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F. Gelmini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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IL PRINCIPIO DI LEALE COOPERAZIONE NEL DIRITTO DELLA CONCORRENZA DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA
'Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Symphonya Emerging Issues in Management', 2020Co-Authors: F. GelminiAbstract:Il presente studio ha come oggetto lo studio del principio di leale cooperazione nell’applicazione degli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE (“norme antitrust”). In particolare, intende esaminare la sua concreta applicazione nei rapporti intercorrenti tra i diversi soggetti competenti ad applicare gli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE, quali la Commissione, le autorità nazionali garanti della concorrenza e i giudici nazionali. La ricerca si sviluppa lungo tre linee di ricerca. La prima parte è dedicata ad una ricostruzione delle origini e dell’evoluzione del principio di leale cooperazione nell’ordinamento dell’Unione europea: viene dapprima analizzato l’apporto della giurisprudenza, poi la consacrazione del principio nel Trattato di Lisbona, e infine il suo rapporto con il principio del primato, dell’effetto diretto e dell’autonomia istituzionale e procedurale degli Stati membri. L’affermazione del principio del primato del diritto dell’Unione è da sempre stata accompagnata, nella giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia, dal riconoscimento dell’autonomia istituzionale e procedurale degli Stati membri, conducendo ad un conflitto continuo tra esigenze contrapposte: da un lato la necessità di garantire un’applicazione piena ed efficace del diritto dell’Unione, dall’altro lato la volontà degli Stati di mantenere intatta la propria sfera di autonomia. Il ricorso alle strutture proprie degli Stati membri rischia tuttavia di compromettere l’attuazione uniforme ed efficace del diritto dell’Unione, a causa dell’eterogeneità delle soluzioni nazionali. Il tale contesto, il principio di leale cooperazione svolge un ruolo centrale, imponendo agli Stati membri di utilizzare le proprie strutture e procedure per perseguire l’impegno comune, non potendo la conservazione dell’autonomia istituzionale e procedurale condurre ad una compromissione degli impegni assunti dagli Stati membri. L’autonomia degli Stati membri è stata così gradualmente compressa, in nome della necessità di convivere con altri principi di matrice europea, quali il principio del primato, dell’effetto diretto e dell’effetto utile. Tale ricostruzione è finalizzata a delineare i confini e la portata del principio di leale cooperazione, per poterlo poi declinare nel diritto della concorrenza in cui è chiamato a svolgere un ruolo centrale. La seconda parte dello studio si concentra sull’analisi del principio di leale cooperazione nell’applicazione pubblicistica degli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE (“norme antitrust”). Dapprima, sono esaminate le relazioni tra le autorità nazionali garanti della concorrenza e la Commissione europea, analizzando gli strumenti di cooperazione verticali ed orizzontali. Successivamente, è posta l’attenzione sulla tensione tra l’esigenza di garantire l’applicazione efficace delle norme della concorrenza dell’Unione e l’esigenza di avvalersi di strumenti giuridici propri degli ordinamenti nazionali per darvi attuazione. Le autorità nazionali sono chiamate ad applicare le stesse regole sostanziali, ma il loro assetto istituzionale e procedurale si differenzia da Stato a Stato. In tale ottica, lo studio procede ad un esame in chiave comparatistica dell’ordinamento francese e di quello italiano, in tema di poteri di indagine delle autorità nazionali garanti della concorrenza, di modalità di calcolo delle sanzioni e di programmi di trattamento favorevole, facendo emergere i principali punti di divergenza tra i sistemi. La terza parte dello studio, partendo dall’analisi dei meccanismi di cooperazione tra le autorità garanti della concorrenza (autorità nazionali garanti della concorrenza e Commissione) e gli organi giurisdizionali, conclude con una discussione sulle problematiche che emergono dall’interazione tra l’applicazione pubblicistica e quella privatistica degli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE. L’elaborato, analizzando gli istituti, i principi e comparando le regole procedurali del sistema francese e di quello italiano, mira a fare emergere le problematiche legate al ricorso di strumenti giuridici propri degli ordinamenti nazionali per l’applicazione delle medesime norme sostanziali, gli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE.The aim of the research is to analyse the principle of loyal cooperation in the application of articles 101 and 102 TFEU (“antitrust rules”). The study is carried out along three different lines of research. The first part examines the origin and development of the principle of loyal cooperation in the European Union: first, the contribution of the relevant case law is analysed, then the consolidation of the principle in the Lisbon Treaty, and finally, its relationship with the principle of primacy, direct effect and institutional and procedural autonomy of the Members States. The affirmation of the principle of the primacy of EU law has always been accompanied, in the case law of the Court of Justice, by the recognition of the institutional and procedural autonomy of the Member States, leading to a continuous conflict between opposing needs; on the one hand, the need to ensure a full and effective application of EU law and, on the other hand, the willingness of the States to maintain their own sphere of autonomy intact. However, the use of Member States' own structures risks jeopardizing the uniform and effective implementation of EU law, due to the heterogeneity of national solutions. In this context, the principle of loyal cooperation plays a central role requiring Member States to use their structures and procedures to pursue the objectives of the Union. This reconstruction is aimed at outlining the boundaries and scope of the principle of loyal cooperation, so that it can then be analysed into competition law in which it has a central role to play. The second part of the study focuses on the principle of loyal cooperation in regard to the public application of Article 101 and 102 TFEU. First, it examines the relationship between national competition authorities and the European Commission, analysing vertical and horizontal cooperation tools. Secondly, it analyses the tension between the need to ensure effective enforcement of the antitrust rules and the need to use national legal mechanisms to implement those rules. National authorities must apply the same substantive rules, but their institutional and procedural structure differs from State to State. In this context, the study examines the French and Italian legal systems on a comparative basis, with regard to the powers of investigation of the national competition authorities, the methods for calculating penalties and leniency programmes, highlighting the main points of divergence between the systems. The third part of the study consists of starting with an analysis of mechanism for cooperation between the competition authorities (national competition authorities and the Commission) and the courts, and in conclusion with a discussion of the issues arising from the interaction between the public and private application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. The common thread of this thesis is the use of the principle of loyal cooperation as a keystone to achieve the balance between the need to create a level playing field and the need not to make the principle of autonomy of Member States a “lost paradise.
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IL PRINCIPIO DI LEALE COOPERAZIONE NEL DIRITTO DELLA CONCORRENZA DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA
Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020Co-Authors: F. GelminiAbstract:Il presente studio ha come oggetto lo studio del principio di leale cooperazione nell\u2019applicazione degli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE (\u201cnorme antitrust\u201d). In particolare, intende esaminare la sua concreta applicazione nei rapporti intercorrenti tra i diversi soggetti competenti ad applicare gli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE, quali la Commissione, le autorit\ue0 nazionali garanti della concorrenza e i giudici nazionali. La ricerca si sviluppa lungo tre linee di ricerca. La prima parte \ue8 dedicata ad una ricostruzione delle origini e dell\u2019evoluzione del principio di leale cooperazione nell\u2019ordinamento dell\u2019Unione europea: viene dapprima analizzato l\u2019apporto della giurisprudenza, poi la consacrazione del principio nel Trattato di Lisbona, e infine il suo rapporto con il principio del primato, dell\u2019effetto diretto e dell\u2019autonomia istituzionale e procedurale degli Stati membri. L\u2019affermazione del principio del primato del diritto dell\u2019Unione \ue8 da sempre stata accompagnata, nella giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia, dal riconoscimento dell\u2019autonomia istituzionale e procedurale degli Stati membri, conducendo ad un conflitto continuo tra esigenze contrapposte: da un lato la necessit\ue0 di garantire un\u2019applicazione piena ed efficace del diritto dell\u2019Unione, dall\u2019altro lato la volont\ue0 degli Stati di mantenere intatta la propria sfera di autonomia. Il ricorso alle strutture proprie degli Stati membri rischia tuttavia di compromettere l\u2019attuazione uniforme ed efficace del diritto dell\u2019Unione, a causa dell\u2019eterogeneit\ue0 delle soluzioni nazionali. Il tale contesto, il principio di leale cooperazione svolge un ruolo centrale, imponendo agli Stati membri di utilizzare le proprie strutture e procedure per perseguire l\u2019impegno comune, non potendo la conservazione dell\u2019autonomia istituzionale e procedurale condurre ad una compromissione degli impegni assunti dagli Stati membri. L\u2019autonomia degli Stati membri \ue8 stata cos\uec gradualmente compressa, in nome della necessit\ue0 di convivere con altri principi di matrice europea, quali il principio del primato, dell\u2019effetto diretto e dell\u2019effetto utile. Tale ricostruzione \ue8 finalizzata a delineare i confini e la portata del principio di leale cooperazione, per poterlo poi declinare nel diritto della concorrenza in cui \ue8 chiamato a svolgere un ruolo centrale. La seconda parte dello studio si concentra sull\u2019analisi del principio di leale cooperazione nell\u2019applicazione pubblicistica degli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE (\u201cnorme antitrust\u201d). Dapprima, sono esaminate le relazioni tra le autorit\ue0 nazionali garanti della concorrenza e la Commissione europea, analizzando gli strumenti di cooperazione verticali ed orizzontali. Successivamente, \ue8 posta l\u2019attenzione sulla tensione tra l\u2019esigenza di garantire l\u2019applicazione efficace delle norme della concorrenza dell\u2019Unione e l\u2019esigenza di avvalersi di strumenti giuridici propri degli ordinamenti nazionali per darvi attuazione. Le autorit\ue0 nazionali sono chiamate ad applicare le stesse regole sostanziali, ma il loro assetto istituzionale e procedurale si differenzia da Stato a Stato. In tale ottica, lo studio procede ad un esame in chiave comparatistica dell\u2019ordinamento francese e di quello italiano, in tema di poteri di indagine delle autorit\ue0 nazionali garanti della concorrenza, di modalit\ue0 di calcolo delle sanzioni e di programmi di trattamento favorevole, facendo emergere i principali punti di divergenza tra i sistemi. La terza parte dello studio, partendo dall\u2019analisi dei meccanismi di cooperazione tra le autorit\ue0 garanti della concorrenza (autorit\ue0 nazionali garanti della concorrenza e Commissione) e gli organi giurisdizionali, conclude con una discussione sulle problematiche che emergono dall\u2019interazione tra l\u2019applicazione pubblicistica e quella privatistica degli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE. L\u2019elaborato, analizzando gli istituti, i principi e comparando le regole procedurali del sistema francese e di quello italiano, mira a fare emergere le problematiche legate al ricorso di strumenti giuridici propri degli ordinamenti nazionali per l\u2019applicazione delle medesime norme sostanziali, gli articoli 101 e 102 TFUE.The aim of the research is to analyse the principle of loyal cooperation in the application of articles 101 and 102 TFEU (\u201cantitrust rules\u201d). The study is carried out along three different lines of research. The first part examines the origin and development of the principle of loyal cooperation in the European Union: first, the contribution of the relevant case law is analysed, then the consolidation of the principle in the Lisbon Treaty, and finally, its relationship with the principle of primacy, direct effect and institutional and procedural autonomy of the Members States. The affirmation of the principle of the primacy of EU law has always been accompanied, in the case law of the Court of Justice, by the recognition of the institutional and procedural autonomy of the Member States, leading to a continuous conflict between opposing needs; on the one hand, the need to ensure a full and effective application of EU law and, on the other hand, the willingness of the States to maintain their own sphere of autonomy intact. However, the use of Member States' own structures risks jeopardizing the uniform and effective implementation of EU law, due to the heterogeneity of national solutions. In this context, the principle of loyal cooperation plays a central role requiring Member States to use their structures and procedures to pursue the objectives of the Union. This reconstruction is aimed at outlining the boundaries and scope of the principle of loyal cooperation, so that it can then be analysed into competition law in which it has a central role to play. The second part of the study focuses on the principle of loyal cooperation in regard to the public application of Article 101 and 102 TFEU. First, it examines the relationship between national competition authorities and the European Commission, analysing vertical and horizontal cooperation tools. Secondly, it analyses the tension between the need to ensure effective enforcement of the antitrust rules and the need to use national legal mechanisms to implement those rules. National authorities must apply the same substantive rules, but their institutional and procedural structure differs from State to State. In this context, the study examines the French and Italian legal systems on a comparative basis, with regard to the powers of investigation of the national competition authorities, the methods for calculating penalties and leniency programmes, highlighting the main points of divergence between the systems. The third part of the study consists of starting with an analysis of mechanism for cooperation between the competition authorities (national competition authorities and the Commission) and the courts, and in conclusion with a discussion of the issues arising from the interaction between the public and private application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. The common thread of this thesis is the use of the principle of loyal cooperation as a keystone to achieve the balance between the need to create a level playing field and the need not to make the principle of autonomy of Member States a \u201clost paradise.\u201
Niccolo Guicciardini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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isaac newton philosophiae naturalis Principia mathematica first edition 1687
Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940, 2005Co-Authors: Niccolo GuicciardiniAbstract:Publisher Summary Newton's Principia is one of the great classics of the Scientific Revolution. Before 1687, natural philosophers were able to mathematize only parabolic motion caused by a constant force and circular uniform motion. Newton was pushing exact quantitative mathematization in fields such as the attraction exerted by extended bodies, the perturbed motions of many bodies in gravitational interaction, the motion in resisting media. The book delivered an awesome picture of the world, a world in which the same physical law governs celestial and terrestrial phenomena. The Principia was published in 1687, because of the financial and editorial support of Edmond Halley, and under the auspices of the Royal Society. However, at the end of the 18 th century the Principia was read only by a handful of erudite historians and the Principia's mathematical methods ceased to be of interest for practising mathematicians.
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reading the Principia the debate on newton s mathematical methods for natural philosophy from 1687 to 1736
The American Historical Review, 1999Co-Authors: Niccolo GuicciardiniAbstract:1. Purpose of this book Part I. Newton's Methods: 2. Newton's methods of series and fluxions 3. The mathematical methods of the Principia Part II. Three Readers: 4. Newton: between tradition and innovation 5. Huygens: the Principia and proportion theory 6. Leibniz: not equivalent in practice Part III. Two Schools: 7. Britain: in the wake of the Principia 8. Basel: challenging the Principia 9. Conclusion: Newtonians, Leibnizians and Eulerians References.
Gregory Landini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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typos of Principia mathematica
History and Philosophy of Logic, 2013Co-Authors: Gregory LandiniAbstract:Principia Mathematic goes to great lengths to hide its order/type indices and to make it appear as if its incomplete symbols behave as if they are singular terms. But well-hidden as they are, we cannot understand the proofs in Principia unless we bring them into focus. When we do, some rather surprising results emerge – which is the subject of this paper.
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Principia mathematica φ versus φ
2013Co-Authors: Gregory LandiniAbstract:Studying the history of mathematical logic in school, on the web or in comics,1 one will surely come upon Whitehead and Russell’s monumental three-volume Principia Mathematica. In the Encyclopedia Britannica we find the following, widely accepted, characterization of the work: Eventually, Russell’s attempts to overcome the paradox resulted in a complete transformation of his scheme of logic, as he added one refinement after another to the basic theory. In the process, important elements of his ‘Pythagorean’ view of logic were abandoned. In particular, Russell came to the conclusion that there were no such things as classes and propositions and that therefore, whatever logic was, it was not the study of them. In their place he substituted a bewilderingly complex theory known as the ramified theory of types, which, though it successfully avoided contradictions such as Russell’s Paradox, was (and remains) extraordinarily difficult to understand. By the time he and his collaborator, Alfred North Whitehead, had finished the three volumes of Principia Mathematica (1910–13), the theory of types and other innovations to the basic logical system had made it unmanageably complicated. Very few people, whether philosophers or mathematicians, have made the gargantuan effort required to master the details of this monumental work. It is nevertheless rightly regarded as one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. (Monk, 2013)
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Quantification Theory in *8 of Principia Mathematica and the Empty Domain
History and Philosophy of Logic, 2005Co-Authors: Gregory LandiniAbstract:The second printing of Principia Mathematica in 1925 offered Russell an occasion to assess some criticisms of the Principia and make some suggestions for possible improvements. In Appendix A, Russell offered *8 as a new quantification theory to replace *9 of the original text. As Russell explained in the new introduction to the second edition, the system of *8 sets out quantification theory without free variables. Unfortunately, the system has not been well understood. This paper shows that Russell successfully antedates Quine's system of quantification theory without free variables. It is shown as well, that as with Quine's system, a slight modification yields a quantification theory inclusive of the empty domain.
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russell s separation of the logical and semantic paradoxes
Revue Internationale De Philosophie, 2004Co-Authors: Gregory LandiniAbstract:On regarde souvent Russell comme ay ant soutenu que les paradoxes logiques et les paradoxes semantiques derivent tons d'une source commune — a savoir la violation du principe du cercle vicieux de Poincare. La ramification de la theorie des types des Principia Mathematica resulte, a ce qu'on pretend, des efforts de Russell pour eviter les paradoxes semantiques. Cet article montre, cependant, que Russell a trade separement des deux sortes de paradoxes et en a offert des solutions distinctes en 1906. Les implications de cette decouverte pour les Principia et pour la philosophic de I'atomisme logique de Russell sont alors explore es.
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Quantification Theory in *9 of Principia Mathematica
History and Philosophy of Logic, 2000Co-Authors: Gregory LandiniAbstract:This paper examines the quantification theory of *9 of Principia Mathematica. The focus of the discussion is not the philosophical role that section *9 plays in Principia's full ramified type-theory. Rather, the paper assesses the system of *9 as a quantificational theory for the ordinary predicate calculus. The quantifier-free part of the system of *9 is examined and some misunderstandings of it are corrected. A flaw in the system of *9 is discovered, but it is shown that with a minor repair the system is semantically complete. Finally, the system is contrasted with the system of *8 of Principia's second edition.
Anne Whitman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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isaac newton s philosophiae naturalis Principia mathematica
2015Co-Authors: Newton Isaac Sir, Alexandre Koyre, Bernard I Cohen, Anne WhitmanAbstract:This edition of Isaac Newton's Principia is the first edition that enables the reader to see at a glance the stages of evolution of the work from the completion of the manuscript draft of the first edition in 1685 to the publication of the third edition, authorized by Newton, in 1726. A photographic reprint of this final version, the present edition exhibits on the same page the variant readings from the seven other texts. This design allows the reader to see all the changes that Newton introduced and to determine exactly how the last and definitive edition, published a few months before Newton's death, grew from earlier versions. A series of appendices provides additional material on the development of the Principia; the contributions of Roger Cotes and of Henry Pemberton; drafts of Newton's preface to the third edition; a bibliography of the Principia, describing in detail the three substantive editions and all the known subsequent editions; an index of names mentioned in the third edition; and a complete table of contents of the third edition.
Wolfgang Neuser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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isaac newtons philosophiae naturalis Principia mathematica
2017Co-Authors: Wolfgang NeuserAbstract:Was in der Neuzeit unter Natur verstanden wird, ist grundlegend dadurch gepragt, wie die Naturwissenschaften meinen, Natur erkennen und beschreiben zu konnen. In der Wissenschaftsmethode liegt das Naturverstandnis begrundet. Der Naturbegriff der Neuzeit ist wesentlich durch die Naturwissenschaft Newtons gepragt.
