The Experts below are selected from a list of 7938 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Marco Zorzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pupil Dilation reveals top down attentional load during spatial monitoring
Biological Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Matteo Lisi, Mario Bonato, Marco ZorziAbstract:It has long been known that the diameter of human Pupil enlarges with increasing effort during the execution of a task. This has been observed not only for purely mechanical effort but also for mental effort, as for example the computation of arithmetic problems with different levels of difficulty. Here we show that Pupil Dilation reflects changes in visuospatial awareness induced by attentional load during multi-tasking. In the single-task condition, participants had to report the position of lateralized, briefly presented, masked visual targets ("right", "left", or "both" sides). In the multitasking conditions, participants also performed additional tasks, either visual or auditory, to increase the attentional load. Sensory stimulation was kept constant across all conditions to rule out the influence of low-level factors. Results show that event-related Pupil Dilation strikingly increased with task demands, mirroring a concurrent decrease in visuospatial awareness. Importantly, Pupil Dilation significantly differed between two dual-task conditions that required to process the same number of stimuli but yielded differed levels of accuracy (difficulty). In contrast, Pupil Dilation did not differ between two conditions which were equally challenging but differed both in the modality of the dual task (auditory vs. visual) and in the number of stimuli to be attended. We conclude that Pupil Dilation genuinely reflects the top-down allocation of supramodal attentional resources.
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Pupil Dilation reveals top–down attentional load during spatial monitoring
Biological psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Matteo Lisi, Mario Bonato, Marco ZorziAbstract:It has long been known that the diameter of human Pupil enlarges with increasing effort during the execution of a task. This has been observed not only for purely mechanical effort but also for mental effort, as for example the computation of arithmetic problems with different levels of difficulty. Here we show that Pupil Dilation reflects changes in visuospatial awareness induced by attentional load during multi-tasking. In the single-task condition, participants had to report the position of lateralized, briefly presented, masked visual targets ("right", "left", or "both" sides). In the multitasking conditions, participants also performed additional tasks, either visual or auditory, to increase the attentional load. Sensory stimulation was kept constant across all conditions to rule out the influence of low-level factors. Results show that event-related Pupil Dilation strikingly increased with task demands, mirroring a concurrent decrease in visuospatial awareness. Importantly, Pupil Dilation significantly differed between two dual-task conditions that required to process the same number of stimuli but yielded differed levels of accuracy (difficulty). In contrast, Pupil Dilation did not differ between two conditions which were equally challenging but differed both in the modality of the dual task (auditory vs. visual) and in the number of stimuli to be attended. We conclude that Pupil Dilation genuinely reflects the top-down allocation of supramodal attentional resources.
Gerulf Rieger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pupil Dilation to Explicit and Non-Explicit Sexual Stimuli
Archives of sexual behavior, 2016Co-Authors: Tuesday M. Watts, Luke Holmes, Ritch C. Savin-williams, Gerulf RiegerAbstract:Pupil Dilation to explicit sexual stimuli (footage of naked and aroused men or women) can elicit sex and sexual orientation differences in sexual response. If similar patterns were replicated with non-explicit sexual stimuli (footage of dressed men and women), then Pupil Dilation could be indicative of automatic sexual response in fully noninvasive designs. We examined this in 325 men and women with varied sexual orientations to determine whether Dilation patterns to non-explicit sexual stimuli resembled those to explicit sexual stimuli depicting the same sex or other sex. Sexual orientation differences in Pupil Dilation to non-explicit sexual stimuli mirrored those to explicit sexual stimuli. However, the relationship of Dilation to non-explicit sexual stimuli with Dilation to corresponding explicit sexual stimuli was modest, and effect magnitudes were smaller with non-explicit sexual stimuli than explicit sexual stimuli. The prediction that sexual orientation differences in Pupil Dilation are larger in men than in women was confirmed with explicit sexual stimuli but not with non-explicit sexual stimuli.
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Multisensory signalling enhances Pupil Dilation.
Scientific reports, 2016Co-Authors: Silvia Rigato, Gerulf Rieger, Vincenzo RomeiAbstract:Detecting and integrating information across the senses is an advantageous mechanism to efficiently respond to the environment. In this study, a simple auditory-visual detection task was employed to test whether Pupil Dilation, generally associated with successful target detection, could be used as a reliable measure for studying multisensory integration processing in humans. We recorded reaction times and Pupil Dilation in response to a series of visual and auditory stimuli, which were presented either alone or in combination. The results indicated faster reaction times and larger Pupil diameter to the presentation of combined auditory and visual stimuli than the same stimuli when presented in isolation. Moreover, the responses to the multisensory condition exceeded the linear summation of the responses obtained in each unimodal condition. Importantly, faster reaction times corresponded to larger Pupil Dilation, suggesting that also the latter can be a reliable measure of multisensory processes. This study will serve as a foundation for the investigation of auditory-visual integration in populations where simple reaction times cannot be collected, such as developmental and clinical populations.
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The Eyes Have It: Sex and Sexual Orientation Differences in Pupil Dilation Patterns
PloS one, 2012Co-Authors: Gerulf Rieger, Ritch C. Savin-williamsAbstract:Recent research suggests profound sex and sexual orientation differences in sexual response. These results, however, are based on measures of genital arousal, which have potential limitations such as volunteer bias and differential measures for the sexes. The present study introduces a measure less affected by these limitations. We assessed the Pupil Dilation of 325 men and women of various sexual orientations to male and female erotic stimuli. Results supported hypotheses. In general, self-reported sexual orientation corresponded with Pupil Dilation to men and women. Among men, substantial Dilation to both sexes was most common in bisexual-identified men. In contrast, among women, substantial Dilation to both sexes was most common in heterosexual-identified women. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Because the measure of Pupil Dilation is less invasive than previous measures of sexual response, it allows for studying diverse age and cultural populations, usually not included in sexuality research.
Matteo Lisi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pupil Dilation reveals top down attentional load during spatial monitoring
Biological Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Matteo Lisi, Mario Bonato, Marco ZorziAbstract:It has long been known that the diameter of human Pupil enlarges with increasing effort during the execution of a task. This has been observed not only for purely mechanical effort but also for mental effort, as for example the computation of arithmetic problems with different levels of difficulty. Here we show that Pupil Dilation reflects changes in visuospatial awareness induced by attentional load during multi-tasking. In the single-task condition, participants had to report the position of lateralized, briefly presented, masked visual targets ("right", "left", or "both" sides). In the multitasking conditions, participants also performed additional tasks, either visual or auditory, to increase the attentional load. Sensory stimulation was kept constant across all conditions to rule out the influence of low-level factors. Results show that event-related Pupil Dilation strikingly increased with task demands, mirroring a concurrent decrease in visuospatial awareness. Importantly, Pupil Dilation significantly differed between two dual-task conditions that required to process the same number of stimuli but yielded differed levels of accuracy (difficulty). In contrast, Pupil Dilation did not differ between two conditions which were equally challenging but differed both in the modality of the dual task (auditory vs. visual) and in the number of stimuli to be attended. We conclude that Pupil Dilation genuinely reflects the top-down allocation of supramodal attentional resources.
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Pupil Dilation reveals top–down attentional load during spatial monitoring
Biological psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Matteo Lisi, Mario Bonato, Marco ZorziAbstract:It has long been known that the diameter of human Pupil enlarges with increasing effort during the execution of a task. This has been observed not only for purely mechanical effort but also for mental effort, as for example the computation of arithmetic problems with different levels of difficulty. Here we show that Pupil Dilation reflects changes in visuospatial awareness induced by attentional load during multi-tasking. In the single-task condition, participants had to report the position of lateralized, briefly presented, masked visual targets ("right", "left", or "both" sides). In the multitasking conditions, participants also performed additional tasks, either visual or auditory, to increase the attentional load. Sensory stimulation was kept constant across all conditions to rule out the influence of low-level factors. Results show that event-related Pupil Dilation strikingly increased with task demands, mirroring a concurrent decrease in visuospatial awareness. Importantly, Pupil Dilation significantly differed between two dual-task conditions that required to process the same number of stimuli but yielded differed levels of accuracy (difficulty). In contrast, Pupil Dilation did not differ between two conditions which were equally challenging but differed both in the modality of the dual task (auditory vs. visual) and in the number of stimuli to be attended. We conclude that Pupil Dilation genuinely reflects the top-down allocation of supramodal attentional resources.
Ritch C. Savin-williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pupil Dilation to Explicit and Non-Explicit Sexual Stimuli
Archives of sexual behavior, 2016Co-Authors: Tuesday M. Watts, Luke Holmes, Ritch C. Savin-williams, Gerulf RiegerAbstract:Pupil Dilation to explicit sexual stimuli (footage of naked and aroused men or women) can elicit sex and sexual orientation differences in sexual response. If similar patterns were replicated with non-explicit sexual stimuli (footage of dressed men and women), then Pupil Dilation could be indicative of automatic sexual response in fully noninvasive designs. We examined this in 325 men and women with varied sexual orientations to determine whether Dilation patterns to non-explicit sexual stimuli resembled those to explicit sexual stimuli depicting the same sex or other sex. Sexual orientation differences in Pupil Dilation to non-explicit sexual stimuli mirrored those to explicit sexual stimuli. However, the relationship of Dilation to non-explicit sexual stimuli with Dilation to corresponding explicit sexual stimuli was modest, and effect magnitudes were smaller with non-explicit sexual stimuli than explicit sexual stimuli. The prediction that sexual orientation differences in Pupil Dilation are larger in men than in women was confirmed with explicit sexual stimuli but not with non-explicit sexual stimuli.
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The Eyes Have It: Sex and Sexual Orientation Differences in Pupil Dilation Patterns
PloS one, 2012Co-Authors: Gerulf Rieger, Ritch C. Savin-williamsAbstract:Recent research suggests profound sex and sexual orientation differences in sexual response. These results, however, are based on measures of genital arousal, which have potential limitations such as volunteer bias and differential measures for the sexes. The present study introduces a measure less affected by these limitations. We assessed the Pupil Dilation of 325 men and women of various sexual orientations to male and female erotic stimuli. Results supported hypotheses. In general, self-reported sexual orientation corresponded with Pupil Dilation to men and women. Among men, substantial Dilation to both sexes was most common in bisexual-identified men. In contrast, among women, substantial Dilation to both sexes was most common in heterosexual-identified women. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Because the measure of Pupil Dilation is less invasive than previous measures of sexual response, it allows for studying diverse age and cultural populations, usually not included in sexuality research.
Ruth Y. Litovsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Impact of Auditory Spectral Resolution on Listening Effort Revealed by Pupil Dilation
Ear and Hearing, 2015Co-Authors: Matthew B. Winn, Jan Edwards, Ruth Y. LitovskyAbstract:Objectives: This study measured the impact of auditory spectral resolution on listening effort. Systematic degradation in spectral resolution was hypothesized to elicit corresponding systematic increases in Pupil Dilation, consistent with the notion of Pupil Dilation as a marker of cognitive load. Design: Spectral resolution of sentences was varied with two different vocoders: (1) a noise-channel vocoder with a variable number of spectral channels; and (2) a vocoder designed to simulate front-end processing of a cochlear implant, including peak-picking channel selection with variable synthesis filter slopes to simulate spread of neural excitation. Pupil Dilation was measured after subject-specific luminance adjustment and trial-specific baseline measures. Mixed-effects growth curve analysis was used to model Pupillary responses over time. Results: For both types of vocoder, Pupil Dilation grew with each successive degradation in spectral resolution. Within each condition, Pupillary responses were not related to intelligibility scores, and the effect of spectral resolution on Pupil Dilation persisted even when only analyzing trials in which responses were 100% correct. Conclusions: Intelligibility scores alone were not sufficient to quantify the effort required to understand speech with poor resolution. Degraded spectral resolution results in increased effort required to understand speech, even when intelligibility is at 100%. Pupillary responses were a sensitive and highly granular measurement to reveal changes in listening effort. Pupillary responses might potentially reveal the benefits of aural prostheses that are not captured by speech intelligibility performance alone as well as the disadvantages that are overcome by increased listening effort.
