The Experts below are selected from a list of 38040 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Marc Lipsitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection—the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment—is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic–species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (“proportion of bystander exposures”). Data sources include the 2010–2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for eight of nine organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection -- the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment -- is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic-species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (9proportion of bystander exposures9). Data sources include the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS/NHAMCS), the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for 8 of 9 organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
Christine Tedijanto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection—the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment—is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic–species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (“proportion of bystander exposures”). Data sources include the 2010–2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for eight of nine organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection -- the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment -- is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic-species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (9proportion of bystander exposures9). Data sources include the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS/NHAMCS), the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for 8 of 9 organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
Sadao Tomizawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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harmonic geometric and arithmetic means type measures of Proportional Reduction in error for ordered two way contingency tables
Journal of the American Musicological Society, 2014Co-Authors: Kouji Yamamoto, Eri Yoshida, Sadao TomizawaAbstract:For two-way contingency tables with ordered categories, Yamamoto et al. (2011) and Yamamoto et al. (2012b) considered Proportional Reduction in error (PRE) measures, which describe the relative decrease in the probability of making an error in predicting the value of one variable when the value of the other variable is known, as opposed to when it is not known. The present paper proposes a new PRE measure for the symmetric situation in which explanatory and response variables are not defined clearly for two-way contingency tables with ordered categories. The measure proposed includes measures of forms of harmonic, geometric and arithmetic means. An example is also given.
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index for Proportional Reduction in error in two way contingency tables with ordinal categories
Journal of Mathematics Research, 2012Co-Authors: Kouji Yamamoto, Eri Yoshida, Sadao TomizawaAbstract:For two-way contingency tables with nominal categories in which the explanatory and response variables are not defined clearly, Goodman and Kruskal (1954) considered a Proportional Reduction in error (PRE) measure, which describes the relative decrease in the probability of making an error in predicting the value of one variable when the value of the other is known, as opposed to when it is not known. The present paper proposes a new PRE measure for two-way contingency tables with ordered categories in which the explanatory and response variables are not defined clearly. The proposed measure lies between 0 and 1. The proposed measure is useful for comparing the degree of PRE in several tables with ordered categories. Examples are given.
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measures on Proportional Reduction in error by arithmetic geometric and harmonic means for multi way contingency tables
International Journal of Statistics and Probability, 2012Co-Authors: Kouji Yamamoto, Yuri Nozaki, Sadao TomizawaAbstract:For multi-way contingency tables with nominal categories, this paper proposes three kinds of Proportional Reduction in error measures, which describe the relative decrease in the probability of making an error in predicting the value of one variable when the values of the other variables are known, as opposed to when they are not known. The measures have forms of arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means. An example is shown.
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on measure of Proportional Reduction in error for nominal ordinal contingency tables
Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 2011Co-Authors: Kouji Yamamoto, Yuri Nozaki, Sadao TomizawaAbstract:Abstract For two-way contingency tables with a nominal explanatory and an ordinal response variables, the present paper proposes a Proportional Reduction in error measure, which describes the relative decrease in the probability of making an error in predicting the value of the response variable when the value of the explanatory variable is known, as opposed to when it is not known. The measure depends on the order of listing the response categories. Examples are shown.
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measure of Proportional Reduction in variation and measure of agreement for contingency tables with ordered categories
International journal of applied mathematics and statistics, 2009Co-Authors: Kouji Yamamoto, Sadao TomizawaAbstract:For a two-way table with a nominal explanatory and a nominal response variables, Goodman and Kruskal (1954), and Theil (1970) proposed the measures which describe the Proportional Reduction in variation (PRV) from the marginal distribution to the conditional distributions of the response. Tomizawa, Seo and Ebi (1997) proposed a generalization of those measures. Tomizawa, Miyamoto and Yajima (2002) proposed a PRV measure for a nominal-ordinal contingency table. Tomizawa and Yukawa (2003) proposed a PRV measure for a square contingency table with ordered categories. First, we propose a PRV measure for a ordinal-ordinal contingency table in which the explanatory and response variables are not defined clearly. The measure proposed is expressed by using Patil-Taillie diversity index including Shannon entropy. Secondly, we propose a measure of degree of agreement for a square contingency table with ordered categories. The proposed measure takes a minimum value zero if and only if the independence between the classifications holds, and a maximum value unity if and only if perfect agreement occurs. The measure is different from the Cohen’s Kappa measure. Examples are given.
Scott W Olesen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection—the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment—is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic–species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (“proportion of bystander exposures”). Data sources include the 2010–2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for eight of nine organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection -- the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment -- is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic-species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (9proportion of bystander exposures9). Data sources include the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS/NHAMCS), the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for 8 of 9 organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
Yonatan H Grad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection—the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment—is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic–species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (“proportion of bystander exposures”). Data sources include the 2010–2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for eight of nine organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
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estimating the proportion of bystander selection for antibiotic resistance among potentially pathogenic bacterial flora
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Christine Tedijanto, Scott W Olesen, Yonatan H Grad, Marc LipsitchAbstract:Bystander selection -- the selective pressure for resistance exerted by antibiotics on microbes that are not the target pathogen of treatment -- is critical to understanding the total impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on pathogenic bacterial species that are often carried asymptomatically. However, to our knowledge, this effect has never been quantified. We quantify bystander selection for resistance for a range of clinically relevant antibiotic-species pairs as the proportion of all antibiotic exposures received by a species for conditions in which that species was not the causative pathogen (9proportion of bystander exposures9). Data sources include the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS/NHAMCS), the Human Microbiome Project, and additional carriage and etiological data from existing literature. For outpatient prescribing in the United States, we find that this proportion over all included antibiotic classes is over 80% for 8 of 9 organisms of interest. Low proportions of bystander exposure are often associated with infrequent bacterial carriage or concentrated prescribing of a particular antibiotic for conditions caused by the species of interest. Applying our results, we roughly estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs result in nearly the same Proportional Reduction in total antibiotic exposures of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli, despite the latter two organisms not being targeted by the vaccine. These results underscore the importance of considering antibiotic exposures of bystanders, in addition to the target pathogen, in measuring the impact of antibiotic resistance interventions.
