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Caparrós Gass Alejandro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of non-commercial intermediate services in the valuations of ecosystem services: Application to cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research applies and compares the Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) and the lightly revised System of National Accounts (SNA) in five cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain, in 2010. We value eighteen economic activities, eleven of which are managed by individual farmers and seven of which are overseen by government. Our objectives are to measure and compare ecosystem services (ES), gross value added (GVA) and environmental income (EI). The comparison takes into account the valuation of products at producer, basic and social prices. Our most noteworthy novelty is that the AAS proposal incorporates the environmental income as a variable which serves as a reference value for the condition of economic sustainability of ecosystem service consumption. Our results show that ES and GVA estimates vary depending on the omission/measurement of auto-consumed/donated non-commercial intermediate services and nature based activity with zero ES value represents nature's free physical service contribution to the farms net value added. Farms AAS ecosystem services at social prices contribute to 64% of final product consumption, and ES at basic prices represent 1.2 times the ES at social prices. Farm revised SNA ecosystem services at basic prices are 0.5 times the AAS ecosystem services at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montesd de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527)
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Measuring environmental incomes beyond standard national and ecosystem accounting frameworks: testing and comparing the agroforestry Accounting System in a holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:The standard System of National Accounts (SNA) omits the costs of the environmental inputs from nature and the environmental fixed asset degradation from the national/sub-national natural working landscapes. The United Nations Statistic Division (UNSD) is currently drafting the standardization of the Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (EEA), as part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). The EEA- aims to mitigate some of the limitations of the SNA by extending the concept of economic activity and explicitly incorporating ecosystem services and environmental assets provided by nature in the estimates of net value added, adjusted according to the costs of the environmental inputs consumed and the environmental fixed asset degradations of ecosystem. However, the NVAad proposed in the ongoing draft of the EEA is inconsistent in that it omits the manufactured costs of the public economic activities of the new government institutional sub-sector of the ecosystem trustee. In addition, the ongoing methodological guidelines of the EEA do not propose to estimate the environmental income. This implies that there is not a single indicator that integrates the ecosystem services obtained and the evolution of the environmental assets in the natural working landscapes in which the private and public activities are valued. The objective of this research is to discuss conceptually and compare the measurements of ecosystem services and environmental incomes in the extended Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), and in refined versions of the official SNA and the ongoing EEA methodologies, through a case study of privately-owned holm oak dehesas working landscapes in Andalusia-Spain. This comparison shows that the refined SNA and the refined EEA in their current state of development do not allow the complete visualization of the environmental income contribution to the total income of the natural working landscapes. We also discuss the advances provided by the AAS extended accounting methodology that would be relevant for the EEA next improvements.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Environmental incomes: Refined standard and extended accounts applied to cork oak open woodlands in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass Alejandro, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Ovando Pol PaolaAbstract:In this research, our objectives are twofold: firstly to conceptualize and compare the ecosystem services and environmental incomes of individual activities at producer, basic and social prices using the extended accounts(Agroforestry Accounting System) and the refined standard accounts (a slightly refined standard System of National Accounts), and secondly, to apply both methodologies at a scale of 4,095 land-cover tiles predominately occupied by cork oak open woodlands (COW), which cover 248,015 ha in Andalusia, Spain. This analysis considers spatial-explicit characteristics of COW across Andalusia. The 15 COW economic activities valued in2010 include: timber, cork, firewood, nuts, grazing, conservation forestry, residential services, private amenity, fire services, water supply, mushroom, carbon, free access recreation, landscape conservation services and threatened wild biodiversity preservation services. In this research, the ecosystem service is defined as an economic indicator that provides information on the contribution of nature to product consumption by humans in the period, but with an uncertain meaning of ecological sustainability. We show that environmental income is the maximum economic value in the period of sustainable ecosystem service with both ecological and economic significance only if the future sustainable biophysical silvicultural management scenarios are accounted for. To measure environmental incomes, we model the future sustainable silviculture while considering all the management practices required to maintain cork oak woodlands in perpetuity. We use farm-level data to estimate voluntary opportunity costs incurred by land and livestock owners associated with hunting and livestock activities of the farmer as well as their subsequent scaling up to COW land-cover tiles in order to estimate environmental incomes at social prices for each individual activity. In this study, we measure the ecosystem services and incomes of the COW private amenity and public landscape activities at social prices, that is, their basic prices less own compensated and auto-consumed non-commercial intermediate consumption of services used by the private amenity and public landscape activities. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes of cork oak open woodlands measured by the extended accounts at basic prices in 2010 were 1.1 and 1.2 times higher, respectively, than those estimated at social prices. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes measured at basic prices by the refined standard accounts were 0.3 and 0.2 times, respectively, those estimated by the extended accounts at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of theRegional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field worksupport for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía(RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Total income and ecosystem service sustainability index: Accounting applications to holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research develops the novel concept of an economic ecosystem service sustainability index from the perspective of total income theory, and presents its empirical application at the spatial unit scale of the agroforestry farm. This paper compares the results accrued from applying the refined standard System of National Accounts (rSNA) and the authors’ Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS). The AAS extends the rSNA to capture economic activities without manufactured production costs and substitutes the production cost valuations for exchange values revealed/stated by consumer willingness to pay for consumption of final products without market prices, the aim being to provide more comprehensive figures for total and environmental incomes of the agroforestry farms. Both accounting frameworks are applied to a case study of sixteen large, non-industrial, privately-owned holm oak dehesas (agroforestry farms) in Andalusia-Spain. This dehesa application provides estimates for the economic ecosystem service, total income factorial allocation, total capital and economic ecosystem service sustainability index for the aggregate and individual economic activities of the dehesa, distributed between accounts for the farmer and government institutional sector economic activities. The AAS explicit measurements of the hidden rSNA ecosystem services and environmental incomes of the dehesa allow us to further our scientific understanding of the current and future contributions of environmental income from nature to the total income of society as well as to provide information to the policy makers so that action can be taken to mitigate the depletion and degradation of environmental assets. This dehesa application reveals that environmental income measured by the AAS accounts for 67 % of total income in 2010. The dehesa AAS and rSNA ecosystem services share 34 % and 26 % of total product consumptions, respectively. Coupled with the AAS economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.5 and the rSNA economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.2, these figures indicate total product over-consumption in 2010. The dehesa case study shows that the AAS ecosystem services and environmental incomes are 2.5 and 8.4 times higher than those of the rSNA, respectively. Once the theoretic robustness of non-market product consumption simulated transaction value is accepted, as in the AAS methodology, the expected official economic ecosystem accounting framework will mainly depend on its ongoing standardization by the United Nations Statistical Division and implementation by individual governments. Thus, the challenge of standardizing and implementing such a framework is more closely linked to governmental policy measures than to the current scientific weakness of non-market product consumption valuations.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1(Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
Rodney J Turner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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farsighted Project Contract management incomplete in its entirety
Construction Management and Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Rodney J TurnerAbstract:The purpose of Project organization is to create a cooperative environment. Contracts are the method by which the owner creates a Project organization to employ resources to achieve their development objectives. Contracts should aim to produce a cooperative organization, aligning the Contractors' objectives with the owners. A three‐dimensional vector (reward, risk, safeguard), adapted from the Transaction Cost Economics literature, is used to analyse the efficacy of Contract types to do this. Contracts are also unavoidably incomplete. They need to respond to unforeseen circumstance. A four‐dimensional vector (incentive intensity, adaptiveness, reliance on monitoring and control, reliance on the courts), also from the Transaction Costs Economics literature, is used to analyse the governance efficacy of Contract types. The results are used to develop a Contract selection strategy, depending on whether the uncertainty is controlled by the client or the Contractor, the Project is simple or complex, and the un...
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Project Contract management and a theory of organization
International Journal of Project Management, 2001Co-Authors: Rodney J Turner, Stephen J SimisterAbstract:Abstract This paper attempts to develop concepts of Project and Contract organization to predict the selection of Contract type on infrastructure Projects. Conventional wisdom is that at low-risk fixed price Contracts are best, moving to remeasurement and then cost plus as risk increases. We started trying to predict this from a transaction cost perspective, and such an analysis confirmed conventional wisdom. However, it does not fit with current practice. Further, the differences in transaction costs are small compared to differences in Contract out-turn cost that occur under the different motivational effects of different Contract types. We therefore take a different perspective. We assume the purpose behind a Project Contract is to create a cooperative Project organization, in which all participants, clients and Contractors, are motivated to achieve common objectives, their goals are aligned. This analysis confirms modern practice, and shows selection of Contract type is related to uncertainty in the Project's deliverables, and uncertainty in the process of their delivery. Build-only remeasurement Contracts are used where uncertainty of both product and process is low. Design and build fixed price Contracts are used where uncertainty of the product is low, but the uncertainty in the process of delivery is high. Fixed price Contracts should be used where both are high. We extend the analysis to show when the client should be involved in the Project organization in an alliance Contract, and when they should not, as in a traditional Project Contract.
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Project Contract management and a theory of organization
2001Co-Authors: Rodney J Turner, Stephen J SimisterAbstract:This paper attempts to develop concepts of Project and Contract organization to predict the selection of Contract type on infrastructure Projects. Conventional wisdom is that at low risk fixed price Contracts are best, moving to remeasurement and then cost plus as risk increases. We started trying to predict this from a transaction cost perspective, and such an analysis confirmed conventional wisdom. However, it does not fit with current practice. Further, the differences in transaction costs are small compared to differences in Contract out-turn cost that occur under the different motivational effects of different Contract types. We therefore take a different perspective. We assume the purpose behind a Project Contract is to create a cooperative Project organization, in which all participants, clients and Contractors, are motivated to achieve common objectives, their goals are aligned. This analysis confirms modern practice, and shows selection of Contract type is related to uncertainty in the Project's deliverables, and uncertainty in the process of their delivery. Build only remeasurement Contracts are used where uncertainty of both product and process is low. Design and build fixed price Contracts are used where uncertainty of the product is low, but the uncertainty in the process of delivery is high. Fixed price Contracts should be used where both are high. We extend the analysis to show when the client should be involved in the Project organization in an alliance Contract, and when they should not, as in a traditional Project Contract. 5001-6182 Business 5546-5548.6 5548.7-5548.85 Office Organization and Management Industrial Psychology Library of Congress Classification (LCC) HD69.P75 Project management M Business Administration and Business Economics M 10 L 2 Business Administration: general Firm Objectives, Organization and Behaviour Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) L20 Firm objectives, Organization and Behaviour 85 A Business General 100B 240 B Organization Theory (general) Information Systems Management European Business Schools Library Group (EBSLG) 100 B Organization theory Gemeenschappelijke Onderwerpsontsluiting (GOO) 85.00 Bedrijfskunde, Organisatiekunde: algemeen 85.05 85.08 Management organisatie: algemeen Organisatiesociologie, organisatiepsychologie Classification GOO 85.05 Management organisatie: algemeen Bedrijfskunde / Bedrijfseconomie Organisatieleer, informatietechnologie, prestatiebeoordeling
Campos Palacín Pablo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of non-commercial intermediate services in the valuations of ecosystem services: Application to cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research applies and compares the Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) and the lightly revised System of National Accounts (SNA) in five cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain, in 2010. We value eighteen economic activities, eleven of which are managed by individual farmers and seven of which are overseen by government. Our objectives are to measure and compare ecosystem services (ES), gross value added (GVA) and environmental income (EI). The comparison takes into account the valuation of products at producer, basic and social prices. Our most noteworthy novelty is that the AAS proposal incorporates the environmental income as a variable which serves as a reference value for the condition of economic sustainability of ecosystem service consumption. Our results show that ES and GVA estimates vary depending on the omission/measurement of auto-consumed/donated non-commercial intermediate services and nature based activity with zero ES value represents nature's free physical service contribution to the farms net value added. Farms AAS ecosystem services at social prices contribute to 64% of final product consumption, and ES at basic prices represent 1.2 times the ES at social prices. Farm revised SNA ecosystem services at basic prices are 0.5 times the AAS ecosystem services at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montesd de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527)
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Measuring environmental incomes beyond standard national and ecosystem accounting frameworks: testing and comparing the agroforestry Accounting System in a holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:The standard System of National Accounts (SNA) omits the costs of the environmental inputs from nature and the environmental fixed asset degradation from the national/sub-national natural working landscapes. The United Nations Statistic Division (UNSD) is currently drafting the standardization of the Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (EEA), as part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). The EEA- aims to mitigate some of the limitations of the SNA by extending the concept of economic activity and explicitly incorporating ecosystem services and environmental assets provided by nature in the estimates of net value added, adjusted according to the costs of the environmental inputs consumed and the environmental fixed asset degradations of ecosystem. However, the NVAad proposed in the ongoing draft of the EEA is inconsistent in that it omits the manufactured costs of the public economic activities of the new government institutional sub-sector of the ecosystem trustee. In addition, the ongoing methodological guidelines of the EEA do not propose to estimate the environmental income. This implies that there is not a single indicator that integrates the ecosystem services obtained and the evolution of the environmental assets in the natural working landscapes in which the private and public activities are valued. The objective of this research is to discuss conceptually and compare the measurements of ecosystem services and environmental incomes in the extended Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), and in refined versions of the official SNA and the ongoing EEA methodologies, through a case study of privately-owned holm oak dehesas working landscapes in Andalusia-Spain. This comparison shows that the refined SNA and the refined EEA in their current state of development do not allow the complete visualization of the environmental income contribution to the total income of the natural working landscapes. We also discuss the advances provided by the AAS extended accounting methodology that would be relevant for the EEA next improvements.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Environmental incomes: Refined standard and extended accounts applied to cork oak open woodlands in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass Alejandro, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Ovando Pol PaolaAbstract:In this research, our objectives are twofold: firstly to conceptualize and compare the ecosystem services and environmental incomes of individual activities at producer, basic and social prices using the extended accounts(Agroforestry Accounting System) and the refined standard accounts (a slightly refined standard System of National Accounts), and secondly, to apply both methodologies at a scale of 4,095 land-cover tiles predominately occupied by cork oak open woodlands (COW), which cover 248,015 ha in Andalusia, Spain. This analysis considers spatial-explicit characteristics of COW across Andalusia. The 15 COW economic activities valued in2010 include: timber, cork, firewood, nuts, grazing, conservation forestry, residential services, private amenity, fire services, water supply, mushroom, carbon, free access recreation, landscape conservation services and threatened wild biodiversity preservation services. In this research, the ecosystem service is defined as an economic indicator that provides information on the contribution of nature to product consumption by humans in the period, but with an uncertain meaning of ecological sustainability. We show that environmental income is the maximum economic value in the period of sustainable ecosystem service with both ecological and economic significance only if the future sustainable biophysical silvicultural management scenarios are accounted for. To measure environmental incomes, we model the future sustainable silviculture while considering all the management practices required to maintain cork oak woodlands in perpetuity. We use farm-level data to estimate voluntary opportunity costs incurred by land and livestock owners associated with hunting and livestock activities of the farmer as well as their subsequent scaling up to COW land-cover tiles in order to estimate environmental incomes at social prices for each individual activity. In this study, we measure the ecosystem services and incomes of the COW private amenity and public landscape activities at social prices, that is, their basic prices less own compensated and auto-consumed non-commercial intermediate consumption of services used by the private amenity and public landscape activities. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes of cork oak open woodlands measured by the extended accounts at basic prices in 2010 were 1.1 and 1.2 times higher, respectively, than those estimated at social prices. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes measured at basic prices by the refined standard accounts were 0.3 and 0.2 times, respectively, those estimated by the extended accounts at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of theRegional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field worksupport for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía(RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Total income and ecosystem service sustainability index: Accounting applications to holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research develops the novel concept of an economic ecosystem service sustainability index from the perspective of total income theory, and presents its empirical application at the spatial unit scale of the agroforestry farm. This paper compares the results accrued from applying the refined standard System of National Accounts (rSNA) and the authors’ Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS). The AAS extends the rSNA to capture economic activities without manufactured production costs and substitutes the production cost valuations for exchange values revealed/stated by consumer willingness to pay for consumption of final products without market prices, the aim being to provide more comprehensive figures for total and environmental incomes of the agroforestry farms. Both accounting frameworks are applied to a case study of sixteen large, non-industrial, privately-owned holm oak dehesas (agroforestry farms) in Andalusia-Spain. This dehesa application provides estimates for the economic ecosystem service, total income factorial allocation, total capital and economic ecosystem service sustainability index for the aggregate and individual economic activities of the dehesa, distributed between accounts for the farmer and government institutional sector economic activities. The AAS explicit measurements of the hidden rSNA ecosystem services and environmental incomes of the dehesa allow us to further our scientific understanding of the current and future contributions of environmental income from nature to the total income of society as well as to provide information to the policy makers so that action can be taken to mitigate the depletion and degradation of environmental assets. This dehesa application reveals that environmental income measured by the AAS accounts for 67 % of total income in 2010. The dehesa AAS and rSNA ecosystem services share 34 % and 26 % of total product consumptions, respectively. Coupled with the AAS economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.5 and the rSNA economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.2, these figures indicate total product over-consumption in 2010. The dehesa case study shows that the AAS ecosystem services and environmental incomes are 2.5 and 8.4 times higher than those of the rSNA, respectively. Once the theoretic robustness of non-market product consumption simulated transaction value is accepted, as in the AAS methodology, the expected official economic ecosystem accounting framework will mainly depend on its ongoing standardization by the United Nations Statistical Division and implementation by individual governments. Thus, the challenge of standardizing and implementing such a framework is more closely linked to governmental policy measures than to the current scientific weakness of non-market product consumption valuations.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1(Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
Oviedo Pro, José Luis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of non-commercial intermediate services in the valuations of ecosystem services: Application to cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research applies and compares the Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) and the lightly revised System of National Accounts (SNA) in five cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain, in 2010. We value eighteen economic activities, eleven of which are managed by individual farmers and seven of which are overseen by government. Our objectives are to measure and compare ecosystem services (ES), gross value added (GVA) and environmental income (EI). The comparison takes into account the valuation of products at producer, basic and social prices. Our most noteworthy novelty is that the AAS proposal incorporates the environmental income as a variable which serves as a reference value for the condition of economic sustainability of ecosystem service consumption. Our results show that ES and GVA estimates vary depending on the omission/measurement of auto-consumed/donated non-commercial intermediate services and nature based activity with zero ES value represents nature's free physical service contribution to the farms net value added. Farms AAS ecosystem services at social prices contribute to 64% of final product consumption, and ES at basic prices represent 1.2 times the ES at social prices. Farm revised SNA ecosystem services at basic prices are 0.5 times the AAS ecosystem services at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montesd de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527)
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Measuring environmental incomes beyond standard national and ecosystem accounting frameworks: testing and comparing the agroforestry Accounting System in a holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:The standard System of National Accounts (SNA) omits the costs of the environmental inputs from nature and the environmental fixed asset degradation from the national/sub-national natural working landscapes. The United Nations Statistic Division (UNSD) is currently drafting the standardization of the Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (EEA), as part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). The EEA- aims to mitigate some of the limitations of the SNA by extending the concept of economic activity and explicitly incorporating ecosystem services and environmental assets provided by nature in the estimates of net value added, adjusted according to the costs of the environmental inputs consumed and the environmental fixed asset degradations of ecosystem. However, the NVAad proposed in the ongoing draft of the EEA is inconsistent in that it omits the manufactured costs of the public economic activities of the new government institutional sub-sector of the ecosystem trustee. In addition, the ongoing methodological guidelines of the EEA do not propose to estimate the environmental income. This implies that there is not a single indicator that integrates the ecosystem services obtained and the evolution of the environmental assets in the natural working landscapes in which the private and public activities are valued. The objective of this research is to discuss conceptually and compare the measurements of ecosystem services and environmental incomes in the extended Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), and in refined versions of the official SNA and the ongoing EEA methodologies, through a case study of privately-owned holm oak dehesas working landscapes in Andalusia-Spain. This comparison shows that the refined SNA and the refined EEA in their current state of development do not allow the complete visualization of the environmental income contribution to the total income of the natural working landscapes. We also discuss the advances provided by the AAS extended accounting methodology that would be relevant for the EEA next improvements.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Environmental incomes: Refined standard and extended accounts applied to cork oak open woodlands in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass Alejandro, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Ovando Pol PaolaAbstract:In this research, our objectives are twofold: firstly to conceptualize and compare the ecosystem services and environmental incomes of individual activities at producer, basic and social prices using the extended accounts(Agroforestry Accounting System) and the refined standard accounts (a slightly refined standard System of National Accounts), and secondly, to apply both methodologies at a scale of 4,095 land-cover tiles predominately occupied by cork oak open woodlands (COW), which cover 248,015 ha in Andalusia, Spain. This analysis considers spatial-explicit characteristics of COW across Andalusia. The 15 COW economic activities valued in2010 include: timber, cork, firewood, nuts, grazing, conservation forestry, residential services, private amenity, fire services, water supply, mushroom, carbon, free access recreation, landscape conservation services and threatened wild biodiversity preservation services. In this research, the ecosystem service is defined as an economic indicator that provides information on the contribution of nature to product consumption by humans in the period, but with an uncertain meaning of ecological sustainability. We show that environmental income is the maximum economic value in the period of sustainable ecosystem service with both ecological and economic significance only if the future sustainable biophysical silvicultural management scenarios are accounted for. To measure environmental incomes, we model the future sustainable silviculture while considering all the management practices required to maintain cork oak woodlands in perpetuity. We use farm-level data to estimate voluntary opportunity costs incurred by land and livestock owners associated with hunting and livestock activities of the farmer as well as their subsequent scaling up to COW land-cover tiles in order to estimate environmental incomes at social prices for each individual activity. In this study, we measure the ecosystem services and incomes of the COW private amenity and public landscape activities at social prices, that is, their basic prices less own compensated and auto-consumed non-commercial intermediate consumption of services used by the private amenity and public landscape activities. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes of cork oak open woodlands measured by the extended accounts at basic prices in 2010 were 1.1 and 1.2 times higher, respectively, than those estimated at social prices. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes measured at basic prices by the refined standard accounts were 0.3 and 0.2 times, respectively, those estimated by the extended accounts at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of theRegional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field worksupport for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía(RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Total income and ecosystem service sustainability index: Accounting applications to holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research develops the novel concept of an economic ecosystem service sustainability index from the perspective of total income theory, and presents its empirical application at the spatial unit scale of the agroforestry farm. This paper compares the results accrued from applying the refined standard System of National Accounts (rSNA) and the authors’ Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS). The AAS extends the rSNA to capture economic activities without manufactured production costs and substitutes the production cost valuations for exchange values revealed/stated by consumer willingness to pay for consumption of final products without market prices, the aim being to provide more comprehensive figures for total and environmental incomes of the agroforestry farms. Both accounting frameworks are applied to a case study of sixteen large, non-industrial, privately-owned holm oak dehesas (agroforestry farms) in Andalusia-Spain. This dehesa application provides estimates for the economic ecosystem service, total income factorial allocation, total capital and economic ecosystem service sustainability index for the aggregate and individual economic activities of the dehesa, distributed between accounts for the farmer and government institutional sector economic activities. The AAS explicit measurements of the hidden rSNA ecosystem services and environmental incomes of the dehesa allow us to further our scientific understanding of the current and future contributions of environmental income from nature to the total income of society as well as to provide information to the policy makers so that action can be taken to mitigate the depletion and degradation of environmental assets. This dehesa application reveals that environmental income measured by the AAS accounts for 67 % of total income in 2010. The dehesa AAS and rSNA ecosystem services share 34 % and 26 % of total product consumptions, respectively. Coupled with the AAS economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.5 and the rSNA economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.2, these figures indicate total product over-consumption in 2010. The dehesa case study shows that the AAS ecosystem services and environmental incomes are 2.5 and 8.4 times higher than those of the rSNA, respectively. Once the theoretic robustness of non-market product consumption simulated transaction value is accepted, as in the AAS methodology, the expected official economic ecosystem accounting framework will mainly depend on its ongoing standardization by the United Nations Statistical Division and implementation by individual governments. Thus, the challenge of standardizing and implementing such a framework is more closely linked to governmental policy measures than to the current scientific weakness of non-market product consumption valuations.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1(Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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The role of non-commercial intermediate services in the valuations of ecosystem services: Application to cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research applies and compares the Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) and the lightly revised System of National Accounts (SNA) in five cork oak farms in Andalusia, Spain, in 2010. We value eighteen economic activities, eleven of which are managed by individual farmers and seven of which are overseen by government. Our objectives are to measure and compare ecosystem services (ES), gross value added (GVA) and environmental income (EI). The comparison takes into account the valuation of products at producer, basic and social prices. Our most noteworthy novelty is that the AAS proposal incorporates the environmental income as a variable which serves as a reference value for the condition of economic sustainability of ecosystem service consumption. Our results show that ES and GVA estimates vary depending on the omission/measurement of auto-consumed/donated non-commercial intermediate services and nature based activity with zero ES value represents nature's free physical service contribution to the farms net value added. Farms AAS ecosystem services at social prices contribute to 64% of final product consumption, and ES at basic prices represent 1.2 times the ES at social prices. Farm revised SNA ecosystem services at basic prices are 0.5 times the AAS ecosystem services at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montesd de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527)
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Measuring environmental incomes beyond standard national and ecosystem accounting frameworks: testing and comparing the agroforestry Accounting System in a holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Álvarez Alejandro, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:The standard System of National Accounts (SNA) omits the costs of the environmental inputs from nature and the environmental fixed asset degradation from the national/sub-national natural working landscapes. The United Nations Statistic Division (UNSD) is currently drafting the standardization of the Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (EEA), as part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). The EEA- aims to mitigate some of the limitations of the SNA by extending the concept of economic activity and explicitly incorporating ecosystem services and environmental assets provided by nature in the estimates of net value added, adjusted according to the costs of the environmental inputs consumed and the environmental fixed asset degradations of ecosystem. However, the NVAad proposed in the ongoing draft of the EEA is inconsistent in that it omits the manufactured costs of the public economic activities of the new government institutional sub-sector of the ecosystem trustee. In addition, the ongoing methodological guidelines of the EEA do not propose to estimate the environmental income. This implies that there is not a single indicator that integrates the ecosystem services obtained and the evolution of the environmental assets in the natural working landscapes in which the private and public activities are valued. The objective of this research is to discuss conceptually and compare the measurements of ecosystem services and environmental incomes in the extended Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), and in refined versions of the official SNA and the ongoing EEA methodologies, through a case study of privately-owned holm oak dehesas working landscapes in Andalusia-Spain. This comparison shows that the refined SNA and the refined EEA in their current state of development do not allow the complete visualization of the environmental income contribution to the total income of the natural working landscapes. We also discuss the advances provided by the AAS extended accounting methodology that would be relevant for the EEA next improvements.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Environmental incomes: Refined standard and extended accounts applied to cork oak open woodlands in Andalusia, Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Caparrós Gass Alejandro, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Ovando Pol PaolaAbstract:In this research, our objectives are twofold: firstly to conceptualize and compare the ecosystem services and environmental incomes of individual activities at producer, basic and social prices using the extended accounts(Agroforestry Accounting System) and the refined standard accounts (a slightly refined standard System of National Accounts), and secondly, to apply both methodologies at a scale of 4,095 land-cover tiles predominately occupied by cork oak open woodlands (COW), which cover 248,015 ha in Andalusia, Spain. This analysis considers spatial-explicit characteristics of COW across Andalusia. The 15 COW economic activities valued in2010 include: timber, cork, firewood, nuts, grazing, conservation forestry, residential services, private amenity, fire services, water supply, mushroom, carbon, free access recreation, landscape conservation services and threatened wild biodiversity preservation services. In this research, the ecosystem service is defined as an economic indicator that provides information on the contribution of nature to product consumption by humans in the period, but with an uncertain meaning of ecological sustainability. We show that environmental income is the maximum economic value in the period of sustainable ecosystem service with both ecological and economic significance only if the future sustainable biophysical silvicultural management scenarios are accounted for. To measure environmental incomes, we model the future sustainable silviculture while considering all the management practices required to maintain cork oak woodlands in perpetuity. We use farm-level data to estimate voluntary opportunity costs incurred by land and livestock owners associated with hunting and livestock activities of the farmer as well as their subsequent scaling up to COW land-cover tiles in order to estimate environmental incomes at social prices for each individual activity. In this study, we measure the ecosystem services and incomes of the COW private amenity and public landscape activities at social prices, that is, their basic prices less own compensated and auto-consumed non-commercial intermediate consumption of services used by the private amenity and public landscape activities. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes of cork oak open woodlands measured by the extended accounts at basic prices in 2010 were 1.1 and 1.2 times higher, respectively, than those estimated at social prices. The ecosystem services and environmental incomes measured at basic prices by the refined standard accounts were 0.3 and 0.2 times, respectively, those estimated by the extended accounts at social prices.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of theRegional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field worksupport for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía(RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1 (Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
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Total income and ecosystem service sustainability index: Accounting applications to holm oak dehesa case study in Andalusia-Spain
'Elsevier BV', 2020Co-Authors: Campos Palacín Pablo, Oviedo Pro, José Luis, Mesa Bruno, Ovando Pol Paola, Álvarez-palomino Alejandro, Caparrós Gass AlejandroAbstract:This research develops the novel concept of an economic ecosystem service sustainability index from the perspective of total income theory, and presents its empirical application at the spatial unit scale of the agroforestry farm. This paper compares the results accrued from applying the refined standard System of National Accounts (rSNA) and the authors’ Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS). The AAS extends the rSNA to capture economic activities without manufactured production costs and substitutes the production cost valuations for exchange values revealed/stated by consumer willingness to pay for consumption of final products without market prices, the aim being to provide more comprehensive figures for total and environmental incomes of the agroforestry farms. Both accounting frameworks are applied to a case study of sixteen large, non-industrial, privately-owned holm oak dehesas (agroforestry farms) in Andalusia-Spain. This dehesa application provides estimates for the economic ecosystem service, total income factorial allocation, total capital and economic ecosystem service sustainability index for the aggregate and individual economic activities of the dehesa, distributed between accounts for the farmer and government institutional sector economic activities. The AAS explicit measurements of the hidden rSNA ecosystem services and environmental incomes of the dehesa allow us to further our scientific understanding of the current and future contributions of environmental income from nature to the total income of society as well as to provide information to the policy makers so that action can be taken to mitigate the depletion and degradation of environmental assets. This dehesa application reveals that environmental income measured by the AAS accounts for 67 % of total income in 2010. The dehesa AAS and rSNA ecosystem services share 34 % and 26 % of total product consumptions, respectively. Coupled with the AAS economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.5 and the rSNA economic ecosystem service sustainability index of 0.2, these figures indicate total product over-consumption in 2010. The dehesa case study shows that the AAS ecosystem services and environmental incomes are 2.5 and 8.4 times higher than those of the rSNA, respectively. Once the theoretic robustness of non-market product consumption simulated transaction value is accepted, as in the AAS methodology, the expected official economic ecosystem accounting framework will mainly depend on its ongoing standardization by the United Nations Statistical Division and implementation by individual governments. Thus, the challenge of standardizing and implementing such a framework is more closely linked to governmental policy measures than to the current scientific weakness of non-market product consumption valuations.The authors thank the Agency for Water and Environment of the Regional Government of Andalusia for the financial and field work support for the REnta y CApital de los Montes de ANdalucía (RECAMAN) Project (Contract NET 165602), the Valoraciones de servicios y activos de AMenidades privadas de fincas SILvopastorales (VAMSIL) Project of CSIC (ref.: 201810E036) and the Mapping and Assessment for Integrated ecosystem Accounting (MAIA) Project of EU call H2020-SC5-2018-1(Grant Agreement Nr. 817527).Peer reviewe
