State of Development

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The Experts below are selected from a list of 252 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Manfred Lenzen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • current State of Development of electricity generating technologies a literature review
    Energies, 2010
    Co-Authors: Manfred Lenzen
    Abstract:

    Electricity is perhaps the most versatile energy carrier in modern economies, and it is therefore fundamentally linked to human and economic Development. Electricity growth has outpaced that of any other fuel, leading to ever-increasing shares in the overall mix. This trend is expected to continue throughout the following decades, as large—especially rural—segments of the world population in developing countries start to climb the “energy ladder” and become connected to power grids. Electricity therefore deserves particular attention with regard to its contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, which is reflected in the ongoing Development of low-carbon technologies for power generation. The focus of this updated review of electricity-generating technologies is twofold: (a) to provide more technical information than is usually found in global assessments on critical technical aspects, such as variability of wind power, and (b) to capture the most recent findings from the international literature. This report covers eight technologies. Seven of these are generating technologies: hydro-, nuclear, wind, photovoltaic, concentrating solar, geothermal and biomass power. The remaining technology is carbon capture and storage. This selection is fairly representative for technologies that are important in terms of their potential capacity to contribute to a low-carbon world economy.

Cornelia M Keck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • 20 years of lipid nanoparticles sln nlc present State of Development industrial applications
    Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 2011
    Co-Authors: Rainer H Muller, Ranjita Shegokar, Cornelia M Keck
    Abstract:

    In 1990, the lipid nanoparticles were invented in the laboratories, the first patent filings took place in 1991. The lipid nanoparticles were developed as alternative to traditional carriers such as polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. After 20 years of lipid nanoparticles, the present State of Development is reviewed - academic progress but also the Development State of pharmaceutical products for the benefit of patients. Meanwhile many research groups are active worldwide, their results are reviewed which cover many different administration routes: dermal and mucosal, oral, intravenous/ parenteral, pulmonary but also ocular. The lipid nanoparticles are also used for peptide/protein delivery, in gene therapy and various miscellaneous applications (e.g. vaccines). The questions of large scale production ability, accepted regulatory status of excipients, and - important for the public perception - lack of nanotoxicity are discussed, important pre-requisites for the use of each nanocarrier in products. Identical to the liposomes, the lipid nanoparticles entered first the cosmetic market, product examples are presented. Presently the pharmaceutical product Development focuses on products for unmet needs and on niche products with lower Development costs (e.g. ocular delivery), which can be realized also by smaller companies. A pharmaceutical perspective for the future is given, but also outlined the opportunities for non-pharmaceutical use, e.g. in nutraceuticals.

Monique Prize - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Jakub Krejcik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Rainer H Muller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • 20 years of lipid nanoparticles sln nlc present State of Development industrial applications
    Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 2011
    Co-Authors: Rainer H Muller, Ranjita Shegokar, Cornelia M Keck
    Abstract:

    In 1990, the lipid nanoparticles were invented in the laboratories, the first patent filings took place in 1991. The lipid nanoparticles were developed as alternative to traditional carriers such as polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. After 20 years of lipid nanoparticles, the present State of Development is reviewed - academic progress but also the Development State of pharmaceutical products for the benefit of patients. Meanwhile many research groups are active worldwide, their results are reviewed which cover many different administration routes: dermal and mucosal, oral, intravenous/ parenteral, pulmonary but also ocular. The lipid nanoparticles are also used for peptide/protein delivery, in gene therapy and various miscellaneous applications (e.g. vaccines). The questions of large scale production ability, accepted regulatory status of excipients, and - important for the public perception - lack of nanotoxicity are discussed, important pre-requisites for the use of each nanocarrier in products. Identical to the liposomes, the lipid nanoparticles entered first the cosmetic market, product examples are presented. Presently the pharmaceutical product Development focuses on products for unmet needs and on niche products with lower Development costs (e.g. ocular delivery), which can be realized also by smaller companies. A pharmaceutical perspective for the future is given, but also outlined the opportunities for non-pharmaceutical use, e.g. in nutraceuticals.