The Experts below are selected from a list of 99 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Howard Shevrin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Processing of a subliminal rebus during sleep: Idiosyncratic Primary versus secondary Process associations upon awakening from REM- versus non-REM-sleep
Frontiers in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jana Steinig, Ariane Bazan, Svenja Happe, Sarah A.s. Antonetti, Howard ShevrinAbstract:Primary and secondary Processes are the foundational axes of the Freudian mental apparatus: one horizontally as a tendency to associate, the Primary Process, and one vertically as the ability for perspective taking, the secondary Process. Primary Process mentation is not only supposed to be dominant in the unconscious but also, for example, in dreams. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mental activity during REM-sleep has more characteristics of the Primary Process, while during non-REM-sleep more secondary Process operations take place. Because the solving of a rebus requires the ability to non-contexually condensate the literal reading of single stimuli into a new one, rebus solving is a Primary Process operation by excellence. In a replication of the dream-rebus study of Shevrin and Fisher (1967), a rebus, which consisted of an image of a comb (German: "Kamm") and an image of a raft (German: "Flos"), resulting in the German rebus word "kampflos" (Engl.: without a struggle), was flashed subliminally (at 1 ms) to 20 participants before going to sleep. Upon consecutive awakenings participants were asked for a dream report, free associations and an image description. Based on objective association norms, there were significantly more conceptual associations referring to Kamm and Flos indexing secondary Process mentation when subjects were awakened from non-REM sleep as compared to REM-awakenings. There were not significantly more rebus associations referring to kampflos indexing Primary Process mentation when awakened from REM-sleep as compared to non-REM awakenings. However, when the associations were scored on the basis of each subject's individual norms, there was a rebus effect with more idiosyncratic rebus associations in awakenings after REM than after non-REM-sleep. Our results support the general idea that REM-sleep is characterized by Primary Process Thinking, while non-REM-sleep mentation follows the rules of the secondary Process.
Falk Leichsenring - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Internalized object relations in schizophrenics
Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 1999Co-Authors: Falk LeichsenringAbstract:: In the present study, schizophrenic persons were studied with regard to internalised object relations. A rating method developed by Urist was applied to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique, a modification of the Rorschach-Test. A sample of acute schizophrenic patients (n = 25) and a sample of chronic schizophrenics (n = 25) were studied and compared to a sample of borderline patients (n = 30) with regard to ratings of internalised object relations. According to the results, borderline patients showed significantly higher ratings of object relations in which one figure was tortured, damaged, or devoured by another. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that severe forms of Primary Process Thinking correlated significantly with ratings of primitive object relations not only in borderline patients, but also in acute schizophrenics and chronic schizophrenics. The results are discussed with regard to Kernbergs's theory of Primary Process Thinking.
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Primary Process Thinking, Primitive Defensive Operations and Object Relationships in Borderline and Neurotic Patients
Psychopathology, 1991Co-Authors: Falk LeichsenringAbstract:In the present paper Kernberg’s hypothesis concerning the connection between Primary Process Thinking on the one hand and primitive defense mechanisms and modes of object relationships on the other hand were tested empirically in a sample of 30 hospitalized borderline and 30 hospitalized neurotic patients. The diagnoses of the patients were given according to the ‘Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines’ of Gunderson and Kolb, the functions mentioned above were assessed on the basis of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique applying scoring systems of Lerner and coworkers for primitive defense mechanisms and of Urist for the scoring of object relationships to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. According to the results the hypothesis derived from assumptions of Kernberg could be corroborated. Primary Process Thinking in borderline patients seems to be closely connected with high levels of anxiety and hostility, projective identification/projection, primitive denial and sadomasochistic relationships. A model for the coming about of Primary Process Thinking in borderline patients is proposed.
Jana Steinig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Processing of a subliminal rebus during sleep: Idiosyncratic Primary versus secondary Process associations upon awakening from REM- versus non-REM-sleep
Frontiers in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jana Steinig, Ariane Bazan, Svenja Happe, Sarah A.s. Antonetti, Howard ShevrinAbstract:Primary and secondary Processes are the foundational axes of the Freudian mental apparatus: one horizontally as a tendency to associate, the Primary Process, and one vertically as the ability for perspective taking, the secondary Process. Primary Process mentation is not only supposed to be dominant in the unconscious but also, for example, in dreams. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mental activity during REM-sleep has more characteristics of the Primary Process, while during non-REM-sleep more secondary Process operations take place. Because the solving of a rebus requires the ability to non-contexually condensate the literal reading of single stimuli into a new one, rebus solving is a Primary Process operation by excellence. In a replication of the dream-rebus study of Shevrin and Fisher (1967), a rebus, which consisted of an image of a comb (German: "Kamm") and an image of a raft (German: "Flos"), resulting in the German rebus word "kampflos" (Engl.: without a struggle), was flashed subliminally (at 1 ms) to 20 participants before going to sleep. Upon consecutive awakenings participants were asked for a dream report, free associations and an image description. Based on objective association norms, there were significantly more conceptual associations referring to Kamm and Flos indexing secondary Process mentation when subjects were awakened from non-REM sleep as compared to REM-awakenings. There were not significantly more rebus associations referring to kampflos indexing Primary Process mentation when awakened from REM-sleep as compared to non-REM awakenings. However, when the associations were scored on the basis of each subject's individual norms, there was a rebus effect with more idiosyncratic rebus associations in awakenings after REM than after non-REM-sleep. Our results support the general idea that REM-sleep is characterized by Primary Process Thinking, while non-REM-sleep mentation follows the rules of the secondary Process.
Svenja Happe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Processing of a subliminal rebus during sleep: Idiosyncratic Primary versus secondary Process associations upon awakening from REM- versus non-REM-sleep
Frontiers in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jana Steinig, Ariane Bazan, Svenja Happe, Sarah A.s. Antonetti, Howard ShevrinAbstract:Primary and secondary Processes are the foundational axes of the Freudian mental apparatus: one horizontally as a tendency to associate, the Primary Process, and one vertically as the ability for perspective taking, the secondary Process. Primary Process mentation is not only supposed to be dominant in the unconscious but also, for example, in dreams. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mental activity during REM-sleep has more characteristics of the Primary Process, while during non-REM-sleep more secondary Process operations take place. Because the solving of a rebus requires the ability to non-contexually condensate the literal reading of single stimuli into a new one, rebus solving is a Primary Process operation by excellence. In a replication of the dream-rebus study of Shevrin and Fisher (1967), a rebus, which consisted of an image of a comb (German: "Kamm") and an image of a raft (German: "Flos"), resulting in the German rebus word "kampflos" (Engl.: without a struggle), was flashed subliminally (at 1 ms) to 20 participants before going to sleep. Upon consecutive awakenings participants were asked for a dream report, free associations and an image description. Based on objective association norms, there were significantly more conceptual associations referring to Kamm and Flos indexing secondary Process mentation when subjects were awakened from non-REM sleep as compared to REM-awakenings. There were not significantly more rebus associations referring to kampflos indexing Primary Process mentation when awakened from REM-sleep as compared to non-REM awakenings. However, when the associations were scored on the basis of each subject's individual norms, there was a rebus effect with more idiosyncratic rebus associations in awakenings after REM than after non-REM-sleep. Our results support the general idea that REM-sleep is characterized by Primary Process Thinking, while non-REM-sleep mentation follows the rules of the secondary Process.
Ariane Bazan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Processing of a subliminal rebus during sleep: Idiosyncratic Primary versus secondary Process associations upon awakening from REM- versus non-REM-sleep
Frontiers in psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Jana Steinig, Ariane Bazan, Svenja Happe, Sarah A.s. Antonetti, Howard ShevrinAbstract:Primary and secondary Processes are the foundational axes of the Freudian mental apparatus: one horizontally as a tendency to associate, the Primary Process, and one vertically as the ability for perspective taking, the secondary Process. Primary Process mentation is not only supposed to be dominant in the unconscious but also, for example, in dreams. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mental activity during REM-sleep has more characteristics of the Primary Process, while during non-REM-sleep more secondary Process operations take place. Because the solving of a rebus requires the ability to non-contexually condensate the literal reading of single stimuli into a new one, rebus solving is a Primary Process operation by excellence. In a replication of the dream-rebus study of Shevrin and Fisher (1967), a rebus, which consisted of an image of a comb (German: "Kamm") and an image of a raft (German: "Flos"), resulting in the German rebus word "kampflos" (Engl.: without a struggle), was flashed subliminally (at 1 ms) to 20 participants before going to sleep. Upon consecutive awakenings participants were asked for a dream report, free associations and an image description. Based on objective association norms, there were significantly more conceptual associations referring to Kamm and Flos indexing secondary Process mentation when subjects were awakened from non-REM sleep as compared to REM-awakenings. There were not significantly more rebus associations referring to kampflos indexing Primary Process mentation when awakened from REM-sleep as compared to non-REM awakenings. However, when the associations were scored on the basis of each subject's individual norms, there was a rebus effect with more idiosyncratic rebus associations in awakenings after REM than after non-REM-sleep. Our results support the general idea that REM-sleep is characterized by Primary Process Thinking, while non-REM-sleep mentation follows the rules of the secondary Process.