Pulse Duration Modulation

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  • mhz nanosecond rectangular Pulse generator with high voltage gain and multimode
    IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2021
    Co-Authors: Shoulong Dong, Chenguo Yao, Liangxi Gao, Wenjie Sun
    Abstract:

    The nanosecond short Pulse generator, which operates continuously at MHz repetition rates, plays an important role in high-energy accelerators, Pulsed laser Modulation, electromagnetic biological effects, and other fields. Pulse-forming lines based on gas spark gap are the main means to generate high-voltage nanosecond short Pulses; but due to electrode ablation, it is difficult to operate at MHz repetition rates. The topologies based on the fully controlled semiconductor device can output multimode nanosecond Pulse. But it is limited by the gate driver ability and system stray loss, so it is difficult to directly generate flexible and adjustable nanosecond short Pulse with MHz repetition rates. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, this article proposes the Blumlein-based LC underdamped oscillation boost circuit and the Blumlein stack topology to achieve high voltage gain. And, the voltage wave process can be adjusted by controlling the switching sequence to change operating mode. Finally, multimode operation such as positive polarity, negative polarity, bipolar and Pulse Duration Modulation can be realized with MHz repetition rates and high gain voltage.

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  • Analysis Of Functional Electrical Stimulation Parameters By Muscular Contraction Time And Knee Joint Angular Variation
    Springer Verlag, 2015
    Co-Authors: Krueger E., Scheeren E.m., Nogueira-neto G.n., Neves E.b., Da Silveira Nantes Button V.l., Nohama P.
    Abstract:

    Purpose: In the present study, five FES profiles were compared in order to find the best combination of activeperiod and burst frequency that might artificially sustain muscle contraction for the longest time with the lowest knee joint variation. Methods: Spinal cord injured volunteers (N=10) participated in this study. The frequency of each FES profile was 1 kHz with variable Pulse active period (100 μs or 200 μs) and Pulse inactive period (900 μs or 800 μs). The setup burst frequencies had either 50 Hz (3 ms active time and 17 ms rest time) or 70 Hz (3 ms active time and 11 ms rest time). Results: The best results were obtained to FES profiles P2 (burst frequency of 70 Hz and Pulse active period of 100 μs), P3 (burst frequency of 50 Hz and Pulse active period of 200 μs) and P4 (burst frequency of 70 Hz and Pulse active period of 200 μs). Conclusions: In order to maintain the SCIV's knee angle with minimal variation, the best results occurred with the application of P2, P3 and P4 FES profiles. © 2013 Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering and Springer.3117Yu, N.Y., Chang, S.H., The characterization of contractile and myoelectric activities in paralyzed tibialis anterior post electrically elicited muscle fatigue (2010) Artif Organs., 34 (4), pp. E117-E121Schearer, E.M., Liao, Y.-W., Perreault, E.J., Tresch, M.C., Lynch, K.M., Optimal sampling of recruitment curves for functional electrical stimulation control (2012) Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, pp. 1-4. , editorsEnoka, R.M., Duchateau, J., Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function (2008) J Physiol., 586 (1), pp. 11-23Kernell, D., Monster, A.W., Motoneurone properties and motor fatigue (1982) Exp Brain Res., 46 (2), pp. 197-204Xia, T., Frey Law, L.A., A theoretical approach for modeling peripheral muscle fatigue and recovery (2008) J Biomech., 41 (14), pp. 3046-3052Matsunaga, T., Shimada, Y., Sato, K., Muscle fatigue from intermittent stimulation with low and high frequency electrical Pulses (1999) Arch Phys Med Rehab., 80 (1), pp. 48-53Thrasher, A., Graham, G.M., Popovic, M.R., Reducing muscle fatigue due to functional electrical stimulation using random Modulation of stimulation parameters (2005) Artif Organs., 29 (6), pp. 453-458Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A.F., The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo (1952) J Physiol., 116 (4), pp. 497-506Kernell, D., Monster, A.W., Time course and properties of late adaptation in spinal motoneurones of the cat (1982) Exp Brain Res., 46 (2), pp. 191-196Fisekovic, N., Popovic, D.B., New controller for functional electrical stimulation systems (2001) Med Eng Phys., 23 (6), pp. 391-399Lepers, R., Maffiuletti, N.A., Rochette, L., Brugniaux, J., Millet, G.Y., Neuromuscular fatigue during a long-Duration cycling exercise (2002) J Appl Physiol., 92 (4), pp. 1487-1493Krueger-Beck, E., Scheeren, E., Nogueira-Neto, G.N., Button, V.L.S.N., Nohama, P., Optimal FES parameters based on mechanomyographic efficiency index (2010) Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, pp. 1378-1381. , editorsBailey, S.N., Hardin, E.C., Kobetic, R., Boggs, L.M., Pinault, G., Triolo, R.J., Neurotherapeutic and neuroprosthetic effects of implanted functional electrical stimulation for ambulation after incomplete spinal cord injury (2010) J Rehabil Res Dev., 47 (1), pp. 7-16Baptista, R.R., Scheeren, E.M., Macintosh, B.R., Vaz, M.A., Lowfrequency fatigue at maximal and submaximal muscle contractions (2009) Brazilian J Med Biol Res., 42, pp. 380-385Fujita, K., Handa, Y., Hoshimiya, N., Ichie, M., Stimulus adjustment protocol for FES-induced standing in paraplegiausing percutaneous intramuscular electrodes (1995) IEEE T Rehabil Eng., 3 (4), pp. 360-366Gollee, H., Hunt, K.J., Wood, D.E., New results in feedback control of unsupported standing in paraplegia (2004) IEEE T Neural Syst Rehabil Eng., 12 (1), pp. 73-80Jezernik, S., Wassink, R.G.V., Keller, T., Sliding mode closed-loop control of FES: controlling the shank movement (2004) IEEE T Biomed Eng., 51 (2), pp. 263-272Langzam, E., Nemirovsky, Y., Isakov, E., Mizrahi, J., Muscle enhancement using closed-loop electrical stimulation: Volitional versus induced torque (2007) J Electromyogr Kines., 17 (3), pp. 275-284Marsolais, E.B., Kobetic, R., Functional electrical stimulation for walking in paraplegia (1987) J Bone Joint Surg., 69 (5), pp. 728-733Marsolais, E.B., Kobetic, R., Development of a practical electrical stimulation system for restoring gait in the paralyzed patient (1988) Clin Orthop Relat R., 233, pp. 64-74McAndrew, D.J., Rosser, N.A.D., Brown, J.M.M., Mechanomyographic measures of muscle contractile properties are influenced by the Duration of the stimulatory Pulse (2006) J Appl Res., 6 (1), pp. 142-152Thrasher, T.A., Flett, H.M., Popovic, M.R., Gait training regimen for incomplete spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation (2006) Spinal Cord., 44 (6), pp. 357-361Petrofsky, J.S., Electrical stimulation: neurophysiological basis and application (2004) Basic Appl Myol., 14 (4), pp. 205-213Merrill, D.R., Bikson, M., Jefferys, J.G.R., Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols (2005) J Neurosci Med., 141 (2), pp. 171-198Krueger-Beck, E., Scheeren, E., Nogueira-Neto, G.N., Neves, E.B., Button, V.L.S.N., Nohama, P., Time and angular variations in different neuromuscular electrical stimulation profiles (2010) Twentysecond (XXII) Brazilian Congress of Biomedical Engineering, pp. 1434-1437. , editorsZagheni, A.L., (1998) Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Multichannel System Controlled by Computer for Applications in Artificial Locomotion [M.Sc Thesis], , Curitiba.: Federal Technological University of ParanáBronzino, J.D., (1992) Management of Medical Technology: A Primer for Clinical Engineers, , Boston, USA: Butterworth-HeinemannRabischong, E., Surface action potentials related to torque output in paraplegics' electrically stimulated quadriceps muscle (1996) Med Eng Phys., 18 (7), pp. 538-547Ratkevièius, A., Skurvydas, A., Povilonis, E., Quistorff, B., Lexell, J., Effects of contraction Duration on low-frequency fatigue in voluntary and electrically induced exercise of quadriceps muscle in humans (1998) Eur J Appl Physiol O., 77 (5), pp. 462-468Kesar, T., Chou, L.W., Binder-Macleod, S.A., Effects of stimulation frequency versus Pulse Duration Modulation on muscle fatigue (2008) J Electromyogr Kines., 18 (4), pp. 662-671Marion, M.S., Wexler, A.S., Hull, M.L.P., redicting fatigue during electrically stimulated non-isometric contractions (2010) Muscle Nerve., 41 (6), pp. 857-867Franken, H.M., Veltink, P.H., Fidder, M., Boom, H.B.K., Fatigue of intermittently stimulated paralyzed human quadriceps during imposed cyclical lower leg movements (1993) J Electromyogr Kines., 3 (1), pp. 3-12Talmadge, R.J., Castro, M.J., Apple, D.F., Dudley, G.A., Phenotypic adaptations in human muscle fibers 6 and 24 wk after spinal cord injury (2002) J Appl Physiol., 92 (1), p. 147Ditor, D.S., Hamilton, S., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Green, H.J., Craven, B.C., Parise, G., Na+, K+ ATPase concentration and fiber type distribution after spinal cord injury (2004) Muscle Nerve., 29 (1), pp. 38-45Gobbo, M., Cè, E., Diemont, B., Esposito, F., Orizio, C., Torque and surface mechanomyogram parallel reduction during fatiguing stimulation in human muscles (2006) Eur J Appl Physiol O., 97 (1), pp. 9-15Andersen, J.L., Gruschy-Knudsen, T., Sandri, C., Larsson, L., Schiaffino, S., Bed rest increases the amount of mismatched fibers in human skeletal muscle (1999) J Appl Physiol., 86 (2), pp. 455-460Burnham, R., Martin, T., Stein, R., Bell, G., MacLean, I., Steadward, R., Skeletal muscle fibre type transformation following spinal cord injury (1997) Spinal Cord., 35 (2), pp. 86-91Chou, L.W., Ding, J., Wexler, A.S., Binder-Macleod, S.A., Predicting optimal electrical stimulation for repetitive human muscle activation (2005) J Electromyogr Kines., 15 (3), pp. 300-309Kaczmarek, P., Huber, J., Lisiski, P., Witkowska, A., Kasiski, A., Investigation of the relationship between stimulus parameters and a human muscle contraction force during stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle (2009) Artif Organs., 34 (2), pp. 126-135Kesar, T., Binder-Macleod, S., Effect of frequency and Pulse Duration on human muscle fatigue during repetitive electrical stimulation (2006) Exp Physiol., 91 (6), pp. 967-976Biering-Sorensen, B., Kristensen, I.B., Kjaer, M., Biering-Sorensen, F., Muscle after spinal cord injury (2009) Muscle Nerve., 40 (4), pp. 499-519Ward, A.R., Robertson, V.J., Variation in torque production with frequency using medium frequency alternating current* 1,* 2 (1998) Arch Phys Med Rehab., 79 (11), pp. 1399-1404Maynard, F.M., Bracken, M.B., Creasey, G., Ditunno, J.F., Donovan, W.H., Ducker, T.B., International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury (1997) Spinal Cord., 35 (5), pp. 266-274Cipriano, J.J., (2003) Photographic Manual of Regional Orthopaedic and Neurological Tests, , 4 edth edn., Atlanta, Georgia: Lippincott Williams & WilkinsBohannon, R.W., Smith, M., Interrater Reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity (1987) Phys Ther., 67 (2), pp. 206-20

  • Relationship Between Peak And Mean Amplitudes Of The Stimulating Output Voltage For Functional Control Of The Knee By Spinal Cord Patients And Healthy Volunteers
    2015
    Co-Authors: Krueger E., Scheeren E.m., Nogueira-neto G.n., Neves E.b., Button V.l.s.n., Nohama P.
    Abstract:

    Introduction: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) may evoke movements in people with movement impairments due to neurological lesion. The mean value of electrical current or voltage during FES depends on the stimulatory profile parameters. To investigate the relationship between peak and mean amplitudes of the stimulator output voltage while causing a knee extension angle change from 90° to 40° to choose the best and safest profile to be applied in people who have suffered a spinal cord injury. Methods: Healthy (N = 10) volunteers and those with spinal cord injuries (N = 10) participated in this study. Each FES profile (P1, P2, P3 and P4) had 1-kHz Pulses (100 μs or 200 μs on and 900 μs or 800 μs off) with burst frequencies of 50 Hz (3 ms on and 17 ms off) or 70 Hz (3 ms on and 11 ms off) and peak amplitudes set between 53-125V for healthy volunteers and 68-198 V for volunteers with spinal cord injury. Results: The highest mean amplitude were obtained using a FES profile with active/total Pulse period of 200 us/1000 us and burst frequency of 3ms/14ms. The best results of mean amplitude were observed using a FES profile duty cycle of 10% for Pulses (100 μs/1000 μs) and 15% for bursts (3 ms/20 ms). Conclusion: The FES profile (100 μs - 50 Hz) seems to be the most suitable for both groups, inasmuch as it presents smaller mean amplitudes and peak amplitudes similar to other FES profiles.292144152Andersen, J.L., Gruschy-Knudsen, T., Sandri, C., Larsson, L., Schiaffino, S., Bed rest increases the amount of mismatched fibres in human skeletal muscle (1999) Journal of Applied Physiology, 86 (2), pp. 455-460. , PMid:, 9931176Bailey, S.N., Hardin, E.C., Kobetic, R., Boggs, L.M., Pinault, G., Triolo, R.J., Neurotherapeutic and neuroprosthetic effects of implanted functional electrical stimulation for ambulation after incomplete spinal cord injury (2010) Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 47 (1), pp. 7-16. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2009.03.0034Baptista, R.R., Scheeren, E.M., Macintosh, B.R., Vaz, M.A., Lowfrequency fatigue at maximal and submaximal muscle contractions (2009) Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 42, pp. 380-385. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2009000400011, PMid:, 19330267Bohannon, R.W., Smith, M., Interrater reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of muscle spasticity (1987) Physical Therapy, 67 (2), pp. 206-207. , Feb, PMid:, 3809245Bronzino, J.D., (1992) Management of Medical Technology: A Primer For Clinical Engineers, , Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, PMid:, 1596745Chou, L.W., Ding, J., Wexler, A.S., Binder-Macleod, S.A., Predicting optimal electrical stimulation for repetitive human muscle activation (2005) Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 15 (3), pp. 300-309. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.10.002, PMid:, 15763677Cipriano, J.J., (2003) Photographic Manual of Regional Orthopaedic and Neurological Tests, , 4th ed. Atlanta: Lippincott Williams & WilkinsDavoodi, R., Andrews, B.J., Fuzzy logic control of FES rowing exercise in paraplegia (2004) IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 51 (3), pp. 541-543. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2003.821043, Mar, PMid:, 15000386Enoka, R.M., Duchateau, J., Muscle fatigue: What, why and how it influences muscle function (2008) The Journal of Physiology, 586 (1), pp. 11-23. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139477, PMid:, 17702815 PMCid:2375565Fisekovic, N., Popovic, D.B., New controller for functional electrical stimulation systems (2001) Medical Engineering and Physics, 23 (6), pp. 391-399. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(01)00069-8Fujita, K., Handa, Y., Hoshimiya, N., Ichie, M., Stimulus adjustment protocol for FES-induced standing in paraplegiausing percutaneous intramuscular electrodes (1995) IEEE Transactions On Rehabilitation Engineering, 3 (4), pp. 360-366. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/86.481976Gobbo, M., Cè, E., Diemont, B., Esposito, F., Orizio, C., Torque and surface mechanomyogram parallel reduction during fatiguing stimulation in human muscles (2006) European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97 (1), pp. 9-15. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0134-8, PMid:, 16477444Gollee, H., Hunt, K.J., Wood, D.E., New results in feedback control of unsupported standing in paraplegia (2004) IEEE Transactions On Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 12 (1), pp. 73-80. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2003.822765, PMid:, 15068190Jezernik, S., Morari, M., Energy-optimal electrical excitation of nerve fibres (2005) IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 52 (4), pp. 740-743. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2005.844050, PMid:, 15825876Jezernik, S., Wassink, R.G.V., Keller, T., Sliding mode closedloop control of FES: Controlling the shank movement (2004) IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 51 (2), pp. 263-272. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2003.820393, PMid:, 14765699Kern, H., Carraro, U., Adami, N., Biral, D., Hofer, C., Forstner, C., Modlin, M., Boncompagni, S., Home-based functional electrical stimulation rescues permanently denervated muscles in paraplegic patients with complete lower motor neuron lesion (2010) Neurorehabil Neural Repair, 24 (8), pp. 709-721. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968310366129, May, PMid:, 20460493Kern, H., Stramare, R., Martino, L., Gargiulo, P., Carraro, U., Permanent LMN denervation of human skeletal muscle and recovery by hb FES: Management and monitoring (2010) European Journal Translational Myology, 20 (3), pp. 91-104Kesar, T., Chou, L.W., Binder-Macleod, S.A., Effects of stimulation frequency versus Pulse Duration Modulation on muscle fatigue (2008) Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18 (4), pp. 662-671. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.01.001, Aug PMid:, 17317219 PMCid:2562565Kesar, T.M., Perumal, R., Jancosko, A., Reisman, D.S., Rudolph, K.S., Higginson, J.S., Binder-Macleod, S.A., Novel patterns of functional electrical stimulation have an immediate effect on dorsiflexor muscle function during gait for people poststroke (2010) Physical Therapy, 90 (1), pp. 55-66. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090140, PMid:, 19926681 PMCid:2802826Krueger-Beck, E., Scheeren, E., Nogueira-Neto, G.N., Button, V.L.D.S.N., Nohama, P., Optimal FES parameters based on mechanomyographic efficiency index (2010) Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBC: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering In Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 1378-1381. , Aug 31-Sept 4Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires: IEEE, PMid:, 21096336Krueger-Beck, E., Scheeren, E.M., Nogueira-Neto, G.N., Button, V., Nohama, P., Efeitos da estimulação elétrica funcional no controle neuromuscular artificial (2010) Revista Neurociências, pp. 1-11. , In PressLangzam, E., Nemirovsky, Y., Isakov, E., Mizrahi, J., Muscle enhancement using closed-loop electrical stimulation: Volitional versus induced torque (2007) Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 17 (3), pp. 275-284. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.03.001, PMid:, 16690326Laufer, Y., Elboim, M., Effect of burst frequency and Duration of kilohertz-frequency alternating currents and of low-frequency Pulsed currents on strength of contraction, muscle fatigue, and perceived discomfort (2008) Physical Therapy, 88 (10), p. 1167. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080001, PMid:, 18703676Marion, M.S., Wexler, A.S., Hull, M.L., Predicting fatigue during electrically stimulated non-isometric contractions (2010) Muscle & Nerve, 41 (6), pp. 857-867. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.21603, PMid:, 20229581Marsolais, E.B., Kobetic, R., Development of a practical electrical stimulation system for restoring gait in the paralyzed patient (1988) Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 233, pp. 64-74. , PMid:, 3261221Marsolais, E.B., Kobetic, R., Functional electrical stimulation for walking in paraplegia (1987) Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 69 (5), pp. 728-733. , PMid:, 3496340Matsunaga, T., Shimada, Y., Sato, K., Muscle fatigue from intermittent stimulation with low and high frequency electrical Pulses (1999) Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80 (1), pp. 48-53. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90306-4Maynard, F.M., Bracken, M.B., Creasey, G., Ditunno, J.F., Donovan, W.H., Ducker, T.B., Garber, S.L., Tator, C.H., International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury (1997) Spinal Cord, 35 (5), pp. 266-274. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3100432, PMid:, 9160449McAndrew, D.J., Rosser, N.A.D., Brown, J.M.M., Mechanomyographic measures of muscle contractile properties are influenced by the Duration of the stimulatory Pulse (2006) Journal of Applied Research, 6 (1), pp. 142-152McCreery, D.B., Agnew, W.F., Yuen, T.G.H., Bullara, L., Charge density and charge per phase as cofactors in neural injury induced by electrical stimulation (1990) IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 37 (10), pp. 996-1001. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.102812, PMid:, 2249872McLoda, T.A., Carmack, J.A., Optimal burst Duration during a facilitated quadriceps femoris contraction (2000) Journal of Athletic Training, 35 (2), pp. 145-150. , PMid:, 16558623 PMCid:1323410Mesin, L., Merletti, R., Distribution of electrical stimulation current in a planar multilayer anisotropic tissue (2008) IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 55 (2), pp. 660-670. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2007.902248, PMid:, 18270002Neves, E.B., Pino, A.V., Souza, M.N., Comparison of two bioimpedance spectroscopy techniques in the assessment of body fluid volumes (2009) Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBC: Proceedings of the 31th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering In Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 853-856. , Minneapolis, Minnesota. Minneapolis: IEEE2009, PMid:, 19963476Nordstrom, M.A., Gorman, R.B., Laouris, Y., Spielmann, J.M., Stuart, D.G., Does motoneuron adaptation contribute to muscle fatigue? (2007) Muscle & Nerve, 35 (2), pp. 135-158. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20712, PMid:, 17195169Packman-Braun, R., Relationship between functional electrical stimulation duty cycle and fatigue in wrist extensor muscles of patients with hemiparesis (1988) Physical Therapy, 68 (1), pp. 51-56. , PMid:, 3257300Petrofsky, J.S., Electrical stimulation: Neurophysiological basis and application (2004) Basic and Applied Myology, 14 (4), pp. 205-213Popovic, M.R., Curt, A., Keller, T., Dietz, V., Functional electrical stimulation for grasping and walking: Indications and limitations (2001) Spinal Cord, 39 (8), pp. 403-412. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101191, PMid:, 11512070Rabischong, E., Surface action potentials related to torque output in paraplegics' electrically stimulated quadriceps muscle (1996) Medical Engineering & Physics, 18 (7), pp. 538-547. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4533(96)00001-XRooney, J.G., Currier, D.P., Nitz, A.J., Effect of variation in the burst and carrier frequency modes of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pain perception of healthy subjects (1992) Physical Therapy, 72 (11), pp. 800-806. , PMid:, 1409877Shannon, R.V., A model of safe levels for electrical stimulation (1992) IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 39 (4), pp. 424-426. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.126616, PMid:, 1592409Housh, S.D.B., Terry, J., Stout, J.R., Johnson, G.O., Evetovich, T.K., Ebersole, K.T., Mechanomyographic responses to maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions (1997) Journal of Applied Physiology, 82 (3), pp. 1003-1007. , PMid:, 9074994Stock, M.S., Beck, T.W., Defreitas, J.M., Dillon, M.A., Linearity and reliability of the mechanomyographic amplitude versus dynamic constant external resistance relationships for the biceps brachii (2010) Physiological Measurement, 31, pp. 1487-1498. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/31/11/006, PMid:, 20871133Tepavac, D., Schwirtlich, L., Detection and prediction of FES-induced fatigue (1997) Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 7 (1), pp. 39-50. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(96)00008-9Thrasher, A., Graham, G.M., Popovic, M.R., Reducing muscle fatigue due to functional electrical stimulation using random Modulation of stimulation parameters (2005) Artificial Organs, 29 (6), pp. 453-458. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2005.29076.x, PMid:, 15926981Thrasher, T.A., Flett, H.M., Popovic, M.R., Gait training regimen for incomplete spinal cord injury using functional electrical stimulation (2006) Spinal Cord, 44 (6), pp. 357-361. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101864, PMid:, 16249784Uhlir, J.P., Triolo, R.J., Kobetic, R., The use of selective electrical stimulation of the quadriceps to improve standing function in paraplegia (2000) IEEE Transactions On Rehabilitation Engineering, 8 (4), pp. 514-522. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/86.895955, PMid:, 11204043Vanderthom, M.M., Duchateau, J., Electrical stimulation as a modality to improve performance of the neuromuscular system (2007) Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 35 (4), pp. 180-185. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jes.0b013e318156e785, PMid:, 17921786Ward, A.R., Robertson, V.J., Variation in torque production with frequency using medium frequency alternating current* 1,* 2 (1998) Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79 (11), pp. 1399-1404. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90234-9Ward, A.R., Shkuratova, N., Russian electrical stimulation: The early experiments (2002) Physical Therapy, 82 (10), p. 1019. , PMid:, 12350217Williamson, R., Andrews, B.J., Sensor systems for lower limb functional electircal stimulation (FES) control (2000) Medical Engineering & Physics, 22 (5), pp. 313-325. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(00)00038-2Yu, N.Y., Chang, S.H., The Characterization of contractile and myoelectric activities in paralyzed tibialis anterior post electrically elicited muscle fatigue (2010) Artificial Organs, 34 (4), pp. E117-E121. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00956.x, PMid:, 20420602Zagheni, A.L., (1998) Sistema De NMES Multicanal Controlado Por Computador Para Aplicações Em Locomoção Artificial, , [dissertação]. Curitiba: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paran

Shoulong Dong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • mhz nanosecond rectangular Pulse generator with high voltage gain and multimode
    IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2021
    Co-Authors: Shoulong Dong, Chenguo Yao, Liangxi Gao, Wenjie Sun
    Abstract:

    The nanosecond short Pulse generator, which operates continuously at MHz repetition rates, plays an important role in high-energy accelerators, Pulsed laser Modulation, electromagnetic biological effects, and other fields. Pulse-forming lines based on gas spark gap are the main means to generate high-voltage nanosecond short Pulses; but due to electrode ablation, it is difficult to operate at MHz repetition rates. The topologies based on the fully controlled semiconductor device can output multimode nanosecond Pulse. But it is limited by the gate driver ability and system stray loss, so it is difficult to directly generate flexible and adjustable nanosecond short Pulse with MHz repetition rates. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, this article proposes the Blumlein-based LC underdamped oscillation boost circuit and the Blumlein stack topology to achieve high voltage gain. And, the voltage wave process can be adjusted by controlling the switching sequence to change operating mode. Finally, multimode operation such as positive polarity, negative polarity, bipolar and Pulse Duration Modulation can be realized with MHz repetition rates and high gain voltage.

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