Pressure Swing Adsorption

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James A. Ritter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • new approach for modeling hybrid Pressure Swing Adsorption distillation processes
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: James A. Ritter, Armin D Ebner
    Abstract:

    A new methodology for modeling hybrid Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)–distillation processes has been developed. This new approach involves two parts. Part I determines if energy savings are possib...

  • suitability of a solid amine sorbent for co2 capture by Pressure Swing Adsorption
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Armin D Ebner, Mcmahan L Gray, Nicholas G Chisholm, Q T Black, D D Mumford, Marjorie A Nicholson, James A. Ritter
    Abstract:

    This study showed that a solid amine, composed of poly(ethylenimine) immobilized into a CARiACT G10 silica substrate, is a feasible sorbent for applications in a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process for postcombustion CO2 capture. This deduction materialized from an extensive study of the behavior of this material over a wide range of industrially relevant conditions using thermogravimetric analysis. The temperature ranged from 40 to 100 °C, the CO2 partial Pressure ranged from 1.2 to 100 vol % with the total Pressure fixed at 1 atm, the relative humidity ranged from dry conditions to 2 vol %, and the number of consecutive Adsorption and desorption cycles ranged from 4 to 76. The results revealed that this solid amine sorbent was very stable under the conditions investigated. Water vapor at a low relative humidity exhibited only a minor and reversible effect on both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the CO2 uptake and release. The isothermal CO2 working capacity ranged between 0.25 and 2.8 mol/kg, inc...

  • experimental study of a dual reflux enriching Pressure Swing Adsorption process for concentrating dilute feed streams
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: J A Mcintyre, Armin D Ebner, James A. Ritter
    Abstract:

    A dual reflux (DR) enriching Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process with two beds and an intermediate feed located at z/L = 0.5 was studied experimentally for concentrating a dilute feed of ethane in N2 using MeadWestvaco BAX-1500 activated carbon. A five-step cycle was used with feed, light reflux, and heavy reflux steps carried out simultaneously, and cocurrent depressurization and heavy product pressurization steps carried out simultaneously during different segments of the cycle. A parametric study showed that the light reflux flow rate, feed/heavy reflux step time, heavy product flow rate, and ethane feed mole fraction all had significant effects on the process performance in terms of purity and recovery. It also showed that it was relatively easy to concentrate ethane using a Pressure ratio of only 7. The average of 19 runs with an ethane feed concentration of 1.38 vol % gave an ethane enrichment of 45.8 (63.2 vol %) and ethane recovery of 84%, while producing N2 at high purity (99.8 vol %) and rec...

  • new Pressure Swing Adsorption cycles for carbon dioxide sequestration
    Adsorption-journal of The International Adsorption Society, 2005
    Co-Authors: Steven P Reynolds, Armin D Ebner, James A. Ritter
    Abstract:

    A rigorous Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process simulator was used to study a new, high temperature PSA cycle, based on the use of a K-promoted HTlc adsorbent and a simple, 4-step, Skarstrom-type, vacuum Swing cycle designed to process a typical stack gas effluent at 575 K containing (in vol%) 15% CO2, 75% N2 and 10% H2O. The effects of the purge-to-feed ratio (γ), cycle step time (t s ) (with all four steps of equal time), and Pressure ratio (π T ) on the process performance was studied in terms of the CO2 recovery (R) and enrichment (E) at a constant throughput θ of 14.4 L STP/hr/ kg. R increased with increasing γ and π T and decreasing t s , while E increased with increasing t s and π T and decreasing γ. The highest E of 3.9 was obtained at R = 87% and π T = 12, whereas at R = 100% the highest E of 2.6 was obtained at π T = 12. These results are very encouraging and show the potential of a high temperature PSA cycle for CO2 capture.

  • equilibrium theory for solvent vapor recovery by Pressure Swing Adsorption analytic solution with velocity variation and gas phase capacity
    Chemical Engineering Science, 1999
    Co-Authors: Dharmashankar Subramanian, James A. Ritter, Yujun Liu
    Abstract:

    Equilibrium theory has been used to analyze the effect of velocity variation and gas-phase capacity on the performance of a Pressure Swing Adsorption-solvent vapor recovery (PSA-SVR) process. An analytic expression for the wave interaction that transpires between the inlet feed conditions and the initial column conditions is developed. The periodic state is formulated by forcing repetition of characteristic conditions to obtain a polynomial equation. It is found that both velocity variation and gas-phase capacity have significant effects on the depth of wave penetration. For systems with relatively low feed concentrations, gas-phase capacity has a larger effect than velocity variation and vice versa for systems with relatively high feed concentrations. The analysis also reveals some remarkable insight into the subtleties associated with nominal purge-to-feed ratios of less than unity.

Alirio E Rodrigues - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • big data based optimization of a Pressure Swing Adsorption unit for syngas purification on mapping uncertainties from a metaheuristic technique
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Idelfonso B R Nogueira, Alirio E Rodrigues, Jose M Loureiro, Marcio A F Martins, Maria Joao Regufe, Ana M Ribeiro
    Abstract:

    This article presents a systematic approach to optimize a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) unit where syngas is purified by porous aminofunctionalized titanium terephthalate MIL-125 that up to date ...

  • h2 purification by Pressure Swing Adsorption using cubtc
    Separation and Purification Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Bruna Silva, Ioan Solomon, Ana M Ribeiro, Uhwang Lee, Young Kyu Hwang, Jongsan Chang, Jose M Loureiro, Alirio E Rodrigues
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nowadays, the production of hydrogen has received increased attention due to its important industrial applications and to its promising potential as an alternative energy source. The use of hydrogen in fuel cell applications requires a high purity. In this work, hydrogen purification from mixtures that also contain CO2, CO, CH4, and N2 was performed by Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) with CuBTC as adsorbent (supplied by KRICT). The equilibrium Adsorption of each pure gas was measured and fixed-bed Adsorption experiments were carried out. The same column, employed for the fixed-bed breakthrough curves, was used to carry out experiments of a 4-step PSA cycle. A mathematical model of multicomponent Adsorption in fixed bed was developed. This model was validated against the results obtained in breakthrough experiments and PSA tests, presenting a good prediction of the experimental data. Therefore, this model can be used as a base for the design of optimized PSA cycles.

  • dynamic study of the Pressure Swing Adsorption process for biogas upgrading and its responses to feed disturbances
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Monica Santos, Carlos A Grande, Alirio E Rodrigues
    Abstract:

    Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is one of the industrial separation processes for biogas upgrading to produce biomethane. Biogas generated from biological feedstocks can have strong variations in composition and flow rate. To tackle these variations while maximizing the performance of a PSA process, an advanced control strategy should be developed. In order to develop an advanced control system that maximizes performance of the biogas upgrading PSA under the presence of severe feed disturbances, a perturbation analysis has been performed. Zeolite 13X was used as selective adsorbent for CH4–CO2 separation and binary breakthrough curves, and single-column PSA experiments were performed. Step-function perturbations of 5% in inlet flow rate and CO2 composition were introduced in the PSA. The PSA experiments have demonstrated that a change in flow rate or in CO2 composition leads to a variation less than 2% in the temperature at the top of the column. The gas composition, at the column outlet, in the adsorptio...

  • carbon dioxide nitrogen separation through Pressure Swing Adsorption
    Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011
    Co-Authors: Alirio E Rodrigues, Tirzha L P Dantas, Francisco Murilo Tavares De Luna, I J Silva, Diana C S Azevedo, A E B Torres, Regina De Fatima Peralta Muniz Moreira
    Abstract:

    Abstract The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from flue gases can be achieved using post-combustion capture technologies such as Adsorption. In this paper, we report the continuous separation of a 15% mol/mol carbon dioxide–nitrogen mixture through the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process. To this aim, zeolite 13X was used as the adsorbent in a fixed-bed column at different temperatures. The Adsorption equilibrium of CO 2 was described according to the Toth isotherm, while the N 2 Adsorption did not affect the CO 2 Adsorption. The overall performance of the process was assessed through the CO 2 and N 2 purity and also the recovery of carbon dioxide. A model based on the LDF approximation for the mass balance, including energy balance and momentum, was proposed, which is able to satisfactorily reproduce all of the experimental data.

  • Pressure Swing Adsorption for biogas upgrading effect of recycling streams in Pressure Swing Adsorption design
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Monica Santos, Carlos A Grande, Alirio E Rodrigues
    Abstract:

    The upgrading of biogas by Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) was studied. Simulations of a process for binary separation of CH4−CO2 using zeolite 13X as selective adsorbent were carried out at 323 K. The results obtained with a two-column PSA process using a six-step cycle (pressurization, feed, depressurization, blowdown, purge, and Pressure equalization) were compared with initial estimates by simulating the behavior of only one column. The recycle of highly contaminated streams was quantitatively evaluated in this paper. When recycled streams have purity lower than 99%, there is a significant decrease in the overall purity of biomethane. According to the simulations performed for a stream of biogas of 500 N m3/day, it is possible to obtain biomethane with a purity higher than 99% with a recovery of 85% and a power consumption of 0.12 kW/mol of produced methane.

Lorenz T Biegler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • optimization of Pressure Swing Adsorption via a trust region filter algorithm and equilibrium theory
    Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2021
    Co-Authors: Lorenz T Biegler, Jennifer Uebbing, Liisa Rihkostruckmann, Sebastian Sager, Kai Sundmacher
    Abstract:

    Abstract Optimization of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) remains a challenging task, as these are periodic dynamic systems governed by nonlinear PDE systems. This study develops an optimization strategy that incorporates reduced PSA models and also samples information from a high-fidelity ’truth’ model. The reduced model is based on equilibrium theory and can be applied to optimize a large variety of cyclic Adsorption processes. The optimization is performed via a trust-region filter (TRF) method. The TRF method uses reduced models to minimize the information required from the high-fidelity Adsorption model during mathematical optimization. Moreover, this method guarantees convergence to the optimum of the high-fidelity model. This approach is applied to optimize a 4 column Pressure Swing Adsorption process, modeled by partial differential algebraic equations, for the separation of a CO 2 /CH 4 mixture. The results show that the reduced model significantly reduces the computational time of the method’s trust-region step compared to previous studies.

  • large scale optimization strategies for Pressure Swing Adsorption cycle synthesis
    Aiche Journal, 2012
    Co-Authors: Alexander W Dowling, Sree Rama Raju Vetukuri, Lorenz T Biegler
    Abstract:

    Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is an efficient method for gas separation and is a potential candidate for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plants. However, few PSA cycles have been designed for this purpose; the optimal design and operation of PSA cycles for CO2 capture, as well as other systems, remains a very challenging task. In this study, we present a systematic optimization-based formulation for the synthesis and design of novel PSA cycles for CO2 capture in IGCC power plants, which can simultaneously produce hydrogen (H2) and CO2 at high purity and high recovery. Here, we apply a superstructure-based approach to simultaneously determine optimal cycle configurations and design parameters for PSA units. This approach combines automatic differentiation, efficient ODE solvers for the state and sensitivity equations of the PSA model, and state of the art nonlinear programming solvers. Three optimization models are proposed, and two PSA case studies are considered. The first case study considers a binary separation of H2 and CO2 at high purity, where specific energy is minimized, whereas the second case study considers a larger five component separation. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3777–3791, 2012

  • simulation and optimization of Pressure Swing Adsorption systems using reduced order modeling
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2009
    Co-Authors: Anshul Agarwal, Lorenz T Biegler, Stephen E Zitney
    Abstract:

    Over the past three decades, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) processes have been widely used as energy-efficient gas separation techniques, especially for high purity hydrogen purification from refinery gases. Models for PSA processes are multiple instances of partial differential equations (PDEs) in time and space with periodic boundary conditions that link the processing steps together. The solution of this coupled stiff PDE system is governed by steep fronts moving with time. As a result, the optimization of such systems represents a significant computational challenge to current differential algebraic equation (DAE) optimization techniques and nonlinear programming algorithms. Model reduction is one approach to generate cost-efficient low-order models which can be used as surrogate models in the optimization problems. This study develops a reduced-order model (ROM) based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), which is a low-dimensional approximation to a dynamic PDE-based model. The proposed method...

  • optimization of Pressure Swing Adsorption and fractionated vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption processes for co2 capture
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2005
    Co-Authors: Ranjani Siriwardane, Lorenz T Biegler
    Abstract:

    This work focuses on the optimization of cyclic Adsorption processes to improve the performance of CO2 capture from flue gas, consisting of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The adopted processes are the PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) process and the FVPSA (fractionated vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption) process, modified from the FVSA (fractionated vacuum Swing Adsorption) process developed by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. The system models are currently bench scale and adopt zeolite13X as an adsorbent. The high-temperature PSA is better for high purity of product (CO2), and the high-temperature FVPSA is much better than the normal-temperature PSA processes. The main goal of this study is to improve the purity and recovery of carbon dioxide. The Langmuir isotherm parameters were calculated from experimental data taken at National Energy Technology Laboratory (Siriwardane, R.; NETL, DOE, 2004). Moreover, efficient optimization strategies are essential to compare these processes. To perform optimization work...

  • recent advances in simulation and optimal design of Pressure Swing Adsorption systems
    Separation and Purification Reviews, 2005
    Co-Authors: Lorenz T Biegler, Ling Jiang, Grant V Fox
    Abstract:

    Abstract With the growing maturity and accuracy of bed models for Adsorption, increasing sophistication of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) cycles and competitive demands for high‐performance PSA separations, it is essential to develop systematic optimization strategies for the design of PSA systems. Moreover, over the past decade large‐scale simulation and optimization tools have been developed that overcome many of the computational barriers related to process optimization with detailed models. This study discusses recent progress in this area. In particular, we discuss large‐scale simulation and optimization algorithms along with their implementation on PSA systems. A case study on an O2VSA process demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach. Finally, future research directions in algorithmic development, optimal strategies for process control and operation, as well as application to more complex PSA cycles are outlined.

Carlos A Grande - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Pressure Swing Adsorption for Biogas Upgrading with Carbon Molecular Sieve
    2018
    Co-Authors: Rafael L. S. Canevesi, Kari A. Andreassen, Edson A. Da Silva, Carlos E. Borba, Carlos A Grande
    Abstract:

    This work focuses on the study of a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) process for biogas upgrading using a carbon molecular sieve adsorbent. Adsorption equilibrium and diffusion data of pure components were used to predict the multicomponent behavior. To validate the prediction of multicomponent Adsorption at different concentrations, breakthrough curve experiments were performed for a gas mixture at different Pressures (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 5 bar). Based on basic information, a model was used to predict the performance of a two-column PSA unit. The mixture used as feed was 60% CH4 and 40% CO2 with Pressure Swings between 5 bar in Adsorption mode to 0.1 bar in blowdown. Experimental data demonstrated that the model could describe the PSA performance with good accuracy. We have evaluated the influence of different feed times in the biomethane recovery and purity. Biomethane purity higher than 97.5% with recovery higher than 90% was obtained

  • dynamic study of the Pressure Swing Adsorption process for biogas upgrading and its responses to feed disturbances
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Monica Santos, Carlos A Grande, Alirio E Rodrigues
    Abstract:

    Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is one of the industrial separation processes for biogas upgrading to produce biomethane. Biogas generated from biological feedstocks can have strong variations in composition and flow rate. To tackle these variations while maximizing the performance of a PSA process, an advanced control strategy should be developed. In order to develop an advanced control system that maximizes performance of the biogas upgrading PSA under the presence of severe feed disturbances, a perturbation analysis has been performed. Zeolite 13X was used as selective adsorbent for CH4–CO2 separation and binary breakthrough curves, and single-column PSA experiments were performed. Step-function perturbations of 5% in inlet flow rate and CO2 composition were introduced in the PSA. The PSA experiments have demonstrated that a change in flow rate or in CO2 composition leads to a variation less than 2% in the temperature at the top of the column. The gas composition, at the column outlet, in the adsorptio...

  • advances in Pressure Swing Adsorption for gas separation
    International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012
    Co-Authors: Carlos A Grande
    Abstract:

    Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is a well-established gas separation technique in air separation, gas drying, and hydrogen purification separation. Recently, PSA technology has been applied in other areas like methane purification from natural and biogas and has a tremendous potential to expand its utilization. It is known that the adsorbent material employed in a PSA process is extremely important in defining its properties, but it has also been demonstrated that process engineering can improve the performance of PSA units significantly. This paper aims to provide an overview of the fundamentals of PSA process while focusing specifically on different innovative engineering approaches that contributed to continuous improvement of PSA performance.

  • Pressure Swing Adsorption for biogas upgrading effect of recycling streams in Pressure Swing Adsorption design
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Monica Santos, Carlos A Grande, Alirio E Rodrigues
    Abstract:

    The upgrading of biogas by Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) was studied. Simulations of a process for binary separation of CH4−CO2 using zeolite 13X as selective adsorbent were carried out at 323 K. The results obtained with a two-column PSA process using a six-step cycle (pressurization, feed, depressurization, blowdown, purge, and Pressure equalization) were compared with initial estimates by simulating the behavior of only one column. The recycle of highly contaminated streams was quantitatively evaluated in this paper. When recycled streams have purity lower than 99%, there is a significant decrease in the overall purity of biomethane. According to the simulations performed for a stream of biogas of 500 N m3/day, it is possible to obtain biomethane with a purity higher than 99% with a recovery of 85% and a power consumption of 0.12 kW/mol of produced methane.

  • vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption to produce polymer grade propylene
    Separation Science and Technology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Carlos A Grande, Frank Poplow, Alirio E Rodrigues
    Abstract:

    We have evaluated the Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption (VPSA) technology to separate propane–propylene streams to produce polymer-grade propylene. Zeolite 4A is used as kinetic adsorbent since propylene diffuses much faster than propane. A single VPSA process is able to produce propylene with purity higher than 99.6%. However, propylene recovery is only 67% and therefore a second stage is used. In this VPSA unit, zeolite 4A with smaller crystal radius is employed to reduce kinetic limitations. The second VPSA (tail unit) produces purified propane and recovers propylene that is recycled to the feed of the first VPSA (front unit). Linking these two VPSA units allows us to produce polymer-grade propylene (PGP) recovering 95.9% of the propylene. Comparing the performance of this process with distillation, there is a significant decrease in the separation volume. However, further efforts are necessary to reduce the power consumption of VPSA which is still slightly higher than for distillation.

Shivaji Sircar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • anatomy of a rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption process performance
    Aiche Journal, 2015
    Co-Authors: Rama Rao Vemula, Mayuresh V Kothare, Shivaji Sircar
    Abstract:

    A detailed numerical study of the individual and cumulative effects of various mass, heat, and momentum transfer resistances, which are generally present inside a practical adiabatic adsorber, on the overall separation performance of a rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption (RPSA) process is performed for production of nearly pure helium gas from an equimolar binary (N2 +He) gas mixture using 5 A zeolite. Column bed size factor (BSF) and helium recovery (R) from the feed gas are used to characterize the separation performances. All practical impediments like column Pressure drop, finite gas-solid mass and heat transfer resistances, mass and heat axial dispersions in the gas phase, and heats of ad(de)sorption causing nonisothermal operation have detrimental impacts on the overall process performance, which are significantly accentuated when the total cycle time of a RPSA process is small and the product gas helium purity is high. These impediments also prohibit indefinite lowering of BSF (desired performance) by decreasing process cycle time alone. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2008–2015, 2015

  • novel design and performance of a medical oxygen concentrator using a rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption concept
    Aiche Journal, 2014
    Co-Authors: Vemula Rama Rao, Mayuresh V Kothare, Shivaji Sircar
    Abstract:

    A novel design of a compact rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption system consisting of a single adsorber enclosed inside a product storage tank is proposed for application as a medical oxygen concentrator (MOC). A self-contained test unit for the process is constructed which is capable of directly and continuously producing 1–3 sl/m of 90% O2 from compressed air. Pelletized LiLSX zeolite is used as the air separation adsorbent. Steady state process performance data [bed size factor (BSF) and O2 recovery (R) as functions of total cycle time (tc)], as well as transient, cyclic, adsorber Pressure, and temperature profiles are presented. A four-step Skarstrom-like Pressure Swing Adsorption cycle was used. Two options for column pressurization, (a) using compressed feed air cocurrently or (b) using a part of the oxygen-enriched product gas counter-currently were evaluated. Option (b) exhibited superior performance. The optimum total cycle time for option (b) was 5–6 s where the BSF was lowest (∼45 kgs/TPD O2) and the corresponding R was ∼29.3%. These numbers indicate that the adsorbent inventory of a MOC can be potentially reduced by a factor of three while offering a ∼10–20% higher O2 recovery compared to a typical commercial unit. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3330–3335, 2014

  • rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption for reduction of bed size factor of a medical oxygen concentrator
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Siew Wah Chai, Mayuresh V Kothare, Shivaji Sircar
    Abstract:

    Reduction of the adsorber size of a medical oxygen concentrator (MOC) employing a generic Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technology is an ongoing research and development activity. The MOC typically produces a 90–93% O2-enriched product gas from ambient air at a rate of ≤10 L/minute (LPM) for individual use. A common practice is to reduce the total cycle time (tc, seconds) of the PSA process in order to decrease the bed size factor [BSF, pounds of adsorbent in the PSA unit per ton of contained O2 per day production rate (TPDc)]. Adsorbent columns packed with very small adsorbent particles are used to enhance the Adsorption kinetics for rapid PSA cycle operation. An experimental mini-PSA set up was used to measure the performance of a simulated Skarstrom-like PSA cycle using a commercial sample of LiX zeolite as the air separation sorbent. Different adsorbent particle sizes, Adsorption Pressures, and cycle times were tested. It was experimentally demonstrated that BSF cannot be indefinitely reduced by low...

  • purification of hydrogen by Pressure Swing Adsorption
    Separation Science and Technology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Shivaji Sircar, Timothy Christopher Golden
    Abstract:

    Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) processes are used for the production of high purity hydrogen from steam methane reforming off-gas (SMROG) and refinery off-gases (ROG). A variety of commercial PSA processes for the production of H2 with or without a by-product (CO2 from SMROG), as well as PSA processes for direct production of ammonia synthesis gas (from SMROG), are reviewed. The equilibrium ad(de)sorption characteristics of the components of SMROG and ROG feed gas on an activated carbon, a zeolite, and a silica gel are reported, and the criteria for adsorbent selection in these PSA processes are discussed. Recent ideas to increase the H2 recovery from these PSA processes by integrating them with selective surface flow membranes or other PSA units are reviewed.

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