The Experts below are selected from a list of 107430 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David A Raichlen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
primate energy expenditure and life history
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014Co-Authors: Herman Pontzer, David A Raichlen, Adam D Gordon, Kara Schroepferwalker, Brian Hare, Matthew C Oneill, Kathleen M Muldoon, Holly M Dunsworth, Brian M Wood, Karin IslerAbstract:ries per day) relative to other placental mammals. We compared doubly labeled water measurements of TEE among 17 primate species with similar measures for other placental mammals. We found that Primates use remarkably little energy each day, expending on average only 50% of the energy expected for a placental mammal of similar mass. Such large differences in TEE are not easily explained by differences in physical activity, and instead appear to reflect systemic metabolic adaptation for low energy expenditures in Primates. Indeed, comparisons of wild and captive primate populations indicate similar levels of energy expenditure. Broad interspecific comparisons of growth, reproduction, and maximum life span indicate that Primates’ slow metabolic rates contribute to their characteristically slow life histories.
-
effects of limb mass distribution on the ontogeny of quadrupedalism in infant baboons papio cynocephalus and implications for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism
Journal of Human Evolution, 2005Co-Authors: David A RaichlenAbstract:Primate quadrupedal kinematics differ from those of other mammals. Several researchers have suggested that primate kinematics are adaptive for safe travel in an arboreal, small-branch niche. This study tests a compatible hypothesis that primate kinematics are related to their limb mass distribution patterns. Primates have more distally concentrated limb mass than most other mammals due to their grasping hands and feet. Experimental studies have shown that increasing distal limb mass by adding weights to the limbs of humans and dogs influences kinematics. Adding weights to distal limb elements increases the natural period of a limb's oscillation, leading to relatively long swing and stride durations. It is therefore possible that Primates' distal limb mass is responsible for some of their unique kinematics. This hypothesis was tested using a longitudinal ontogenetic sample of infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Because limb mass distribution changes with age in infant Primates, this project examined how these changes influence locomotor kinematics within individuals. The baboons in this sample showed a shift in their kinematics as their limb mass distributions changed during ontogeny. When their limb mass was most distally concentrated (at young ages), stride frequencies were relatively low, stride lengths were relatively long, and stance durations were relatively long compared to older ages when limb mass was more proximally concentrated. These results suggest that the evolution of primate quadrupedal kinematics was tied to the evolution of grasping hands and feet.
-
effects of limb mass distribution on the ontogeny of quadrupedalism in infant baboons papio cynocephalus and implications for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism
Journal of Human Evolution, 2005Co-Authors: David A RaichlenAbstract:Primate quadrupedal kinematics differ from those of other mammals. Several researchers have suggested that primate kinematics are adaptive for safe travel in an arboreal, small-branch niche. This study tests a compatible hypothesis that primate kinematics are related to their limb mass distribution patterns. Primates have more distally concentrated limb mass than most other mammals due to their grasping hands and feet. Experimental studies have shown that increasing distal limb mass by adding weights to the limbs of humans and dogs influences kinematics. Adding weights to distal limb elements increases the natural period of a limb’s oscillation, leading to relatively long swing and stride durations. It is therefore possible that Primates’ distal limb mass is responsible for some of their unique kinematics. This hypothesis was tested using a longitudinal ontogenetic sample of infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Because limb mass distribution changes with age in infant Primates, this project examined how these changes influence locomotor kinematics within individuals. The baboons in this sample showed a shift in their kinematics as their limb mass distributions changed during ontogeny. When their limb mass was most distally concentrated (at young ages), stride frequencies were relatively low, stride lengths were relatively long, and stance durations were relatively long compared to older ages when limb mass was more proximally concentrated. These results suggest that the evolution of primate quadrupedal kinematics was tied to the evolution of grasping hands and feet. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Manuel A Patarroyo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the aotus nancymaae erythrocyte proteome and its importance for biomedical research
Journal of Proteomics, 2017Co-Authors: Darwin A Morenoperez, R Garciavaliente, Nieves Ibarrola, Antonio Muro, Manuel A PatarroyoAbstract:Abstract The Aotus nancymaae species has been of great importance in researching the biology and pathogenesis of malaria, particularly for studying Plasmodium molecules for including them in effective vaccines against such microorganism. In spite of the forgoing, there has been no report to date describing the biology of parasite target cells in Primates or their biomedical importance. This study was thus designed to analyse A. nancymaae erythrocyte protein composition using MS data collected during a previous study aimed at characterising the Plasmodium vivax proteome and published in the pertinent literature. Most peptides identified were similar to those belonging to 1189 Homo sapiens molecules; > 95% of them had orthologues in New World Primates. GO terms revealed a correlation between categories having the greatest amount of proteins and vital cell function. Integral membrane molecules were also identified which could be possible receptors facilitating interaction with Plasmodium species. The A. nancymaae erythrocyte proteome is described here for the first time, as a starting point for more in-depth/extensive studies. The data reported represents a source of invaluable information for laboratories interested in carrying out basic and applied biomedical investigation studies which involve using this primate. Significance An understanding of the proteomics characteristics of A. nancymaae erythrocytes represents a fascinating area for research regarding the study of the pathogenesis of malaria since these are the main target for Plasmodium invasion. However, and even though Aotus is one of the non-human primate models considered most appropriate for biomedical research, knowledge of its proteome, particularly its erythrocytes, remains unknown. According to the above and bearing in mind the lack of information about the A. nancymaae species genome and transcriptome, this study involved a search for primate proteins for comparing their MS/MS spectra with the available information for Homo sapiens . The great similarity found between the primate's molecules and those for humans supported the use of the monkeys or their cells for continuing assays involved in studying malaria. Integral membrane receptors used by Plasmodium for invading cells were also found; this required timely characterisation for evaluating their therapeutic role. The list of erythrocyte protein composition reported here represents a useful source of basic knowledge for advancing biomedical investigation in this field.
Palacios, Diana Catalina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Caracterización, diversidad y evolución de los receptores de células “Natural Killer” de la familia de las inmunoglobulinas (KIR) en Primates neotropicales
2011Co-Authors: Palacios, Diana CatalinaAbstract:Las células Natural Killer (NK) son linfocitos citotóxicos que neutralizan y destruyen células propias alteradas. Estas células no reconocen el antígeno directamente sino que funcionan mediante un balance entre señalizaciones activadoras e inhibitorias controladas por los receptores de las células NK al interactuar con las moléculas del Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) clase I en la células blanco. En los Primates los receptores de células Natural Killer de la familia de las inmunoglobulinas (KIR) son altamente diversos debido a su alto polimorfismo, diferencias en el contenido génico de los haplotipos, procesamiento alternativo del mRNA y diferencias en expresión. La mayoría de información sobre los KIR en Primates proviene de los humanos y otros hominoides. La falta de información en otras especies de Primates, incluyendo los del Nuevo Mundo, ha dificultado el entendimiento de las fuerzas y procesos que rigen la evolución de este sistema. En este trabajo se caracterizó el sistema KIR en 6 especies de Primates del Nuevo Mundo. A partir de cDNA se identificaron 37 genes KIR en tres especies de la familia Atelidae, A. hybridus, A. Belzebuth y L. lagotricha. Adicionalmente, mediante aproximaciones genómicas se identificaron otros 35 genes KIR en las especies Ateles goeffroyi, Saimiri boliviensis y Callicebus moloch. Los genes KIR en Primates del Nuevo Mundo son altamente variables y codifican para receptores con tres dominios de inmunoglobulina extracelulares con potenciales funciones inhibitorias y activadoras. Los haplotipos KIR en Primates del Nuevo Mundo tienen una organización similar, en donde los genes del extremo 5’ del haplotipo tienen un sentido de transcripción contrario al de los demás, e incluyen un pseudogen. Para entender el contexto evolutivo de los KIR en Primates del Nuevo Mundo, se caracterizaron 25 genes KIR en tres especies de monos del Viejo Mundo pertenecientes a la familia Cercopithecidae: Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio anubis y Colobus guereza. Análisis filogenéticos muestran que los KIR de Primates del Nuevo Mundo se han diversificado independientemente de aquellos de los Primates del Viejo Mundo, formando un linaje evolutivo único. Dentro de este linaje, existe una tendencia de evolución género–específica, que sugiere una diversificación rápida de los KIR que ha coincidido con la radiación adaptativa de los distintos géneros de Primates del Nuevo Mundo. A partir de la información generada en este trabajo se propone un modelo evolutivo general para el sistema KIR en los Primates, caracterizado por la expansión diferencial de genes KIR en los distintos grupos de Primates. Esta expansión diferencial de los KIR es una posible consecuencia de la diversificación sus ligandos naturales, las moleculas del MHC clase.Abstract. Natural Killer (NK) cells are citotoxic lymphocytes which neutralize and destroy “self” altered cells. NK cells do not recognize antigens directly but instead work by regulating activation and inhibitory signals managed by NK cell receptors as they interact with the Mayor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules on target cells. In Primates, Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are highly diverse due to their high levels of polymorphism, differences in haplotype gene content, mRNA splice variants and expression differences. Most of the information about primate KIRs comes from humans and other hominoids. A lack of information for other primate species, including the New World Primates makes it difficult to understand the forces and processes that control evolution of this system. In this study the KIR system was characterized in six species of New World Primates. From cDNA, 37 KIR genes were identified for three species from the family Atelidae; A. hybridus, A. Belzebuth and L. lagotricha. Using genomic approximations, another 35 KIR genes were identified from Ateles goeffroyi, Saimiri boliviensis and Callicebus moloch. New World primate KIR genes were highly variable and encoded receptors with 3 Ig domains with potential activation and inhibitory funtions. Among the New World Primates, KIR haplotypes exhibit similar organization in which transcription in the genes at the 5’ extreme of the haplotype runs in the opposite direction, and includes a pseudogene. To understand the evolutionary context of New World primate KIRs, 25 KIR genes were characterized from three species of Old World Primates from the family Cercophitecidae; Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio anubis and Colobus guereza. Phylogenetic analyses showed that New World primate KIRs diversified independently from the Old World primate KIRs, forming a unique evolutionary lineage. Within this linage there exists a tendency of genus-specific evolution consistent with a rapid diversification of KIRs which coincides with the adaptive radiation of New World primate genera. From the information generated in this study, a general evolutionary model for the primate KIR system is proposed characterized by a differential expansion of KIR genes in the distinct groups of Primates. This differential expantion of KIR genes is a possible consequence of the diversification of their natural ligands, the MHC class I molecules
-
Caracterización, diversidad y evolución de los receptores de células “Natural Killer” de la familia de las inmunoglobulinas (KIR) en Primates neotropicales
2011Co-Authors: Palacios, Diana CatalinaAbstract:Las células Natural Killer (NK) son linfocitos citotóxicos que neutralizan y destruyen células propias alteradas. Estas células no reconocen el antígeno directamente sino que funcionan mediante un balance entre señalizaciones activadoras e inhibitorias controladas por los receptores de las células NK al interactuar con las moléculas del Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (MHC) clase I en la células blanco. En los Primates los receptores de células Natural Killer de la familia de las inmunoglobulinas (KIR) son altamente diversos debido a su alto polimorfismo, diferencias en el contenido génico de los haplotipos, procesamiento alternativo del mRNA y diferencias en expresión. La mayoría de información sobre los KIR en Primates proviene de los humanos y otros hominoides. La falta de información en otras especies de Primates, incluyendo los del Nuevo Mundo, ha dificultado el entendimiento de las fuerzas y procesos que rigen la evolución de este sistema. En este trabajo se caracterizó el sistema KIR en 6 especies de Primates del Nuevo Mundo. A partir de cDNA se identificaron 37 genes KIR en tres especies de la familia Atelidae, A. hybridus, A. Belzebuth y L. lagotricha. Adicionalmente, mediante aproximaciones genómicas se identificaron otros 35 genes KIR en las especies Ateles goeffroyi, Saimiri boliviensis y Callicebus moloch. Los genes KIR en Primates del Nuevo Mundo son altamente variables y codifican para receptores con tres dominios de inmunoglobulina extracelulares con potenciales funciones inhibitorias y activadoras. Los haplotipos KIR en Primates del Nuevo Mundo tienen una organización similar, en donde los genes del extremo 5’ del haplotipo tienen un sentido de transcripción contrario al de los demás, e incluyen un pseudogen. Para entender el contexto evolutivo de los KIR en Primates del Nuevo Mundo, se caracterizaron 25 genes KIR en tres especies de monos del Viejo Mundo pertenecientes a la familia Cercopithecidae: Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio anubis y Colobus guereza. Análisis filogenéticos muestran que los KIR de Primates del Nuevo Mundo se han diversificado independientemente de aquellos de los Primates del Viejo Mundo, formando un linaje evolutivo único. Dentro de este linaje, existe una tendencia de evolución género–específica, que sugiere una diversificación rápida de los KIR que ha coincidido con la radiación adaptativa de los distintos géneros de Primates del Nuevo Mundo. A partir de la información generada en este trabajo se propone un modelo evolutivo general para el sistema KIR en los Primates, caracterizado por la expansión diferencial de genes KIR en los distintos grupos de Primates. Esta expansión diferencial de los KIR es una posible consecuencia de la diversificación sus ligandos naturales, las moleculas del MHC clase.Abstract. Natural Killer (NK) cells are citotoxic lymphocytes which neutralize and destroy “self” altered cells. NK cells do not recognize antigens directly but instead work by regulating activation and inhibitory signals managed by NK cell receptors as they interact with the Mayor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules on target cells. In Primates, Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are highly diverse due to their high levels of polymorphism, differences in haplotype gene content, mRNA splice variants and expression differences. Most of the information about primate KIRs comes from humans and other hominoids. A lack of information for other primate species, including the New World Primates makes it difficult to understand the forces and processes that control evolution of this system. In this study the KIR system was characterized in six species of New World Primates. From cDNA, 37 KIR genes were identified for three species from the family Atelidae; A. hybridus, A. Belzebuth and L. lagotricha. Using genomic approximations, another 35 KIR genes were identified from Ateles goeffroyi, Saimiri boliviensis and Callicebus moloch. New World primate KIR genes were highly variable and encoded receptors with 3 Ig domains with potential activation and inhibitory funtions. Among the New World Primates, KIR haplotypes exhibit similar organization in which transcription in the genes at the 5’ extreme of the haplotype runs in the opposite direction, and includes a pseudogene. To understand the evolutionary context of New World primate KIRs, 25 KIR genes were characterized from three species of Old World Primates from the family Cercophitecidae; Chlorocebus aethiops, Papio anubis and Colobus guereza. Phylogenetic analyses showed that New World primate KIRs diversified independently from the Old World primate KIRs, forming a unique evolutionary lineage. Within this linage there exists a tendency of genus-specific evolution consistent with a rapid diversification of KIRs which coincides with the adaptive radiation of New World primate genera. From the information generated in this study, a general evolutionary model for the primate KIR system is proposed characterized by a differential expansion of KIR genes in the distinct groups of Primates. This differential expantion of KIR genes is a possible consequence of the diversification of their natural ligands, the MHC class I molecules.Maestrí
Darwin A Morenoperez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the aotus nancymaae erythrocyte proteome and its importance for biomedical research
Journal of Proteomics, 2017Co-Authors: Darwin A Morenoperez, R Garciavaliente, Nieves Ibarrola, Antonio Muro, Manuel A PatarroyoAbstract:Abstract The Aotus nancymaae species has been of great importance in researching the biology and pathogenesis of malaria, particularly for studying Plasmodium molecules for including them in effective vaccines against such microorganism. In spite of the forgoing, there has been no report to date describing the biology of parasite target cells in Primates or their biomedical importance. This study was thus designed to analyse A. nancymaae erythrocyte protein composition using MS data collected during a previous study aimed at characterising the Plasmodium vivax proteome and published in the pertinent literature. Most peptides identified were similar to those belonging to 1189 Homo sapiens molecules; > 95% of them had orthologues in New World Primates. GO terms revealed a correlation between categories having the greatest amount of proteins and vital cell function. Integral membrane molecules were also identified which could be possible receptors facilitating interaction with Plasmodium species. The A. nancymaae erythrocyte proteome is described here for the first time, as a starting point for more in-depth/extensive studies. The data reported represents a source of invaluable information for laboratories interested in carrying out basic and applied biomedical investigation studies which involve using this primate. Significance An understanding of the proteomics characteristics of A. nancymaae erythrocytes represents a fascinating area for research regarding the study of the pathogenesis of malaria since these are the main target for Plasmodium invasion. However, and even though Aotus is one of the non-human primate models considered most appropriate for biomedical research, knowledge of its proteome, particularly its erythrocytes, remains unknown. According to the above and bearing in mind the lack of information about the A. nancymaae species genome and transcriptome, this study involved a search for primate proteins for comparing their MS/MS spectra with the available information for Homo sapiens . The great similarity found between the primate's molecules and those for humans supported the use of the monkeys or their cells for continuing assays involved in studying malaria. Integral membrane receptors used by Plasmodium for invading cells were also found; this required timely characterisation for evaluating their therapeutic role. The list of erythrocyte protein composition reported here represents a useful source of basic knowledge for advancing biomedical investigation in this field.
Gabriele Sansalone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Macroevolutionary trends of brain mass in Primates
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2019Co-Authors: Marina Melchionna, Alessandro Mondanaro, Carmela Serio, Silvia Castiglione, M. Di Febbraro, Lorenzo Rook, José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-filho, Giorgio Manzi, Antonio Profico, Gabriele SansaloneAbstract:Abstract A distinctive trait in primate evolution is the expansion in brain mass. The potential drivers of this trend and how and whether encephalization influenced diversification dynamics in this group are hotly debated. We assembled a phylogeny accounting for 317 primate species, including both extant and extinct taxa, to identify macroevolutionary trends in brain mass evolution. Our findings show that Primates as a whole follow a macroevolutionary trend for an increase in body mass, relative brain mass and speciation rate over time. Although the trend for increased encephalization (brain mass) applies to all Primates, hominins stand out for their distinctly higher rates. Within hominins, this unique trend applies linearly over time and starts with Australopithecus africanus. The increases in both speciation rate and encephalization begin in the Oligocene, suggesting the two variables are causally associated. The substitution of early, stem Primates belonging to plesiadapiforms with crown Primates seems to be responsible for these macroevolutionary trends. However, our findings also suggest that cognitive capacities favoured speciation in hominins.
