The Experts below are selected from a list of 13446 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nicki A. Dowling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The intergenerational transmission of Problem Gambling: The mediating role of parental psychopathology
Addictive behaviors, 2016Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Shane Thomas, Kerrie Shandley, Erin Oldenhof, George J. Youssef, Erica Frydenberg, Alun C JacksonAbstract:The present study investigated the intergenerational transmission of Problem Gambling and the potential mediating role of parental psychopathology (Problem drinking, drug use Problems, and mental health issues). The study comprised 3953 participants (1938 males, 2015 females) recruited from a large-scale Australian community telephone survey of adults retrospectively reporting on parental Problem Gambling and psychopathology during their childhood. Overall, 4.0% [95%CI 3.0, 5.0] (n=157) of participants reported paternal Problem Gambling and 1.7% [95%CI 1.0, 2.0] (n=68) reported maternal Problem Gambling. Compared to their peers, participants reporting paternal Problem Gambling were 5.1 times more likely to be moderate risk gamblers and 10.7 times more likely to be Problem gamblers. Participants reporting maternal Problem Gambling were 1.7 times more likely to be moderate risk gamblers and 10.6 times more likely to be Problem gamblers. The results revealed that the relationships between paternal-and-participant and maternal-and-participant Problem Gambling were significant, but that only the relationship between paternal-and-participant Problem Gambling remained statistically significant after controlling for maternal Problem Gambling and sociodemographic factors. Paternal Problem drinking and maternal drug use Problems partially mediated the relationship between paternal-and-participant Problem Gambling, and fully mediated the relationship between maternal-and-participant Problem Gambling. In contrast, parental mental health issues failed to significantly mediate the transmission of Gambling Problems by either parent. When parental Problem Gambling was the mediator, there was full mediation of the effect between parental psychopathology and offspring Problem Gambling for fathers but not mothers. Overall, the study highlights the vulnerability of children from Problem Gambling households and suggests that it would be of value to target prevention and intervention efforts towards this cohort.
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Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence a systematic review and meta analysis
Trauma Violence & Abuse, 2016Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Shane Thomas, Aino Suomi, Tiffany Lavis, J Patford, Suzanne Cockman, Maria Bellringer, Jane Koziolmclain, Malcolm BattersbyAbstract:This study provides a systematic review of the empirical evidence related to the association between Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence (IPV). We identified 14 available studies in the systematic search (8 for victimisation only, 4 for perpetration only and 2 for both victimisation and perpetration). Although there were some equivocal findings, we found that most of the available research suggests that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and being a victim of IPV. There was more consistent evidence that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and perpetration of IPV. Meta-analyses revealed that over one third of Problem gamblers report being victims of physical IPV (38.1%) or perpetrators of physical IPV (36.5%) and that the prevalence of Problem Gambling in IPV perpetrators is 11.3%. Although the exact nature of the relationships between Problem Gambling and IPV is yet to be determined, the findings suggest that less than full employment and clinical anger Problems are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV victimization and that younger age, less than full employment, clinical anger Problems, impulsivity, and alcohol and substance use are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV perpetration. The findings highlight the need for treatment services to undertake routine screening and assessment of Problem Gambling, IPV, alcohol and substance use Problems, and mental health issues and provide interventions designed to manage this cluster of comorbid conditions. Further research is also required to investigate the relationship between Problem Gambling and violence that extends into the family beyond intimate partners.
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Problem Gambling Family Impacts: Development of the Problem Gambling Family Impact Scale
Journal of gambling studies, 2015Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Aino Suomi, Tiffany LavisAbstract:Although family members of Problem gamblers frequently present to treatment services, Problem Gambling family impacts are under-researched. The most commonly endorsed items on a new measure of Gambling-related family impacts [Problem Gambling Family Impact Measure (PG-FIM: Problem Gambler version)] by 212 treatment-seeking Problem gamblers included trust (62.5 %), anger (61.8 %), depression or sadness (58.7 %), anxiety (57.7 %), distress due to Gambling-related absences (56.1 %), reduced quality time (52.4 %), and communication breakdowns (52.4 %). The PG-FIM (Problem Gambler version) was comprised of three factors: (1) financial impacts, (2) increased responsibility impacts, and (3) psychosocial impacts with good psychometric properties. Younger, more impulsive, non-electronic gaming machine (EGM) gamblers who had more severe Gambling Problems reported more financial impacts; non-EGM gamblers with poorer general health reported more increased responsibility impacts; and more impulsive non-EGM gamblers with more psychological distress and higher Gambling severity reported more psychosocial impacts. The findings have implications for the development of interventions for the family members of Problem gamblers.
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The Application of an Etiological Model of Personality Disorders to Problem Gambling.
Journal of gambling studies, 2014Co-Authors: Meredith Brown, J. Sabura Allen, Nicki A. DowlingAbstract:Problem Gambling is a significant mental health Problem that creates a multitude of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social difficulties. Recent empirical evidence suggests that personality disorders, and in particular borderline personality disorder (BPD), are commonly co-morbid with Problem Gambling. Despite this finding there has been very little research examining overlapping factors between these two disorders. The aim of this review is to summarise the literature exploring the relationship between Problem Gambling and personality disorders. The co-morbidity of personality disorders, particularly BPD, is reviewed and the characteristics of Problem gamblers with co-morbid personality disorders are explored. An etiological model from the more advanced BPD literature—the biosocial developmental model of BPD—is used to review the similarities between Problem Gambling and BPD across four domains: early parent–child interactions, emotion regulation, co-morbid psychopathology and negative outcomes. It was concluded that personality disorders, in particular BPD are commonly co-morbid among Problem gamblers and the presence of a personality disorder complicates the clinical picture. Furthermore BPD and Problem Gambling share similarities across the biosocial developmental model of BPD. Therefore clinicians working with Problem gamblers should incorporate routine screening for personality disorders and pay careful attention to the therapeutic alliance, client motivations and therapeutic boundaries. Furthermore adjustments to therapy structure, goals and outcomes may be required. Directions for future research include further research into the applicability of the biosocial developmental model of BPD to Problem Gambling.
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a prospective study of adolescent risk and protective factors for Problem Gambling among young adults
Journal of Adolescence, 2014Co-Authors: Kirsty E Scholesbalog, Nicki A. Dowling, Sheryl A Hemphill, John W ToumbourouAbstract:There is a paucity of research examining prospective predictors of Problem Gambling. The current study utilised a large longitudinal data set (N = 2328) to examine a large range of adolescent risk and protective factors for Problem Gambling in young adulthood. These risk and protective factors covered the domains of the community, family, school, peer group and individual. Numerous predictors associated with the family, school and peer-individual were statistically significant in analyses adjusted for gender and age. However, in the fully adjusted multivariate analyses, only two predictors were statistically significant. Within this model, gender (female) was associated with a reduced risk of young adult Problem Gambling, while family rewards for prosocial involvement moderated the risk relationship between adolescent alcohol use and young adult Problem Gambling. These findings highlight the importance of adolescent alcohol use and family environment as potentially modifiable predictors of young adult Problem Gambling.
Alun C Jackson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The intergenerational transmission of at-risk/Problem Gambling: The moderating role of parenting practices.
The American journal on addictions, 2017Co-Authors: Nicole Andrea Dowling, Shane Thomas, Kerrie Shandley, Erin Oldenhof, George J. Youssef, Erica Frydenberg, Julia M Affleck, Alun C JacksonAbstract:Background and Objectives Although parenting practices are articulated as underlying mechanisms or protective factors in several theoretical models, their role in the intergenerational transmission of Gambling Problems has received limited research attention. This study therefore examined the degree to which parenting practices (positive parenting, parental involvement, and inconsistent discipline) moderated the intergenerational transmission of paternal and maternal Problem Gambling. Methods Students aged 12–18 years (N = 612) recruited from 17 Australian secondary schools completed a survey measuring parental Problem Gambling, Problem Gambling severity, and parenting practices. Results Participants endorsing paternal Problem Gambling (23.3%) were 4.3 times more likely to be classified as at-risk/Problem gamblers than their peers (5.4%). Participants endorsing maternal Problem Gambling (6.9%) were no more likely than their peers (4.0%) to be classified as at-risk/Problem gamblers. Paternal Problem Gambling was a significant predictor of offspring at-risk/Problem Gambling after controlling for maternal Problem Gambling and participant demographic characteristics. The relationship between maternal Problem Gambling and offspring at-risk/Problem Gambling was buffered by parental involvement. Discussion and Conclusions Paternal Problem Gambling may be important in the development of adolescent at-risk/Problem Gambling behaviours and higher levels of parental involvement buffers the influence of maternal Problem Gambling in the development of offspring Gambling Problems. Further research is therefore required to identify factors that attenuate the seemingly greater risk of transmission associated with paternal Gambling Problems. Scientific Significance Parental involvement is a potential candidate for prevention and intervention efforts designed to reduce the intergenerational transmission of Gambling Problems. (Am J Addict 2017;26:707–712)
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The intergenerational transmission of Problem Gambling: The mediating role of parental psychopathology
Addictive behaviors, 2016Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Shane Thomas, Kerrie Shandley, Erin Oldenhof, George J. Youssef, Erica Frydenberg, Alun C JacksonAbstract:The present study investigated the intergenerational transmission of Problem Gambling and the potential mediating role of parental psychopathology (Problem drinking, drug use Problems, and mental health issues). The study comprised 3953 participants (1938 males, 2015 females) recruited from a large-scale Australian community telephone survey of adults retrospectively reporting on parental Problem Gambling and psychopathology during their childhood. Overall, 4.0% [95%CI 3.0, 5.0] (n=157) of participants reported paternal Problem Gambling and 1.7% [95%CI 1.0, 2.0] (n=68) reported maternal Problem Gambling. Compared to their peers, participants reporting paternal Problem Gambling were 5.1 times more likely to be moderate risk gamblers and 10.7 times more likely to be Problem gamblers. Participants reporting maternal Problem Gambling were 1.7 times more likely to be moderate risk gamblers and 10.6 times more likely to be Problem gamblers. The results revealed that the relationships between paternal-and-participant and maternal-and-participant Problem Gambling were significant, but that only the relationship between paternal-and-participant Problem Gambling remained statistically significant after controlling for maternal Problem Gambling and sociodemographic factors. Paternal Problem drinking and maternal drug use Problems partially mediated the relationship between paternal-and-participant Problem Gambling, and fully mediated the relationship between maternal-and-participant Problem Gambling. In contrast, parental mental health issues failed to significantly mediate the transmission of Gambling Problems by either parent. When parental Problem Gambling was the mediator, there was full mediation of the effect between parental psychopathology and offspring Problem Gambling for fathers but not mothers. Overall, the study highlights the vulnerability of children from Problem Gambling households and suggests that it would be of value to target prevention and intervention efforts towards this cohort.
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Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence a systematic review and meta analysis
Trauma Violence & Abuse, 2016Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Shane Thomas, Aino Suomi, Tiffany Lavis, J Patford, Suzanne Cockman, Maria Bellringer, Jane Koziolmclain, Malcolm BattersbyAbstract:This study provides a systematic review of the empirical evidence related to the association between Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence (IPV). We identified 14 available studies in the systematic search (8 for victimisation only, 4 for perpetration only and 2 for both victimisation and perpetration). Although there were some equivocal findings, we found that most of the available research suggests that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and being a victim of IPV. There was more consistent evidence that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and perpetration of IPV. Meta-analyses revealed that over one third of Problem gamblers report being victims of physical IPV (38.1%) or perpetrators of physical IPV (36.5%) and that the prevalence of Problem Gambling in IPV perpetrators is 11.3%. Although the exact nature of the relationships between Problem Gambling and IPV is yet to be determined, the findings suggest that less than full employment and clinical anger Problems are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV victimization and that younger age, less than full employment, clinical anger Problems, impulsivity, and alcohol and substance use are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV perpetration. The findings highlight the need for treatment services to undertake routine screening and assessment of Problem Gambling, IPV, alcohol and substance use Problems, and mental health issues and provide interventions designed to manage this cluster of comorbid conditions. Further research is also required to investigate the relationship between Problem Gambling and violence that extends into the family beyond intimate partners.
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Psychological treatments for Problem Gambling (PROGRESS) study
2015Co-Authors: Shane Thomas, Alun C Jackson, Colette Joy Browning, Susan Ellen Feldman, Harriet Lindsay Radermacher, Joanne Enticott, Christopher Anderson, Kali Godbee, Voula Adamopoulos, Stephanie S MerkourisAbstract:A randomised controlled trial was conducted to examine the effectiveness of four psychological treatments for Problem Gambling: cognitive behaviour therapy motivational interviewing behaviour therapy client-centred therapy. The study, one of the largest ever conducted examining treatments for Problem Gambling, also included a qualitative component examining the experiences of gamblers taking part in the study. Results did not differ significantly between the four treatment groups, so it is likely all four treatments are effective in responding to Problem Gambling. This is encouraging for all Problem Gambling treatment providers as it suggests appropriately structured treatment is associated with meaningful reductions in Gambling behaviour and symptoms.
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Problem Gambling Family Impacts: Development of the Problem Gambling Family Impact Scale
Journal of gambling studies, 2015Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Aino Suomi, Tiffany LavisAbstract:Although family members of Problem gamblers frequently present to treatment services, Problem Gambling family impacts are under-researched. The most commonly endorsed items on a new measure of Gambling-related family impacts [Problem Gambling Family Impact Measure (PG-FIM: Problem Gambler version)] by 212 treatment-seeking Problem gamblers included trust (62.5 %), anger (61.8 %), depression or sadness (58.7 %), anxiety (57.7 %), distress due to Gambling-related absences (56.1 %), reduced quality time (52.4 %), and communication breakdowns (52.4 %). The PG-FIM (Problem Gambler version) was comprised of three factors: (1) financial impacts, (2) increased responsibility impacts, and (3) psychosocial impacts with good psychometric properties. Younger, more impulsive, non-electronic gaming machine (EGM) gamblers who had more severe Gambling Problems reported more financial impacts; non-EGM gamblers with poorer general health reported more increased responsibility impacts; and more impulsive non-EGM gamblers with more psychological distress and higher Gambling severity reported more psychosocial impacts. The findings have implications for the development of interventions for the family members of Problem gamblers.
Tiffany Lavis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence a systematic review and meta analysis
Trauma Violence & Abuse, 2016Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Shane Thomas, Aino Suomi, Tiffany Lavis, J Patford, Suzanne Cockman, Maria Bellringer, Jane Koziolmclain, Malcolm BattersbyAbstract:This study provides a systematic review of the empirical evidence related to the association between Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence (IPV). We identified 14 available studies in the systematic search (8 for victimisation only, 4 for perpetration only and 2 for both victimisation and perpetration). Although there were some equivocal findings, we found that most of the available research suggests that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and being a victim of IPV. There was more consistent evidence that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and perpetration of IPV. Meta-analyses revealed that over one third of Problem gamblers report being victims of physical IPV (38.1%) or perpetrators of physical IPV (36.5%) and that the prevalence of Problem Gambling in IPV perpetrators is 11.3%. Although the exact nature of the relationships between Problem Gambling and IPV is yet to be determined, the findings suggest that less than full employment and clinical anger Problems are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV victimization and that younger age, less than full employment, clinical anger Problems, impulsivity, and alcohol and substance use are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV perpetration. The findings highlight the need for treatment services to undertake routine screening and assessment of Problem Gambling, IPV, alcohol and substance use Problems, and mental health issues and provide interventions designed to manage this cluster of comorbid conditions. Further research is also required to investigate the relationship between Problem Gambling and violence that extends into the family beyond intimate partners.
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Problem Gambling Family Impacts: Development of the Problem Gambling Family Impact Scale
Journal of gambling studies, 2015Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Aino Suomi, Tiffany LavisAbstract:Although family members of Problem gamblers frequently present to treatment services, Problem Gambling family impacts are under-researched. The most commonly endorsed items on a new measure of Gambling-related family impacts [Problem Gambling Family Impact Measure (PG-FIM: Problem Gambler version)] by 212 treatment-seeking Problem gamblers included trust (62.5 %), anger (61.8 %), depression or sadness (58.7 %), anxiety (57.7 %), distress due to Gambling-related absences (56.1 %), reduced quality time (52.4 %), and communication breakdowns (52.4 %). The PG-FIM (Problem Gambler version) was comprised of three factors: (1) financial impacts, (2) increased responsibility impacts, and (3) psychosocial impacts with good psychometric properties. Younger, more impulsive, non-electronic gaming machine (EGM) gamblers who had more severe Gambling Problems reported more financial impacts; non-EGM gamblers with poorer general health reported more increased responsibility impacts; and more impulsive non-EGM gamblers with more psychological distress and higher Gambling severity reported more psychosocial impacts. The findings have implications for the development of interventions for the family members of Problem gamblers.
Anders Håkansson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The societal costs of Problem Gambling in Sweden.
BMC public health, 2020Co-Authors: Thomas Hofmarcher, Ulla Romild, J. Spångberg, U. Persson, Anders HåkanssonAbstract:Problem Gambling is a public health issue affecting both the gamblers, their families, their employers, and society as a whole. Recent law changes in Sweden oblige local and regional health authorities to invest more in prevention and treatment of Problem Gambling. The economic consequences of Gambling, and thereby the potential economic consequences of policy changes in the area, are unknown, as the cost of Problem Gambling to society has remained largely unexplored in Sweden and similar settings. A prevalence-based cost-of-illness study for Sweden for the year 2018 was conducted. A societal approach was chosen in order to include direct costs (such as health care and legal costs), indirect costs (such as lost productivity due to unemployment), and intangible costs (such as reduced quality of life due to emotional distress). Costs were estimated by combining epidemiological and unit cost data. The societal costs of Problem Gambling amounted to 1.42 billion euros in 2018, corresponding to 0.30% of the gross domestic product. Direct costs accounted only for 13% of the total costs. Indirect costs accounted for more than half (59%) of the total costs, while intangible costs accounted for 28%. The societal costs were more than twice as high as the tax revenue from Gambling in 2018. Direct and indirect costs of Problem Gambling combined amounted to one third of the equivalent costs of smoking and one sixth of the costs of alcohol consumption in Sweden. Problem Gambling is increasingly recognized as a public health issue. The societal costs of it are not negligible, also in relation to major public health issues of an addictive nature such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Direct costs for prevention and treatment are very low. A stronger focus on prevention and treatment might help to reduce many of the very high indirect and intangible costs in the future.
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Problem Gambling in the Fitness World—A General Population Web Survey
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Anders Håkansson, Artin Entezarjou, Göran Kenttä, Fernando Fernández-aranda, Susana Jiménez-murcia, Björn GunnarssonAbstract:The world of sports has a complex association to Problem Gambling, and the sparse research examining Problem Gambling in athletes has suggested an increased prevalence and particularly high male predominance. The present study aimed to study frequency and correlates of Problem Gambling in populations with moderate to high involvement in fitness or physical exercise. This is a self-selective online survey focusing on addictive behaviors in physical exercise distributed by ‘fitness influencers’ on social media and other online fitness forums to their followers. Respondents were included if they reported exercise at least thrice weekly, were above 15 years of age, and provided informed consent (N = 3088). Problem Gambling, measured with the Lie/Bet, was studied in association with demographic data, substance use, and mental health variables. The occurrence of lifetime Problem Gambling was 8 percent (12 percent in men, one percent in women). In logistic regression, Problem Gambling was associated with male gender, younger age, risky alcohol drinking, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and less frequent exercise habits. In conclusion, in this self-recruited population with moderate to high fitness involvement, Problem Gambling was moderately elevated. As shown previously in elite athletes, the male predominance was larger than in the general population. The findings strengthen the link between Problem Gambling and the world of sports.
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Pilot Study of Problem Gambling in Specialized Substance Use Disorder Treatment—High Lifetime Prevalence of Problem Gambling in Opioid Maintenance Treatment Patients
Open Journal of Psychiatry, 2018Co-Authors: Anders HåkanssonAbstract:Problem Gambling is over-represented in patients treated for substance use disorders, but substance-specific prevalence of Problem Gambling is rarely reported. In specialized addiction treatment facilities for opioid maintenance treatment and for alcohol and prescription drug dependence, respectively, 129 patients were screened for Problem Gambling using the NODS-CLiP. The lifetime prevalence of Problem Gambling was markedly higher in opioid maintenance treatment (61 percent) than in alcohol and prescription drug dependence treatment (11 percent, p < 0.001). When controlling for gender and age, Problem Gambling remained significantly associated with opioid maintenance treatment. The present study demonstrated a very high prevalence of lifetime Problem Gambling in opioid maintenance treatment patients. This calls for active screening for Problem Gambling in substance use disorder patients, and mainly in treatment for opioid dependence.
Aino Suomi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence a systematic review and meta analysis
Trauma Violence & Abuse, 2016Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Shane Thomas, Aino Suomi, Tiffany Lavis, J Patford, Suzanne Cockman, Maria Bellringer, Jane Koziolmclain, Malcolm BattersbyAbstract:This study provides a systematic review of the empirical evidence related to the association between Problem Gambling and intimate partner violence (IPV). We identified 14 available studies in the systematic search (8 for victimisation only, 4 for perpetration only and 2 for both victimisation and perpetration). Although there were some equivocal findings, we found that most of the available research suggests that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and being a victim of IPV. There was more consistent evidence that there is a significant relationship between Problem Gambling and perpetration of IPV. Meta-analyses revealed that over one third of Problem gamblers report being victims of physical IPV (38.1%) or perpetrators of physical IPV (36.5%) and that the prevalence of Problem Gambling in IPV perpetrators is 11.3%. Although the exact nature of the relationships between Problem Gambling and IPV is yet to be determined, the findings suggest that less than full employment and clinical anger Problems are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV victimization and that younger age, less than full employment, clinical anger Problems, impulsivity, and alcohol and substance use are implicated in the relationship between Problem Gambling and IPV perpetration. The findings highlight the need for treatment services to undertake routine screening and assessment of Problem Gambling, IPV, alcohol and substance use Problems, and mental health issues and provide interventions designed to manage this cluster of comorbid conditions. Further research is also required to investigate the relationship between Problem Gambling and violence that extends into the family beyond intimate partners.
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Problem Gambling Family Impacts: Development of the Problem Gambling Family Impact Scale
Journal of gambling studies, 2015Co-Authors: Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C Jackson, Aino Suomi, Tiffany LavisAbstract:Although family members of Problem gamblers frequently present to treatment services, Problem Gambling family impacts are under-researched. The most commonly endorsed items on a new measure of Gambling-related family impacts [Problem Gambling Family Impact Measure (PG-FIM: Problem Gambler version)] by 212 treatment-seeking Problem gamblers included trust (62.5 %), anger (61.8 %), depression or sadness (58.7 %), anxiety (57.7 %), distress due to Gambling-related absences (56.1 %), reduced quality time (52.4 %), and communication breakdowns (52.4 %). The PG-FIM (Problem Gambler version) was comprised of three factors: (1) financial impacts, (2) increased responsibility impacts, and (3) psychosocial impacts with good psychometric properties. Younger, more impulsive, non-electronic gaming machine (EGM) gamblers who had more severe Gambling Problems reported more financial impacts; non-EGM gamblers with poorer general health reported more increased responsibility impacts; and more impulsive non-EGM gamblers with more psychological distress and higher Gambling severity reported more psychosocial impacts. The findings have implications for the development of interventions for the family members of Problem gamblers.
