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Antje Potthast - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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electrically conducting carbon microparticles by direct carbonization of spent wood pulping liquor
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: J. Kohnke, Batirtze Pratsmateu, Elisabeth Schwaiger, Christoph Unterweger, Notburga Gierlinger, Harald Rennhofer, Helga C Lichtenegger, Arnulf Kai Mahler, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Antje PotthastAbstract:Lignin is produced abundantly in wood pulping. Because it is currently mainly used for the generation of Process Energy and electrical Energy by combustion, its isolation from Processing liquor and subsequent purification for potential higher value uses is challenging. Therefore, the present study evaluates the feasibility of direct carbonization of spray-dried Processing liquor from two relevant industrial pulping Processes with the aim of obtaining electrically conducting carbon. Analysis of the carbonization Process reveals significant differences in the thermal stability of spray-dried liquor from a sulfite pulping Process compared to kraft liquor. As a result, kraft-derived carbon shows highly ordered graphitic structure and good electrical conductivity comparable to carbon black, whereas sulfite liquor derived carbon only shows modest conductivity.
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electrically conducting carbon microparticles by direct carbonization of spent wood pulping liquor
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: J. Kohnke, Batirtze Pratsmateu, Elisabeth Schwaiger, Christoph Unterweger, Notburga Gierlinger, Harald Rennhofer, Helga C Lichtenegger, Arnulf Kai Mahler, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Antje PotthastAbstract:Lignin is produced abundantly in wood pulping. Because it is currently mainly used for the generation of Process Energy and electrical Energy by combustion, its isolation from Processing liquor and...
Chamil Abeykoon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of materials Process settings and screw geometry on Energy consumption and melt temperature in single screw extrusion
Applied Energy, 2016Co-Authors: Chamil Abeykoon, E. C. Brown, Adrian L. Kelly, Philip D. CoatesAbstract:Polymer extrusion is an Energy intensive production Process and Process Energy efficiency has become a key concern in the current industry with the pressure of reducing the global carbon footprint. Here, knowledge of the pattern of Energy usage and losses of each component in the plant is highly useful in the Process Energy optimization. Moreover, it is essential to maintain the melt quality while improving the Energy efficiency in polymer Processing. In this work, an investigation was made on the total Energy consumption, drive motor Energy consumption, power factor and the melt temperature profile across the die melt flow (as an indication of the melt thermal quality) of an industrial scale extruder with three different screw geometries, three polymer types and wide range of Processing conditions (altogether 135 different Processing situations were observed). This aims to widen the knowledge on Process Energy and thermal behaviors while exploring possible correlation/s between Energy demand and melt quality (in terms of melt temperature fluctuations across the melt flow). The results showed that the level and fluctuations of the extruder’s power factor is particularly dependent upon the material being Processed. Moreover, it seems that there is a relation between the level of Energy demand of the heaters and the level of melt temperature fluctuations. While the extruder specific Energy consumption decreases with increasing screw speed, specific Energy consumption of the drive motor may have either increasing or decreasing behavior. Overall, this study provides new insights in a wide range on Process Energy demand and melt thermal quality in polymer extrusion. Moreover, further research is recommended to establish strong correlation/s between Process Energy consumption and melt thermal quality which should help to enhance Process control and hence the product quality in single screw polymer extrusion.
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Process efficiency in polymer extrusion correlation between the Energy demand and melt thermal stability
Applied Energy, 2014Co-Authors: Chamil Abeykoon, Adrian L. Kelly, E. C. Brown, Javier Verasorroche, Phil D Coates, Jing Deng, Kang Li, Eileen Harkinjones, Mark PriceAbstract:Thermal stability is of major importance in polymer extrusion, where product quality is dependent upon the level of melt homogeneity achieved by the extruder screw. Extrusion is an Energy intensive Process and optimisation of Process Energy usage while maintaining melt stability is necessary in order to produce good quality product at low unit cost. Optimisation of Process Energy usage is timely as world Energy prices have increased rapidly over the last few years. In the first part of this study, a general discussion was made on the efficiency of an extruder. Then, an attempt was made to explore correlations between melt thermal stability and Energy demand in polymer extrusion under different Process settings and screw geometries. A commodity grade of polystyrene was extruded using a highly instrumented single screw extruder, equipped with Energy consumption and melt temperature field measurement. Moreover, the melt viscosity of the experimental material was observed by using an off-line rheometer. Results showed that specific Energy demand of the extruder (i.e. Energy for Processing of unit mass of polymer) decreased with increasing throughput whilst fluctuation in Energy demand also reduced. However, the relationship between melt temperature and extruder throughput was found to be complex, with temperature varying with radial position across the melt flow. Moreover, the melt thermal stability deteriorated as throughput was increased, meaning that a greater efficiency was achieved at the detriment of melt consistency. Extruder screw design also had a significant effect on the relationship between Energy consumption and melt consistency. Overall, the relationship between the Process Energy demand and thermal stability seemed to be negatively correlated and also it was shown to be highly complex in nature. Moreover, the level of Process understanding achieved here can help to inform selection of equipment and setting of operating conditions to optimise both Energy and thermal efficiencies in parallel.
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Process efficiency in polymer extrusion correlation between the Energy demand and melt thermal stability
Applied Energy, 2014Co-Authors: Chamil Abeykoon, Adrian L. Kelly, E. C. Brown, Javier Verasorroche, Phil D Coates, Jing Deng, Eileen Harkinjones, Mark PriceAbstract:highlights � This paper discusses the Energy conservation of an extruder. � This describes the Energy and thermal efficiencies in polymer extrusion. � This explores the correlation between Energy demand and thermal stability. � This explores radial temperature fluctuations of the melt flow in extrusion. � This models the total power demand in polymer extrusion empirically. abstract Thermal stability is of major importance in polymer extrusion, where product quality is dependent upon the level of melt homogeneity achieved by the extruder screw. Extrusion is an Energy intensive Process and optimisation of Process Energy usage while maintaining melt stability is necessary in order to pro- duce good quality product at low unit cost. Optimisation of Process Energy usage is timely as world Energy prices have increased rapidly over the last few years. In the first part of this study, a general dis- cussion was made on the efficiency of an extruder. Then, an attempt was made to explore correlations between melt thermal stability and Energy demand in polymer extrusion under different Process settings and screw geometries. A commodity grade of polystyrene was extruded using a highly instrumented sin- gle screw extruder, equipped with Energy consumption and melt temperature field measurement. More- over, the melt viscosity of the experimental material was observed by using an off-line rheometer. Results showed that specific Energy demand of the extruder (i.e. Energy for Processing of unit mass of polymer) decreased with increasing throughput whilst fluctuation in Energy demand also reduced. How- ever, the relationship between melt temperature and extruder throughput was found to be complex, with temperature varying with radial position across the melt flow. Moreover, the melt thermal stability dete- riorated as throughput was increased, meaning that a greater efficiency was achieved at the detriment of melt consistency. Extruder screw design also had a significant effect on the relationship between Energy consumption and melt consistency. Overall, the relationship between the Process Energy demand and thermal stability seemed to be negatively correlated and also it was shown to be highly complex in nat- ure. Moreover, the level of Process understanding achieved here can help to inform selection of equip- ment and setting of operating conditions to optimise both Energy and thermal efficiencies in parallel. 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
Mark Price - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Process efficiency in polymer extrusion correlation between the Energy demand and melt thermal stability
Applied Energy, 2014Co-Authors: Chamil Abeykoon, Adrian L. Kelly, E. C. Brown, Javier Verasorroche, Phil D Coates, Jing Deng, Kang Li, Eileen Harkinjones, Mark PriceAbstract:Thermal stability is of major importance in polymer extrusion, where product quality is dependent upon the level of melt homogeneity achieved by the extruder screw. Extrusion is an Energy intensive Process and optimisation of Process Energy usage while maintaining melt stability is necessary in order to produce good quality product at low unit cost. Optimisation of Process Energy usage is timely as world Energy prices have increased rapidly over the last few years. In the first part of this study, a general discussion was made on the efficiency of an extruder. Then, an attempt was made to explore correlations between melt thermal stability and Energy demand in polymer extrusion under different Process settings and screw geometries. A commodity grade of polystyrene was extruded using a highly instrumented single screw extruder, equipped with Energy consumption and melt temperature field measurement. Moreover, the melt viscosity of the experimental material was observed by using an off-line rheometer. Results showed that specific Energy demand of the extruder (i.e. Energy for Processing of unit mass of polymer) decreased with increasing throughput whilst fluctuation in Energy demand also reduced. However, the relationship between melt temperature and extruder throughput was found to be complex, with temperature varying with radial position across the melt flow. Moreover, the melt thermal stability deteriorated as throughput was increased, meaning that a greater efficiency was achieved at the detriment of melt consistency. Extruder screw design also had a significant effect on the relationship between Energy consumption and melt consistency. Overall, the relationship between the Process Energy demand and thermal stability seemed to be negatively correlated and also it was shown to be highly complex in nature. Moreover, the level of Process understanding achieved here can help to inform selection of equipment and setting of operating conditions to optimise both Energy and thermal efficiencies in parallel.
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Process efficiency in polymer extrusion correlation between the Energy demand and melt thermal stability
Applied Energy, 2014Co-Authors: Chamil Abeykoon, Adrian L. Kelly, E. C. Brown, Javier Verasorroche, Phil D Coates, Jing Deng, Eileen Harkinjones, Mark PriceAbstract:highlights � This paper discusses the Energy conservation of an extruder. � This describes the Energy and thermal efficiencies in polymer extrusion. � This explores the correlation between Energy demand and thermal stability. � This explores radial temperature fluctuations of the melt flow in extrusion. � This models the total power demand in polymer extrusion empirically. abstract Thermal stability is of major importance in polymer extrusion, where product quality is dependent upon the level of melt homogeneity achieved by the extruder screw. Extrusion is an Energy intensive Process and optimisation of Process Energy usage while maintaining melt stability is necessary in order to pro- duce good quality product at low unit cost. Optimisation of Process Energy usage is timely as world Energy prices have increased rapidly over the last few years. In the first part of this study, a general dis- cussion was made on the efficiency of an extruder. Then, an attempt was made to explore correlations between melt thermal stability and Energy demand in polymer extrusion under different Process settings and screw geometries. A commodity grade of polystyrene was extruded using a highly instrumented sin- gle screw extruder, equipped with Energy consumption and melt temperature field measurement. More- over, the melt viscosity of the experimental material was observed by using an off-line rheometer. Results showed that specific Energy demand of the extruder (i.e. Energy for Processing of unit mass of polymer) decreased with increasing throughput whilst fluctuation in Energy demand also reduced. How- ever, the relationship between melt temperature and extruder throughput was found to be complex, with temperature varying with radial position across the melt flow. Moreover, the melt thermal stability dete- riorated as throughput was increased, meaning that a greater efficiency was achieved at the detriment of melt consistency. Extruder screw design also had a significant effect on the relationship between Energy consumption and melt consistency. Overall, the relationship between the Process Energy demand and thermal stability seemed to be negatively correlated and also it was shown to be highly complex in nat- ure. Moreover, the level of Process understanding achieved here can help to inform selection of equip- ment and setting of operating conditions to optimise both Energy and thermal efficiencies in parallel. 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
J. Kohnke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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electrically conducting carbon microparticles by direct carbonization of spent wood pulping liquor
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: J. Kohnke, Batirtze Pratsmateu, Elisabeth Schwaiger, Christoph Unterweger, Notburga Gierlinger, Harald Rennhofer, Helga C Lichtenegger, Arnulf Kai Mahler, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Antje PotthastAbstract:Lignin is produced abundantly in wood pulping. Because it is currently mainly used for the generation of Process Energy and electrical Energy by combustion, its isolation from Processing liquor and subsequent purification for potential higher value uses is challenging. Therefore, the present study evaluates the feasibility of direct carbonization of spray-dried Processing liquor from two relevant industrial pulping Processes with the aim of obtaining electrically conducting carbon. Analysis of the carbonization Process reveals significant differences in the thermal stability of spray-dried liquor from a sulfite pulping Process compared to kraft liquor. As a result, kraft-derived carbon shows highly ordered graphitic structure and good electrical conductivity comparable to carbon black, whereas sulfite liquor derived carbon only shows modest conductivity.
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electrically conducting carbon microparticles by direct carbonization of spent wood pulping liquor
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: J. Kohnke, Batirtze Pratsmateu, Elisabeth Schwaiger, Christoph Unterweger, Notburga Gierlinger, Harald Rennhofer, Helga C Lichtenegger, Arnulf Kai Mahler, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Antje PotthastAbstract:Lignin is produced abundantly in wood pulping. Because it is currently mainly used for the generation of Process Energy and electrical Energy by combustion, its isolation from Processing liquor and...
Richard J.m. Hague - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shape Complexity and Process Energy Consumption in Electron Beam Melting: A Case of Something for Nothing in Additive Manufacturing?
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2017Co-Authors: Martin Baumers, Ian A. Ashcroft, Ricky D. Wildman, Christopher Tuck, Richard J.m. HagueAbstract:Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is capable of building up component geometry in a layer‐by‐layer Process, entirely without tools, molds, or dies. One advantage of the approach is that it is capable of efficiently creating complex product geometry. Using experimental data collected during the manufacture of a titanium test part on a variant of AM technology, electron beam melting (EBM), this research studies the effect of a variation in product shape complexity on Process Energy consumption. This is done by applying a computationally quantifiable convexity‐based characteristic associated with shape complexity to the test part and correlating this quantity with per‐layer Process Energy consumption on the EBM system. Only a weak correlation is found between the complexity metric and Energy consumption (ρ = .35), suggesting that Process Energy consumption is indeed not driven by shape complexity. This result is discussed in the context of the Energy consumption of computer‐controlled machining technology, which forms an important substitute to EBM. This article further discusses the impact of available additional shape complexity at the manufacturing Process level on the incentives toward minimization of Energy inputs, additional benefits arising later within the product's life cycle, and its implications for value creation possibilities.
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transparency built in Energy consumption and cost estimation for additive manufacturing
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2013Co-Authors: Martin Baumers, Ricky D. Wildman, Christopher Tuck, I A Ashcroft, Emma L Rosamond, Richard J.m. HagueAbstract:Summary The supply chains found in modern manufacturing are often complex and long. The resulting opacity poses a significant barrier to the measurement and minimization of Energy consumption and therefore to the implementation of sustainable manufacturing. The current article investigates whether the adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) technology can be used to reach transparency in terms of Energy and financial inputs to manufacturing operations. AM refers to the use of a group of electricity-driven technologies capable of combining materials to manufacture geometrically complex products in a single digitally controlled Process step, entirely without molds, dies, or other tooling. The single-step nature affords full measurability with respect to Process Energy inputs and production costs. However, the parallel character of AM (allowing the contemporaneous production of multiple parts) poses previously unconsidered problems in the estimation of manufacturing resource consumption. This research discusses the implementation of a tool for the estimation of Process Energy flows and costs occurring in the AM technology variant direct metal laser sintering. It is demonstrated that accurate predictions can be made for the production of a basket of sample parts. Further, it is shown that, unlike conventional Processes, the quantity and variety of parts demanded and the resulting ability to fully utilize the available machine capacity have an impact on Process efficiency. It is also demonstrated that cost minimization in additive manufacturing may lead to the minimization of Process Energy consumption, thereby motivating sustainability improvements.
