbstract:Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among Pregnant Adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy Pregnant Adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in Adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (
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vitamin b12 status in Pregnant Adolescents and their infants
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Julia L. Finkelstein, Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among Pregnant Adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy Pregnant Adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in Adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<148.0 pmol/L; 1.6%) in Adolescents was low during pregnancy, 22.6% of Adolescents were vitamin B12 insufficient (<221.0 pmol/L; 22.6%) at mid-gestation. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased from mid-gestation to delivery (p < 0.0001), and 53.4% had insufficient vitamin B12 status at delivery. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations (p < 0.001) and vitamin B12 deficiency (p = 0.002) at delivery were significantly associated with infant vitamin B12 concentrations in multivariate analyses, adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, parity, smoking status, relationship status, prenatal supplement use, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race, and intake of vitamin B12 and folate. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased during pregnancy and predicted neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort of healthy Pregnant Adolescents.
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vitamin b12 and placental expression of transcobalamin in Pregnant Adolescents
Placenta, 2016Co-Authors: Alexander J Layden, Eva K. Pressman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O Obrien, Elizabeth Cooper, Julia L. FinkelsteinAbstract:Abstract Background Transcobalamin is a key placental protein involved in transport of vitamin B12 to the fetus. However, few data currently exist on the ability of the placenta to modify vitamin B12 transporter expression, particularly in high-risk populations such as Pregnant Adolescents. Objective This study was conducted to determine the impact of maternal and neonatal serum vitamin B12 concentrations on placental transcobalamin (TC) expression in a cohort of healthy Pregnant Adolescents in the United States. Design Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were measured in maternal blood samples at mid-gestation (26.4 ± 2.8 weeks) and delivery (39.8 ± 1.4 weeks) and infant cord blood samples at birth. Placentas were collected at delivery and TC mRNA expression (ΔΔCt) and TC protein abundance (TC:α-actin) were evaluated. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine the associations of maternal serum (mid-gestation, delivery) and cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations with placental TC mRNA expression and protein abundance (n = 63). Results Maternal serum vitamin B12 concentrations at mid-gestation or delivery were not significantly associated with placental TC mRNA expression or TC protein abundance (p > 0.05). Higher placental TC protein abundance was associated with increased cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations (p = 0.003). Conclusions Higher placental TC protein abundance was associated with higher cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations, suggesting a potential role in vitamin B12 transport to the fetus.
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prevalence of anemia and associations between neonatal iron status hepcidin and maternal iron status among neonates born to Pregnant Adolescents
Pediatric Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Tera R. Kent, Elizabeth Cooper, Mark Westerman, Mark Orlando, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Prevalence of anemia and associations between neonatal iron status, hepcidin, and maternal iron status among neonates born to Pregnant Adolescents
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maternal diet but not gestational weight gain predicts central adiposity accretion in utero among Pregnant Adolescents
International Journal of Obesity, 2015Co-Authors: Corrie M Whisner, Eva K. Pressman, Elizabeth Cooper, Bridget E Young, Ruth Anne Queenan, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Maternal diet but not gestational weight gain predicts central adiposity accretion in utero among Pregnant Adolescents
Julia L. Finkelstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vitamin B12 Status in Pregnant Adolescents and Their Infants
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Julia L. Finkelstein, Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O. O'brienAbstract:Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among Pregnant Adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy Pregnant Adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in Adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (
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vitamin b12 status in Pregnant Adolescents and their infants
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Julia L. Finkelstein, Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among Pregnant Adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy Pregnant Adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in Adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<148.0 pmol/L; 1.6%) in Adolescents was low during pregnancy, 22.6% of Adolescents were vitamin B12 insufficient (<221.0 pmol/L; 22.6%) at mid-gestation. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased from mid-gestation to delivery (p < 0.0001), and 53.4% had insufficient vitamin B12 status at delivery. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations (p < 0.001) and vitamin B12 deficiency (p = 0.002) at delivery were significantly associated with infant vitamin B12 concentrations in multivariate analyses, adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, parity, smoking status, relationship status, prenatal supplement use, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race, and intake of vitamin B12 and folate. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased during pregnancy and predicted neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort of healthy Pregnant Adolescents.
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vitamin b12 and placental expression of transcobalamin in Pregnant Adolescents
Placenta, 2016Co-Authors: Alexander J Layden, Eva K. Pressman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O Obrien, Elizabeth Cooper, Julia L. FinkelsteinAbstract:Abstract Background Transcobalamin is a key placental protein involved in transport of vitamin B12 to the fetus. However, few data currently exist on the ability of the placenta to modify vitamin B12 transporter expression, particularly in high-risk populations such as Pregnant Adolescents. Objective This study was conducted to determine the impact of maternal and neonatal serum vitamin B12 concentrations on placental transcobalamin (TC) expression in a cohort of healthy Pregnant Adolescents in the United States. Design Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were measured in maternal blood samples at mid-gestation (26.4 ± 2.8 weeks) and delivery (39.8 ± 1.4 weeks) and infant cord blood samples at birth. Placentas were collected at delivery and TC mRNA expression (ΔΔCt) and TC protein abundance (TC:α-actin) were evaluated. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine the associations of maternal serum (mid-gestation, delivery) and cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations with placental TC mRNA expression and protein abundance (n = 63). Results Maternal serum vitamin B12 concentrations at mid-gestation or delivery were not significantly associated with placental TC mRNA expression or TC protein abundance (p > 0.05). Higher placental TC protein abundance was associated with increased cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations (p = 0.003). Conclusions Higher placental TC protein abundance was associated with higher cord blood vitamin B12 concentrations, suggesting a potential role in vitamin B12 transport to the fetus.
Ronnie Guillet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vitamin B12 Status in Pregnant Adolescents and Their Infants
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Julia L. Finkelstein, Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O. O'brienAbstract:Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among Pregnant Adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy Pregnant Adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in Adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (
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vitamin b12 status in Pregnant Adolescents and their infants
Nutrients, 2019Co-Authors: Julia L. Finkelstein, Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Amy Fothergill, Heather Guetterman, Tera R. Kent, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few prospective studies have investigated the burden or determinants of vitamin B12 deficiency early in life, particularly among Pregnant Adolescents and their children. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort study of healthy Pregnant Adolescents. Serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were measured in Adolescents at mid-gestation (n = 124; 26.4 ± 3.5 weeks) and delivery (n = 131; 40.0 ± 1.3 weeks), and in neonates at birth using cord blood. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal and neonatal vitamin B12 status. Although the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<148.0 pmol/L; 1.6%) in Adolescents was low during pregnancy, 22.6% of Adolescents were vitamin B12 insufficient (<221.0 pmol/L; 22.6%) at mid-gestation. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased from mid-gestation to delivery (p < 0.0001), and 53.4% had insufficient vitamin B12 status at delivery. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations (p < 0.001) and vitamin B12 deficiency (p = 0.002) at delivery were significantly associated with infant vitamin B12 concentrations in multivariate analyses, adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, parity, smoking status, relationship status, prenatal supplement use, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race, and intake of vitamin B12 and folate. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations significantly decreased during pregnancy and predicted neonatal vitamin B12 status in a cohort of healthy Pregnant Adolescents.
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prevalence of anemia and associations between neonatal iron status hepcidin and maternal iron status among neonates born to Pregnant Adolescents
Pediatric Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Tera R. Kent, Elizabeth Cooper, Mark Westerman, Mark Orlando, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Prevalence of anemia and associations between neonatal iron status, hepcidin, and maternal iron status among neonates born to Pregnant Adolescents
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prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among Pregnant Adolescents 1024 10
The FASEB Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Ronnie Guillet, Eva K. Pressman, Elizabeth Cooper, Mark Westerman, Mark Orlando, Kimberly O ObrienAbstract:Pregnant Adolescents may be at high risk for anemia and iron deficiency (ID) yet few data are available in this group. Longitudinal changes in iron (Fe) status and anemia were assessed in 255 Pregnant Adolescents (≤ 18 y) and associations between Fe status indices and hepcidin and inflammatory markers were examined (蠅 12 weeks gestation until term). Maternal serum was obtained during pregnancy (26.0 ± 3.3 weeks) and at delivery (39.8 ± 1.3 weeks) for assessment of TfR, ferritin, total body iron, hepcidin, EPO, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α. Hemoglobin data were abstracted from the medical records. Prevalence of anemia increased significantly across gestation (4-6% in 1st and 2nd trimester), 18% (3rd trimester) and 27% (at delivery). Iron deficiency (TfR > 8.5 mg/L) at delivery was double that observed during gestation (7% vs. 14%, p = 0.04). Significantly higher levels of hepcidin (p < 0.05) and cytokines (p < 0.05) were found at delivery compared to measures during pregnancy, which confounded interpretat...