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Ermanno Rampinini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seasonal changes in physical capacities of basketball players according to competitive levels and individual responses.
PloS one, 2020Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Antonio La Torre, James Zois, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:PURPOSE The aim of this study was to quantify changes in physical capacities of thirty-eight basketball players selected from different teams, as well as from varying competitive levels (i.e. Division I, Division II and Division III) during the Preparation and in-season Periods. METHODS Pre (T1) and post (T2) Preparation Period and during regular season (T3), the players completed a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test-level 1. Following a 3 to 8 days-break, players performed a 6-min continuous running test (Mognoni's test), a counter-movement jump test and a 5-min high-intensity intermittent running test. RESULTS Blood lactate concentration measured after the Mognoni's test was significantly reduced from T1 to T2, and from T2 to T3 (P
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the Preparation Period in basketball training load and neuromuscular adaptations
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Johann C Bilsborough, Antonio La Torre, M Tornaghi, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:Purpose:To investigate the 1) effect of the Preparation Period on the neuromuscular characteristics of 12 professional (PRO) and 16 semi-professional (SEMI-PRO) basketball players; 2) relationships between training load indices and changes in neuromuscular physical performance. Methods:Prior to and following the Preparation Period, players underwent a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test, followed by a repeated change of direction (COD) test consisting of 4 levels with increasing intensities. The peripheral neuromuscular functions of the knee extensors (peak torque, PT) were measured using electrical stimulations after each level (PT1, PT2, PT3 and PT4). Furthermore, PT Max (the highest value of PT) and PT Dec (PT decrement from PT Max to PT4) were calculated. Results:Trivial-to-small (effect size, ES: -0.17 to 0.46) improvements were found in CMJ variables, regardless of the competitive levels. After the Preparation Period, peripheral fatigue induced by a COD test was similarly reduced in both PRO (PT Dec: f...
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The Preparation Period in Basketball: Training Load and Neuromuscular Adaptations.
International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Johann C Bilsborough, Antonio La Torre, M Tornaghi, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:To investigate the effect of the Preparation Period on neuromuscular characteristics of 12 professional (PRO) and 16 semiprofessional (SEMIPRO) basketball players and relationships between training-load indices and changes in neuromuscular physical performance. Before and after the Preparation Period, players underwent a countermovement jump (CMJ) test followed by a repeated change-of-direction (COD) test consisting of 4 levels with increasing intensities. The peripheral neuromuscular functions of the knee extensors (peak torque [PT]) were measured using electrical stimulations after each level (PT1, PT2, PT3, and PT4). Furthermore, PT Max (the highest value of PT) and PT Dec (PT decrement from PT Max to PT4) were calculated. Trivial to small (effect size [ES] = -0.17 to 0.46) improvements were found in CMJ variables, regardless of competitive level. After the Preparation Period, peripheral fatigue induced by a COD test was similarly reduced in both PRO (PT Dec: from 27.8% [21.3%] to 11.4% [13.7%]; ES = -0.71; 90% confidence interval [CI], ±0.30) and SEMIPRO (PT Dec: from 26.1% [21.9%] to 10.2% [8.2%]; ES = -0.69; 90% CI, ±0.32). Moderate to large relationships were found between session rating of perceived exertion training load and changes in peak power output (PPO) measured during the CMJs (rs [90% confidence interval]: PPOabs, -.46 [±.26]; PPOrel, -.53 [±.23]) and in some PTs measured during the COD test (PT1, -.45 [±.26]; PT2, -.44 [±.26]; PT3, -.40 [±.27]; and PT Max, -.38 [±.28]). The Preparation Period induced minimal changes in the CMJ, while the ability to sustain repeated COD efforts was improved. Reaching high session rating of perceived exertion training loads might partially and negatively affect the ability to produce strength and power.
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Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to Preparation Period in basketball.
Journal of strength and conditioning research, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Antonio La Torre, Domenico Carlomagno, Darragh R. Connolly, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:Ferioli, D, Bosio, A, La Torre, A, Carlomagno, D, Connolly, DR, and Rampinini, E. Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to Preparation Period in basketball. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 790-797, 2018-The aim of this study was to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL), training volume (TV), and the changes in physical fitness between professional (n = 14) and semiprofessional (n = 18) basketball players during the Preparation Period. Furthermore, relationships between sRPE-TL and TV with changes in physical fitness level were investigated. The players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test-level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) before and after the Preparation Period. In addition, physiological responses to a standardized 6-minute continuous running test (Mognoni's test) and to a standardized 5-minute high-intensity intermittent running test (HIT) were measured. Session rating of perceived exertion-TL and TV were greater for professional (5,241 ± 1787 AU; 914 ± 122 minutes) compared with semiprofessional players (2,408 ± 487 AU; 583 ± 65 minutes). Despite these differences, Yo-Yo IR1 performance improvements (∼30%) and physiological adaptations to the Mognoni's test were similar between the 2 groups. Furthermore, physiological adaptations to HIT were slightly greater for professional compared with semiprofessional players; however, the magnitude of these effects was only small/moderate. No clear relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in Yo-Yo IR1 performance and Mognoni's test (rs ± 90% confidence interval [CI]: Yo-Yo IR1, 0.18 ± 0.30; Mognoni's test, -0.14 ± 0.29). Only moderate relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in HIT (rs ± 90% CI: [La], -0.48 ± 0.23; [H], -0.42 ± 0.25). These results raise doubts on the effectiveness of using high sRPE-TL and TV during the Preparation Period to improve the physical fitness level of players. The Yo-Yo IR1 seems to be sensitive to monitor changes induced by the Preparation Period; however, its use is not recommended to discriminate between adult basketball players of different competitive level.
Davide Ferioli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seasonal changes in physical capacities of basketball players according to competitive levels and individual responses.
PloS one, 2020Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Antonio La Torre, James Zois, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:PURPOSE The aim of this study was to quantify changes in physical capacities of thirty-eight basketball players selected from different teams, as well as from varying competitive levels (i.e. Division I, Division II and Division III) during the Preparation and in-season Periods. METHODS Pre (T1) and post (T2) Preparation Period and during regular season (T3), the players completed a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test-level 1. Following a 3 to 8 days-break, players performed a 6-min continuous running test (Mognoni's test), a counter-movement jump test and a 5-min high-intensity intermittent running test. RESULTS Blood lactate concentration measured after the Mognoni's test was significantly reduced from T1 to T2, and from T2 to T3 (P
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the Preparation Period in basketball training load and neuromuscular adaptations
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Johann C Bilsborough, Antonio La Torre, M Tornaghi, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:Purpose:To investigate the 1) effect of the Preparation Period on the neuromuscular characteristics of 12 professional (PRO) and 16 semi-professional (SEMI-PRO) basketball players; 2) relationships between training load indices and changes in neuromuscular physical performance. Methods:Prior to and following the Preparation Period, players underwent a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test, followed by a repeated change of direction (COD) test consisting of 4 levels with increasing intensities. The peripheral neuromuscular functions of the knee extensors (peak torque, PT) were measured using electrical stimulations after each level (PT1, PT2, PT3 and PT4). Furthermore, PT Max (the highest value of PT) and PT Dec (PT decrement from PT Max to PT4) were calculated. Results:Trivial-to-small (effect size, ES: -0.17 to 0.46) improvements were found in CMJ variables, regardless of the competitive levels. After the Preparation Period, peripheral fatigue induced by a COD test was similarly reduced in both PRO (PT Dec: f...
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The Preparation Period in Basketball: Training Load and Neuromuscular Adaptations.
International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Johann C Bilsborough, Antonio La Torre, M Tornaghi, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:To investigate the effect of the Preparation Period on neuromuscular characteristics of 12 professional (PRO) and 16 semiprofessional (SEMIPRO) basketball players and relationships between training-load indices and changes in neuromuscular physical performance. Before and after the Preparation Period, players underwent a countermovement jump (CMJ) test followed by a repeated change-of-direction (COD) test consisting of 4 levels with increasing intensities. The peripheral neuromuscular functions of the knee extensors (peak torque [PT]) were measured using electrical stimulations after each level (PT1, PT2, PT3, and PT4). Furthermore, PT Max (the highest value of PT) and PT Dec (PT decrement from PT Max to PT4) were calculated. Trivial to small (effect size [ES] = -0.17 to 0.46) improvements were found in CMJ variables, regardless of competitive level. After the Preparation Period, peripheral fatigue induced by a COD test was similarly reduced in both PRO (PT Dec: from 27.8% [21.3%] to 11.4% [13.7%]; ES = -0.71; 90% confidence interval [CI], ±0.30) and SEMIPRO (PT Dec: from 26.1% [21.9%] to 10.2% [8.2%]; ES = -0.69; 90% CI, ±0.32). Moderate to large relationships were found between session rating of perceived exertion training load and changes in peak power output (PPO) measured during the CMJs (rs [90% confidence interval]: PPOabs, -.46 [±.26]; PPOrel, -.53 [±.23]) and in some PTs measured during the COD test (PT1, -.45 [±.26]; PT2, -.44 [±.26]; PT3, -.40 [±.27]; and PT Max, -.38 [±.28]). The Preparation Period induced minimal changes in the CMJ, while the ability to sustain repeated COD efforts was improved. Reaching high session rating of perceived exertion training loads might partially and negatively affect the ability to produce strength and power.
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Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to Preparation Period in basketball.
Journal of strength and conditioning research, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Antonio La Torre, Domenico Carlomagno, Darragh R. Connolly, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:Ferioli, D, Bosio, A, La Torre, A, Carlomagno, D, Connolly, DR, and Rampinini, E. Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to Preparation Period in basketball. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 790-797, 2018-The aim of this study was to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL), training volume (TV), and the changes in physical fitness between professional (n = 14) and semiprofessional (n = 18) basketball players during the Preparation Period. Furthermore, relationships between sRPE-TL and TV with changes in physical fitness level were investigated. The players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test-level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) before and after the Preparation Period. In addition, physiological responses to a standardized 6-minute continuous running test (Mognoni's test) and to a standardized 5-minute high-intensity intermittent running test (HIT) were measured. Session rating of perceived exertion-TL and TV were greater for professional (5,241 ± 1787 AU; 914 ± 122 minutes) compared with semiprofessional players (2,408 ± 487 AU; 583 ± 65 minutes). Despite these differences, Yo-Yo IR1 performance improvements (∼30%) and physiological adaptations to the Mognoni's test were similar between the 2 groups. Furthermore, physiological adaptations to HIT were slightly greater for professional compared with semiprofessional players; however, the magnitude of these effects was only small/moderate. No clear relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in Yo-Yo IR1 performance and Mognoni's test (rs ± 90% confidence interval [CI]: Yo-Yo IR1, 0.18 ± 0.30; Mognoni's test, -0.14 ± 0.29). Only moderate relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in HIT (rs ± 90% CI: [La], -0.48 ± 0.23; [H], -0.42 ± 0.25). These results raise doubts on the effectiveness of using high sRPE-TL and TV during the Preparation Period to improve the physical fitness level of players. The Yo-Yo IR1 seems to be sensitive to monitor changes induced by the Preparation Period; however, its use is not recommended to discriminate between adult basketball players of different competitive level.
Toyohiro Hamaguchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Corticospinal excitability related to reciprocal muscles during the motor Preparation Period: effect of movement repetition.
Neuroreport, 2019Co-Authors: Makoto Suzuki, Takako Suzuki, Satoshi Tanaka, Kazuhiro Sugawara, Toyohiro HamaguchiAbstract:Voluntary movements require a preparatory phase before action initiation to elaborate optimal motor commands. This study investigated the time course of change in corticospinal excitability related to each agonist or antagonist muscle during the motor Preparation Period and the influence of movement repetition on time course change in corticospinal excitability. The participants were instructed to perform wrist flexion as quickly as possible in response to the appearance of a red circle. One hundred fifty milliseconds after the presentation of the red circle cue, we delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation at the primary motor cortex related to the agonist flexor and the antagonist extensor carpi radialis muscles. The motor evoked potential amplitudes for both the flexor and extensor carpi radialis during the motor Preparation Period which were regressed on the logarithm of time, and there were no significant differences in the slope of the logarithmic curves in the early half trials of movement repetition. However, the slope of the logarithmic curve of the flexor carpi radialis was steeper than that of the extensor carpi radialis in the late half trials of movement repetition. These results implied that corticospinal excitability for agonist muscles during the motor Preparation Period is consistently modulated by movement repetition, whereas that for antagonist muscles is weakened by movement repetition.
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Corticospinal excitability is modulated by temporal feedback gaps.
Neuroreport, 2018Co-Authors: Takako Suzuki, Makoto Suzuki, Toyohiro HamaguchiAbstract:The integration of sensorimotor information is important for accurate goal-directed movement and affects corticospinal excitability (CE). This study investigated CE during the motor Preparation Period in a goal-directed movement task with temporal feedback gaps. Each trial began with a pair of first
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Corticospinal excitability is modulated by temporal feedback gaps.
Neuroreport, 2018Co-Authors: Takako Suzuki, Makoto Suzuki, Toyohiro HamaguchiAbstract:The integration of sensorimotor information is important for accurate goal-directed movement and affects corticospinal excitability (CE). This study investigated CE during the motor Preparation Period in a goal-directed movement task with temporal feedback gaps. Each trial began with a pair of first-informative and second-response beeps presented successively as cues. Trials with temporal feedback gaps showed that virtual hand movements lagged 400 ms behind actual performed movements. The participants were instructed to prepare for movement in accordance with the first beep, start the movement upon hearing the second beep, and perform movements that were both fast and accurate to the virtual target. We delivered a single-pulse of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the first dorsal interosseous muscle 250 ms before the presentation of the response beep. Motor-evoked potential amplitudes with temporal feedback gaps were significantly higher than those without temporal feedback gaps. Moreover, motor-evoked potential amplitudes with temporal feedback gaps gradually decreased over the course of the trials, whereas those without temporal feedback gaps did not change. In summary, CE during the motor Preparation Period was increased by temporal feedback gaps, and this excitation decreased in accordance with adaptation to temporal feedback gaps.
Charles Spence - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Attention and suppression affect tactile perception in reach-to-grasp movements.
Acta psychologica, 2011Co-Authors: Georgiana Juravle, Heiner Deubel, Charles SpenceAbstract:Reaching with the hand is characterized by a decrease in sensitivity to tactile stimuli presented to the moving hand. Here, we investigated whether tactile suppression can be canceled by attentional orienting. In a first experiment, participants performed a dual-task involving a goal-directed movement paired with the speeded detection of a tactile pulse. The pulse was either delivered to the moving or stationary hand, during movement Preparation, execution, or the post-movement phase. Furthermore, stimulation was delivered with equal probability to either hand, or with a higher probability to either the moving or resting hand. The results highlighted faster RTs under conditions of higher probability of stimulation delivery to both moving and resting hands, thus indicating an attentional effect. For the motor Preparation Period, RTs were faster only at the resting hand under conditions where tactile stimulation was more likely to be delivered there. In a second experiment, a non-speeded perceptual task was used as a secondary task and tactile discrimination thresholds were recorded. Tactile stimulation was delivered concomitantly at both index fingers either in the movement Preparation Period (both before and after the selection of the movement effector had taken place), in the motor execution Period, or, in a control condition, in the time-window of motor execution, but the movement of the hand was restrained. In the Preparation Period, tactile thresholds were comparable for the two timings of stimulation delivery; i.e., before and after the selection of the movement effector had taken place. These results therefore suggest that shortly prior to, and during, the execution of goal-directed movements, a combined facilitatory and inhibitory influence acts on tactile perception.
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Changes in tactile sensitivity over the time-course of a goal-directed movement.
Behavioural brain research, 2009Co-Authors: Georgiana Juravle, Heiner Deubel, Hong Z. Tan, Charles SpenceAbstract:We report three experiments designed to investigate changes in tactile sensitivity over the time-course of goal-directed movements. A dual-task paradigm involving a speeded movement task and a non-speeded perceptual task was utilized. In the movement task, participants grasped a start computer mouse with their right hand (RH) and, at the go signal, reached for and grasped a goal mouse placed 25 cm in front of it. In the perceptual task, a tactile (standard) pulse was presented to the middle finger of the left hand (LH) which was kept at rest throughout the experiment. A comparison pulse was delivered to the middle finger of the RH. In Experiment 1, this was delivered in the motor Preparation Period, at the release of the start mouse, during the reaching phase, at the grasp of the goal mouse, or shortly after the grasping action. In Experiment 2, the comparison pulse was delivered in the Preparation Period, in the early, mid or late execution Periods, or in the post-movement Period. In Experiment 3, participants only performed the perceptual task. The participants made an intensity comparison regarding the second pulse (i.e., stronger vs. weaker than the first). Significant changes in tactile sensitivity were observed, with decreased thresholds (i.e., better performance) during the motor Preparation and post-movement Periods and increased thresholds (i.e., poorer performance) during the execution Period. These results are discussed in terms of sensory suppression.
Andrea Bosio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seasonal changes in physical capacities of basketball players according to competitive levels and individual responses.
PloS one, 2020Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Antonio La Torre, James Zois, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:PURPOSE The aim of this study was to quantify changes in physical capacities of thirty-eight basketball players selected from different teams, as well as from varying competitive levels (i.e. Division I, Division II and Division III) during the Preparation and in-season Periods. METHODS Pre (T1) and post (T2) Preparation Period and during regular season (T3), the players completed a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test-level 1. Following a 3 to 8 days-break, players performed a 6-min continuous running test (Mognoni's test), a counter-movement jump test and a 5-min high-intensity intermittent running test. RESULTS Blood lactate concentration measured after the Mognoni's test was significantly reduced from T1 to T2, and from T2 to T3 (P
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the Preparation Period in basketball training load and neuromuscular adaptations
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Johann C Bilsborough, Antonio La Torre, M Tornaghi, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:Purpose:To investigate the 1) effect of the Preparation Period on the neuromuscular characteristics of 12 professional (PRO) and 16 semi-professional (SEMI-PRO) basketball players; 2) relationships between training load indices and changes in neuromuscular physical performance. Methods:Prior to and following the Preparation Period, players underwent a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test, followed by a repeated change of direction (COD) test consisting of 4 levels with increasing intensities. The peripheral neuromuscular functions of the knee extensors (peak torque, PT) were measured using electrical stimulations after each level (PT1, PT2, PT3 and PT4). Furthermore, PT Max (the highest value of PT) and PT Dec (PT decrement from PT Max to PT4) were calculated. Results:Trivial-to-small (effect size, ES: -0.17 to 0.46) improvements were found in CMJ variables, regardless of the competitive levels. After the Preparation Period, peripheral fatigue induced by a COD test was similarly reduced in both PRO (PT Dec: f...
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The Preparation Period in Basketball: Training Load and Neuromuscular Adaptations.
International journal of sports physiology and performance, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Johann C Bilsborough, Antonio La Torre, M Tornaghi, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:To investigate the effect of the Preparation Period on neuromuscular characteristics of 12 professional (PRO) and 16 semiprofessional (SEMIPRO) basketball players and relationships between training-load indices and changes in neuromuscular physical performance. Before and after the Preparation Period, players underwent a countermovement jump (CMJ) test followed by a repeated change-of-direction (COD) test consisting of 4 levels with increasing intensities. The peripheral neuromuscular functions of the knee extensors (peak torque [PT]) were measured using electrical stimulations after each level (PT1, PT2, PT3, and PT4). Furthermore, PT Max (the highest value of PT) and PT Dec (PT decrement from PT Max to PT4) were calculated. Trivial to small (effect size [ES] = -0.17 to 0.46) improvements were found in CMJ variables, regardless of competitive level. After the Preparation Period, peripheral fatigue induced by a COD test was similarly reduced in both PRO (PT Dec: from 27.8% [21.3%] to 11.4% [13.7%]; ES = -0.71; 90% confidence interval [CI], ±0.30) and SEMIPRO (PT Dec: from 26.1% [21.9%] to 10.2% [8.2%]; ES = -0.69; 90% CI, ±0.32). Moderate to large relationships were found between session rating of perceived exertion training load and changes in peak power output (PPO) measured during the CMJs (rs [90% confidence interval]: PPOabs, -.46 [±.26]; PPOrel, -.53 [±.23]) and in some PTs measured during the COD test (PT1, -.45 [±.26]; PT2, -.44 [±.26]; PT3, -.40 [±.27]; and PT Max, -.38 [±.28]). The Preparation Period induced minimal changes in the CMJ, while the ability to sustain repeated COD efforts was improved. Reaching high session rating of perceived exertion training loads might partially and negatively affect the ability to produce strength and power.
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Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to Preparation Period in basketball.
Journal of strength and conditioning research, 2018Co-Authors: Davide Ferioli, Andrea Bosio, Antonio La Torre, Domenico Carlomagno, Darragh R. Connolly, Ermanno RampininiAbstract:Ferioli, D, Bosio, A, La Torre, A, Carlomagno, D, Connolly, DR, and Rampinini, E. Different training loads partially influence physiological responses to Preparation Period in basketball. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 790-797, 2018-The aim of this study was to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL), training volume (TV), and the changes in physical fitness between professional (n = 14) and semiprofessional (n = 18) basketball players during the Preparation Period. Furthermore, relationships between sRPE-TL and TV with changes in physical fitness level were investigated. The players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test-level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) before and after the Preparation Period. In addition, physiological responses to a standardized 6-minute continuous running test (Mognoni's test) and to a standardized 5-minute high-intensity intermittent running test (HIT) were measured. Session rating of perceived exertion-TL and TV were greater for professional (5,241 ± 1787 AU; 914 ± 122 minutes) compared with semiprofessional players (2,408 ± 487 AU; 583 ± 65 minutes). Despite these differences, Yo-Yo IR1 performance improvements (∼30%) and physiological adaptations to the Mognoni's test were similar between the 2 groups. Furthermore, physiological adaptations to HIT were slightly greater for professional compared with semiprofessional players; however, the magnitude of these effects was only small/moderate. No clear relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in Yo-Yo IR1 performance and Mognoni's test (rs ± 90% confidence interval [CI]: Yo-Yo IR1, 0.18 ± 0.30; Mognoni's test, -0.14 ± 0.29). Only moderate relationships were found between sRPE-TL and changes in HIT (rs ± 90% CI: [La], -0.48 ± 0.23; [H], -0.42 ± 0.25). These results raise doubts on the effectiveness of using high sRPE-TL and TV during the Preparation Period to improve the physical fitness level of players. The Yo-Yo IR1 seems to be sensitive to monitor changes induced by the Preparation Period; however, its use is not recommended to discriminate between adult basketball players of different competitive level.