Qualitative Content Analysis

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Ulla Hällgren Graneheim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Abstraction and interpretation during the Qualitative Content Analysis process
    International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2020
    Co-Authors: Britt-marie Lindgren, Berit Lundman, Ulla Hällgren Graneheim
    Abstract:

    Qualitative Content Analysis and other 'standardised' methods are sometimes considered to be technical tools used for basic, superficial, and simple sorting of text, and their results lack depth, scientific rigour, and evidence. To strengthen the trustworthiness of Qualitative Content analyses, we focus on abstraction and interpretation during the analytic process. To our knowledge, descriptions of these concepts are sparse; this paper therefore aims to elaborate on and exemplify the distinction and relation between abstraction and interpretation during the different phases of the process of Qualitative Content Analysis. We address the relations between abstraction and interpretation when selecting, condensing, and coding meaning units and creating categories and themes on various levels. The examples used are based on our experiences of teaching and supervising students at various levels. We also highlight the phases of de-contextualisation and re-contextualisation in describing the analytic process. We argue that Qualitative Content Analysis can be both descriptive and interpretative. When the data allow interpretations of the latent Content, Qualitative Content Analysis reveals both depth and meaning in participants' utterances.

  • Qualitative Content Analysis in art psychotherapy research concepts procedures and measures to reveal the latent meaning in pictures and the words attached to the pictures
    Arts in Psychotherapy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Karin Egberg Thyme, Berit Lundman, Britt Wiberg, Ulla Hällgren Graneheim
    Abstract:

    The aim of this methodological paper is to describe and apply Qualitative Content Analysis to a psychodynamic art psychotherapy context, and to give an example of the procedures used to analyse pictures and words in one time-limited psychodynamic art psychotherapy session, here named PDT/Scribbling. The art method was used with a female patient. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to analyse one scribble with its amplification together with the patient's own clarifying words explaining the pictures. In addition, the words spoken before and after scribbling were analysed in order to capture the whole psychotherapeutic process. In the application we coded and categorised colours and elements of the scribbles and amplifications, which together with categories of the patient's own words before and after scribbling resulted in three sub-themes and an overarching theme: permitting herself to leave a victim position and take charge of her life. The conclusion of this methodological paper is that Qualitative Content Analysis is a meaningful method for analysing pictures and words from psychodynamic art psychotherapy sessions, keeping the manifest messages and the latent meanings in the pictures intact.

  • Qualitative Content Analysis in nursing research concepts procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness
    Nurse Education Today, 2004
    Co-Authors: Ulla Hällgren Graneheim, Berit Lundman
    Abstract:

    Qualitative Content Analysis in nursing research : Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.

Helvi Kyngäs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Qualitative Content Analysis
    SAGE Open, 2014
    Co-Authors: Helvi Kyngäs, Maria Kaariainen, Outi Kanste, Tarja Polkki, Kati Utriainen
    Abstract:

    Qualitative Content Analysis is commonly used for analyzing Qualitative data. However, few articles have examined the trustworthiness of its use in nursing science studies. The trustworthiness of Qualitative Content Analysis is often presented by using terms such as credibility, dependability, conformability, transferability, and authenticity. This article focuses on trustworthiness based on a review of previous studies, our own experiences, and methodological textbooks. Trustworthiness was described for the main Qualitative Content Analysis phases from data collection to reporting of the results. We concluded that it is important to scrutinize the trustworthiness of every phase of the Analysis process, including the preparation, organization, and reporting of results. Together, these phases should give a reader a clear indication of the overall trustworthiness of the study. Based on our findings, we compiled a checklist for researchers attempting to improve the trustworthiness of a Content Analysis study...

  • the Qualitative Content Analysis process
    Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2008
    Co-Authors: Helvi Kyngäs
    Abstract:

    Title. The Qualitative Content Analysis process Aim.  This paper is a description of inductive and deductive Content Analysis. Background.  Content Analysis is a method that may be used with either Qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way. Qualitative Content Analysis is commonly used in nursing studies but little has been published on the Analysis process and many research books generally only provide a short description of this method. Discussion.  When using Content Analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive Analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive Content Analysis. Deductive Content Analysis is used when the structure of Analysis is operationalized on the basis of previous knowledge. Conclusion.  Inductive Content Analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented. A deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.

  • The Qualitative Content Analysis process
    Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2008
    Co-Authors: Satu Elo, Helvi Kyngäs
    Abstract:

    AIM: This paper is a description of inductive and deductive Content Analysis. BACKGROUND: Content Analysis is a method that may be used with either Qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way. Qualitative Content Analysis is commonly used in nursing studies but little has been published on the Analysis process and many research books generally only provide a short description of this method. DISCUSSION: When using Content Analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive Analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive Content Analysis. Deductive Content Analysis is used when the structure of Analysis is operationalized on the basis of previous knowledge. CONCLUSION: Inductive Content Analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented. A deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.

Berit Lundman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Abstraction and interpretation during the Qualitative Content Analysis process
    International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2020
    Co-Authors: Britt-marie Lindgren, Berit Lundman, Ulla Hällgren Graneheim
    Abstract:

    Qualitative Content Analysis and other 'standardised' methods are sometimes considered to be technical tools used for basic, superficial, and simple sorting of text, and their results lack depth, scientific rigour, and evidence. To strengthen the trustworthiness of Qualitative Content analyses, we focus on abstraction and interpretation during the analytic process. To our knowledge, descriptions of these concepts are sparse; this paper therefore aims to elaborate on and exemplify the distinction and relation between abstraction and interpretation during the different phases of the process of Qualitative Content Analysis. We address the relations between abstraction and interpretation when selecting, condensing, and coding meaning units and creating categories and themes on various levels. The examples used are based on our experiences of teaching and supervising students at various levels. We also highlight the phases of de-contextualisation and re-contextualisation in describing the analytic process. We argue that Qualitative Content Analysis can be both descriptive and interpretative. When the data allow interpretations of the latent Content, Qualitative Content Analysis reveals both depth and meaning in participants' utterances.

  • Qualitative Content Analysis in art psychotherapy research concepts procedures and measures to reveal the latent meaning in pictures and the words attached to the pictures
    Arts in Psychotherapy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Karin Egberg Thyme, Berit Lundman, Britt Wiberg, Ulla Hällgren Graneheim
    Abstract:

    The aim of this methodological paper is to describe and apply Qualitative Content Analysis to a psychodynamic art psychotherapy context, and to give an example of the procedures used to analyse pictures and words in one time-limited psychodynamic art psychotherapy session, here named PDT/Scribbling. The art method was used with a female patient. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to analyse one scribble with its amplification together with the patient's own clarifying words explaining the pictures. In addition, the words spoken before and after scribbling were analysed in order to capture the whole psychotherapeutic process. In the application we coded and categorised colours and elements of the scribbles and amplifications, which together with categories of the patient's own words before and after scribbling resulted in three sub-themes and an overarching theme: permitting herself to leave a victim position and take charge of her life. The conclusion of this methodological paper is that Qualitative Content Analysis is a meaningful method for analysing pictures and words from psychodynamic art psychotherapy sessions, keeping the manifest messages and the latent meanings in the pictures intact.

  • Qualitative Content Analysis in nursing research concepts procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness
    Nurse Education Today, 2004
    Co-Authors: Ulla Hällgren Graneheim, Berit Lundman
    Abstract:

    Qualitative Content Analysis in nursing research : Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.

Mojtaba Vaismoradi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Theme in Qualitative Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis
    2019
    Co-Authors: Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Sherrill Snelgrove
    Abstract:

    Qualitative design consists of various approaches towards data collection, which researchers can use to help with the provision of both cultural and contextual description and interpretation of social phenomena. Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) and thematic Analysis (TA) as Qualitative research approaches are commonly used by researchers across disciplines. There is a gap in the international literature regarding differences between QCA and TA in terms of the concept of a theme and how it is developed. Therefore, in this discussion paper we address this gap in knowledge and present differences and similarities between these Qualitative research approaches in terms of the theme as the final product of data Analysis. We drew on current multidisciplinary literature to support our perspectives and to develop internationally informed analytical notions of the theme in QCA and TA. We anticipate that improving knowledge and understanding of theme development in QCA and TA will support other researchers in selecting the most appropriate Qualitative approach to answer their study question, provide high-quality and trustworthy findings, and remain faithful to the analytical requirements of QCA and TA.

  • directed Qualitative Content Analysis the description and elaboration of its underpinning methods and data Analysis process
    Journal of Research in Nursing, 2018
    Co-Authors: Abdolghader Assarroudi, Mohammad Reza Armat, Fatemeh Heshmati Nabavi, Abbas Ebadi, Mojtaba Vaismoradi
    Abstract:

    Qualitative Content Analysis consists of conventional, directed and summative approaches for data Analysis. They are used for provision of descriptive knowledge and understandings of the phenomenon...

  • theme development in Qualitative Content Analysis and thematic Analysis
    Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Jacqueline Jones, Hannele Turunen, Sherrill Snelgrove
    Abstract:

    Sufficient knowledge is available about the definition, details and differences of Qualitative Content and thematic Analysis as two approaches of Qualitative descriptive research. However, identifying the main features of theme as the data Analysis product and the method of its development remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of theme and offer a method on theme construction that can be used by Qualitative Content Analysis and thematic Analysis researchers in line with the underpinning specific approach to data Analysis. This methodological paper comprises an analytical overview of Qualitative descriptive research products and the meaning of theme. Also, our practical experiences of Qualitative Analysis supported by relevant published literature informed the generation of a stage like model of theme construction for Qualitative Content Analysis and thematic Analysis. This paper comprises: (i) analytical importance of theme, (ii) meaning of theme, (iii) meaning of category, (iv) theme and category in terms of level of Content, and (v) theme development. This paper offers a conceptual clarification and a pragmatic step by step method of theme development that has the capacity of assisting nurse researchers understand how theme is developed. As nursing is a pragmatic discipline, nurse researchers have tried to develop practical findings and devise some way to “do something” with findings to enhance the action and impact of nursing. The application of a precise method of theme development for Qualitative descriptive data Analysis suggested in this paper helps yield meaningful, credible and practical results for nursing.

Sherrill Snelgrove - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Theme in Qualitative Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis
    2019
    Co-Authors: Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Sherrill Snelgrove
    Abstract:

    Qualitative design consists of various approaches towards data collection, which researchers can use to help with the provision of both cultural and contextual description and interpretation of social phenomena. Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) and thematic Analysis (TA) as Qualitative research approaches are commonly used by researchers across disciplines. There is a gap in the international literature regarding differences between QCA and TA in terms of the concept of a theme and how it is developed. Therefore, in this discussion paper we address this gap in knowledge and present differences and similarities between these Qualitative research approaches in terms of the theme as the final product of data Analysis. We drew on current multidisciplinary literature to support our perspectives and to develop internationally informed analytical notions of the theme in QCA and TA. We anticipate that improving knowledge and understanding of theme development in QCA and TA will support other researchers in selecting the most appropriate Qualitative approach to answer their study question, provide high-quality and trustworthy findings, and remain faithful to the analytical requirements of QCA and TA.

  • theme development in Qualitative Content Analysis and thematic Analysis
    Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mojtaba Vaismoradi, Jacqueline Jones, Hannele Turunen, Sherrill Snelgrove
    Abstract:

    Sufficient knowledge is available about the definition, details and differences of Qualitative Content and thematic Analysis as two approaches of Qualitative descriptive research. However, identifying the main features of theme as the data Analysis product and the method of its development remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of theme and offer a method on theme construction that can be used by Qualitative Content Analysis and thematic Analysis researchers in line with the underpinning specific approach to data Analysis. This methodological paper comprises an analytical overview of Qualitative descriptive research products and the meaning of theme. Also, our practical experiences of Qualitative Analysis supported by relevant published literature informed the generation of a stage like model of theme construction for Qualitative Content Analysis and thematic Analysis. This paper comprises: (i) analytical importance of theme, (ii) meaning of theme, (iii) meaning of category, (iv) theme and category in terms of level of Content, and (v) theme development. This paper offers a conceptual clarification and a pragmatic step by step method of theme development that has the capacity of assisting nurse researchers understand how theme is developed. As nursing is a pragmatic discipline, nurse researchers have tried to develop practical findings and devise some way to “do something” with findings to enhance the action and impact of nursing. The application of a precise method of theme development for Qualitative descriptive data Analysis suggested in this paper helps yield meaningful, credible and practical results for nursing.