Rabies

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Charles E. Rupprecht - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The History of Rabies in Trinidad: Epidemiology and Control Measures
    MDPI AG, 2017
    Co-Authors: Janine F. R. Seetahal, Alexandra Vokaty, Christine V.f. Carrington, Abiodun A. Adesiyun, Ron Mahabir, Avery Q. J. Hinds, Charles E. Rupprecht
    Abstract:

    Vampire bat-transmitted Rabies was first recognized in Trinidad during a major outbreak reported in 1925. Trinidad is the only Caribbean island with vampire bat-transmitted Rabies. We conducted a literature review to describe the changing epidemiology of Rabies in Trinidad and give a historical perspective to Rabies prevention and control measures on the island. The last human case of Rabies occurred in 1937 and although no case of canine-transmitted Rabies was reported since 1914, sporadic outbreaks of bat-transmitted Rabies still occur in livestock to date. Over the last century, seven notable epidemics were recorded in Trinidad with the loss of over 3000 animals. During the 1950s, several measures were effectively adopted for the prevention and control of the disease which led to a significant reduction in the number of cases. These measures include: vampire bat population control, livestock vaccination, and animal surveillance. However, due to lapses in these measures over the years (e.g., periods of limited vampire control and incomplete herd vaccination), epidemics have occurred. In light of the significant negative impact of Rabies on animal production and human health, Rabies surveillance in Trinidad should be enhanced and cases evaluated towards the design and implementation of more evidence-based prevention and control programs

  • transmission dynamics of Rabies in china over the last 40 years 1969 2009
    Journal of Clinical Virology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Shengli Meng, Yongliang Lei, Jiaxin Yan, Susan A Nadindavis, Hong Liu, Dingming Wang, Guanmu Dong, Xiaoming Yang, Charles E. Rupprecht
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Rabies is a serious reemerging zoonosis in China. The molecular evolution and transmission patterns of Rabies virus inferred from historical data can provide guidelines for better disease control and prevention in the future. Objectives To investigate the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of the Rabies virus in China. Study design The molecular evolution of 132 viral glycoprotein gene sequences of Chinese Rabies viruses collected in 17 provinces and 3 municipalities between 1969 and 2009 was analyzed. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chinese Rabies viruses are subdivided into 6 lineages (A–F) within Lyssavirus genotype 1. Lineage A represents the widely dispersed cosmopolitan lineage while lineage B is closely related to Arctic-like Rabies viruses. The remaining lineages (C–F) are typical of those circulating across much of Southeast Asia. The evolutionary rate for Chinese Rabies virus was 1.532×10 −4 substitutions per site per year, and the corresponding common ancestor was in about 1115. Conclusions The phylogeographic structure demonstrated Chinese Rabies viruses have been transmitted intra-provincially and extra-provincially due to human-related activities.

  • Ferret badger Rabies origin and its revisited importance as potential source of Rabies transmission in Southeast China.
    BMC infectious diseases, 2010
    Co-Authors: Ye Liu, Shoufeng Zhang, Jinghui Zhao, Yanli Hou, Fei Zhang, Andres Velasco-villa, Charles E. Rupprecht
    Abstract:

    Background The frequent occurrence of ferret badger-associated human Rabies cases in southeast China highlights the lack of laboratory-based surveillance and urges revisiting the potential importance of this animal in Rabies transmission. To determine if the ferret badgers actually contribute to human and dog Rabies cases, and the possible origin of the ferret badger-associated Rabies in the region, an active Rabies survey was conducted to determine the frequency of Rabies infection and seroprevalence in dogs and ferret badgers.

  • evidence for a 4 dose vaccine schedule for human Rabies post exposure prophylaxis in previously non vaccinated individuals
    Vaccine, 2009
    Co-Authors: Charles E. Rupprecht, Deborah J. Briggs, Catherine M. Brown, Richard Franka, Samuel L. Katz, Harry D. Kerr, Susan M. Lett, Robin Levis, Martin I. Meltzer, William Schaffner
    Abstract:

    After exposure, human Rabies is preventable by prompt application of post-exposure prophylaxis. Historically, the total number of Rabies vaccine doses administered during human prophylaxis has decreased, as modern biologics have improved and scientific knowledge has grown. A review of the literature on Rabies virus pathogenesis, experimental animal studies, clinical trials, epidemiological surveillance, and economic analyses was conducted to determine the potential utility of reducing the current 5-dose intramuscular series of human Rabies vaccine administered in the United States. Based upon the available evidence, a reduced schedule of cell-culture Rabies vaccine, administered on days 0, 3, 7, and 14, given in conjunction with Rabies immune globulin, was supported and recommended by the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.

  • Human Rabies prevention--United States, 2008 : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
    MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports, 2008
    Co-Authors: Deborah J. Briggs, Catherine M. Brown, Richard Franka, Samuel L. Katz, Harry D. Kerr, Susan M. Lett, Robin Levis, Martin I. Meltzer, Paul R. Cieslak, Charles E. Rupprecht
    Abstract:

    These recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) update the previous recommendations on human Rabies prevention (CDC. Human Rabies prevention--United States, 1999: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 1999;48 [No. RR-1]) and reflect the status of Rabies and antiRabies biologics in the United States. This statement 1) provides updated information on human and animal Rabies epidemiology; 2) summarizes the evidence regarding the effectiveness/efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of Rabies biologics; 3) presents new information on the cost-effectiveness of Rabies postexposure prophylaxis; 4) presents recommendations for Rabies postexposure and pre-exposure prophylaxis; and 5) presents information regarding treatment considerations for human Rabies patients. These recommendations involve no substantial changes to the recommended approach for Rabies postexposure or pre-exposure prophylaxis. ACIP recommends that prophylaxis for the prevention of Rabies in humans exposed to Rabies virus should include prompt and thorough wound cleansing followed by passive Rabies immunization with human Rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and vaccination with a cell culture Rabies vaccine. For persons who have never been vaccinated against Rabies, postexposure antiRabies vaccination should always include administration of both passive antibody (HRIG) and vaccine (human diploid cell vaccine [HDCV] or purified chick embryo cell vaccine [PCECV]). Persons who have ever previously received complete vaccination regimens (pre-exposure or postexposure) with a cell culture vaccine or persons who have been vaccinated with other types of vaccines and have previously had a documented Rabies virus neutralizing antibody titer should receive only 2 doses of vaccine: one on day 0 (as soon as the exposure is recognized and administration of vaccine can be arranged) and the second on day 3. HRIG is administered only once (i.e., at the beginning of antiRabies prophylaxis) to previously unvaccinated persons to provide immediate, passive, Rabies virus neutralizing antibody coverage until the patient responds to HDCV or PCECV by actively producing antibodies. A regimen of 5 1-mL doses of HDCV or PCECV should be administered intramuscularly to previously unvaccinated persons. The first dose of the 5-dose course should be administered as soon as possible after exposure (day 0). Additional doses should then be administered on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination. Rabies pre-exposure vaccination should include three 1.0-mL injections of HDCV or PCECV administered intramuscularly (one injection per day on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28). Modifications were made to the language of the guidelines to clarify the recommendations and better specify the situations in which Rabies post- and pre-exposure prophylaxis should be administered. No new Rabies biologics are presented, and no changes were made to the vaccination schedules. However, Rabies vaccine adsorbed (RVA, Bioport Corporation) is no longer available for Rabies postexposure or pre-exposure prophylaxis, and intradermal pre-exposure prophylaxis is no longer recommended because it is not available in the United States.

Hervé Bourhy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mathematical modelling and phylodynamics for the study of dog Rabies dynamics and control: A scoping review
    PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2021
    Co-Authors: Maylis Layan, Simon Dellicour, Guy Baele, Simon Cauchemez, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    Background: Rabies is a fatal yet vaccine-preventable disease. In the last two decades, domestic dog populations have been shown to constitute the predominant reservoir of Rabies in developing countries, causing 99% of human Rabies cases. Despite substantial control efforts, dog Rabies is still widely endemic and is spreading across previously Rabies-free areas. Developing a detailed understanding of dog Rabies dynamics and the impact of vaccination is essential to optimize existing control strategies and developing new ones. In this scoping review, we aimed at disentangling the respective contributions of mathematical models and phylodynamic approaches to advancing the understanding of Rabies dynamics and control in domestic dog populations. We also addressed the methodological limitations of both approaches and the remaining issues related to studying Rabies spread and how this could be applied to Rabies control. Methodology/principal findings: We reviewed how mathematical modelling of disease dynamics and phylodynamics have been developed and used to characterize dog Rabies dynamics and control. Through a detailed search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, we identified a total of n = 59 relevant studies using mathematical models (n = 30), phylodynamic inference (n = 22) and interdisciplinary approaches (n = 7). We found that despite often relying on scarce Rabies epidemiological data, mathematical models investigated multiple aspects of Rabies dynamics and control. These models confirmed the overwhelming efficacy of massive dog vaccination campaigns in all settings and unraveled the role of dog population structure and frequent introductions in dog Rabies maintenance. Phylodynamic approaches successfully disentangled the evolutionary and environmental determinants of Rabies dispersal and consistently reported support for the role of reintroduction events and human-mediated transportation over long distances in the maintenance of Rabies in endemic areas. Potential biases in data collection still need to be properly accounted for in most of these analyses. Finally, interdisciplinary studies were determined to provide the most comprehensive assessments through hypothesis generation and testing. They also represent new avenues, especially concerning the reconstruction of local transmission chains or clusters through data integration. Conclusions/significance: Despite advances in Rabies knowledge, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the mechanisms of local spread, the role of wildlife in dog Rabies maintenance, and the impact of community behavior on the efficacy of control strategies including vaccination of dogs. Future integrative approaches that use phylodynamic analyses and mechanistic models within a single framework could take full advantage of not only viral sequences but also additional epidemiological information as well as dog ecology data to refine our understanding of Rabies spread and control. This would represent a significant improvement on past studies and a promising opportunity for canine Rabies research in the frame of the One Health concept that aims to achieve better public health outcomes through cross-sector collaboration.

  • Rabies transmission risks during peripartum--Two cases and a review of the literature.
    Vaccine, 2016
    Co-Authors: Christiane Tshabu Aguèmon, Arnaud Tarantola, Eugène Zoumènou, Sophie Goyet, Pamphile Assouto, Serge Mewanou, Hervé Bourhy, Betty Dodet, Abdou-rahmann Aguèmon
    Abstract:

    We report two cases of probable Rabies in near-term/at-term pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. One baby was delivered by caesarean section and the other one vaginally. Both received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), including RIG and vaccine and both are alive and healthy, at 9 and 24 months, respectively. We found 14 other published cases of infants born from rabid mothers. One confirmed case of Rabies transmission occurred. The other children born from rabid mothers, with or without caesarean section, did not acquire Rabies, and were still healthy at the time of reporting, with or without post-exposure prophylaxis. Mother-to-child transmission of Rabies is possible, but rare, because Rabies virus is not present in blood and exposure of the baby's mucosa to maternal infectious fluids and tissue seems limited. A conservative approach should however, be adopted, and Rabies PEP, including RIG, be administered as soon as possible to babies born from probably rabid mothers. Whether cesarean-section clearly provides prevention remains unclear. Rabies can be prevented in pregnant women by PEP administration. Rabies cell-culture vaccines are safe and effective and can be administered to pregnant and lactating women, as well as newborns. Efforts must focus on raising Rabies awareness in the general population, as well as in healthcare workers.

  • multicenter comparative study of a new elisa platelia Rabies ii for the detection and titration of anti Rabies glycoprotein antibodies and comparison with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test rffit on human samples from vaccinated and non vaccinated people
    Vaccine, 2007
    Co-Authors: M Feyssaguet, Laurent Dacheux, L Audry, A Compoint, J L Morize, I Blanchard, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    Abstract The envelope glycoprotein G of Rabies virus induces the production of neutralising antibodies, which are important in protection against Rabies. Therefore, titration of anti-envelope glycoprotein antibodies is a good indicator of the degree of immunity in people during anti-Rabies treatment or after vaccination. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, a booster vaccine dose should be given if the Rabies antibody titre falls below 0.5 IU/ml. Titration of anti-Rabies antibodies is also useful for plasma centers in the preparation and standardization of human anti-Rabies gamma-globulins for therapeutic use and to a lesser extent for the diagnosis of Rabies in human sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This paper presents a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PLATELIA™ Rabies II, developed for Rabies envelope glycoprotein antibody detection or titration and its comparison to the current reference method (RFFIT). The data collected during validation of the test in a multicenter study are analysed to give a sound overall knowledge of the capabilities of the PLATELIA™ Rabies II, for instance specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, detection limit and quantitation limit. To this aim, human serum samples from a total of 1348 vaccinated or non-vaccinated people were tested in parallel using the new ELISA and the RFFIT for the presence of anti-Rabies antibodies. Data generated indicate a linear relationship across the range of titration between the two methods. The sensitivity reaches 98.6% and the specificity 99.4%. This study indicates that this new ELISA test is as sensitive and specific as the current standardized reference method. The method is simple, safe, rapid and can be considered as a useful alternative to the neutralisation test.

Shigui Ruan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • modeling the transmission dynamics and control of Rabies in china
    Bellman Prize in Mathematical Biosciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Shigui Ruan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Human Rabies was first recorded in ancient China in about 556 BC and is still one of the major public-health problems in China. From 1950 to 2015, 130,494 human Rabies cases were reported in Mainland China with an average of 1977 cases per year. It is estimated that 95% of these human Rabies cases are due to dog bites. The purpose of this article is to provide a review about the models, results, and simulations that we have obtained recently on studying the transmission of Rabies in China. We first construct a basic susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered (SEIR) type model for the spread of Rabies virus among dogs and from dogs to humans and use the model to simulate the human Rabies data in China from 1996 to 2010. Then we modify the basic model by including both domestic and stray dogs and apply the model to simulate the human Rabies data from Guangdong Province, China. To study the seasonality of Rabies, in Section 4 we further propose a SEIR model with periodic transmission rates and employ the model to simulate the monthly data of human Rabies cases reported by the Chinese Ministry of Health from January 2004 to December 2010. To understand the spatial spread of Rabies, in Section 5 we add diffusion to the dog population in the basic SEIR model to obtain a reaction–diffusion equation model and determine the minimum wave speed connecting the disease-free equilibrium to the endemic equilibrium. Finally, in order to investigate how the movement of dogs affects the geographically inter-provincial spread of Rabies in Mainland China, in Section 6 we propose a multi-patch model to describe the transmission dynamics of Rabies between dogs and humans and use the two-patch submodel to investigate the Rabies virus clades lineages and to simulate the human Rabies data from Guizhou and Guangxi, Hebei and Fujian, and Sichuan and Shaanxi, respectively. Some discussions are provided in Section 7 .

  • dynamics of Rabies epidemics and the impact of control efforts in guangdong province china
    Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Qiang Hou, Shigui Ruan, Zhen Jin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Rabies is a major public health problem in some developing countries including China. One of the reasons is that there is a very large number of dogs, both domestic and stray, especially in Guangdong Province which has the third most Rabies cases (after Guangxi and Hunan) among the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in Mainland China, and at least 18.2% of the human Rabies cases are caused by stray dogs. In this paper, based on the reported data and characteristics of the Rabies infection in Guangdong Province, we propose a mathematical model for the dog–human transmission of Rabies. We first determine the basic reproduction number R0 and discuss the stability of the disease-free equilibrium and persistence of the disease. By carrying out sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number in terms of some parameters, we find that the domestic dog vaccination rate, the recruitment rate of domestic dogs, and the quantity of stray dogs play important roles in the transmission of Rabies. This study suggests that Rabies control and prevention strategies should include public education and awareness about Rabies, increase of the domestic dog vaccination rate and reduction of the stray dog population.

  • analysis of Rabies in china transmission dynamics and control
    PLOS ONE, 2011
    Co-Authors: Juan Zhang, Zhen Jin, Guiquan Sun, Tao Zhou, Shigui Ruan
    Abstract:

    Human Rabies is one of the major public-health problems in China. The number of human Rabies cases has increased dramatically in the last 15 years, partially due to the poor understanding of the transmission dynamics of Rabies and the lack of effective control measures of the disease. In this article, in order to explore effective control and prevention measures we propose a deterministic model to study the transmission dynamics of Rabies in China. The model consists of susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered subpopulations of both dogs and humans and describes the spread of Rabies among dogs and from infectious dogs to humans. The model simulations agree with the human Rabies data reported by the Chinese Ministry of Health. We estimate that the basic reproduction number for the Rabies transmission in China and predict that the number of the human Rabies is decreasing but may reach another peak around 2030. We also perform some sensitivity analysis of in terms of the model parameters and compare the effects of culling and immunization of dogs. Our study demonstrates that (i) reducing dog birth rate and increasing dog immunization coverage rate are the most effective methods for controlling Rabies in China; and (ii) large scale culling of susceptible dogs can be replaced by immunization of them.

Cathleen A. Hanlon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • identification and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody that potently neutralizes a broad panel of Rabies virus isolates
    Vaccine, 2007
    Co-Authors: Susan E Sloan, Josh Self, Kirk J Rowley, Robert Mandell, William C. Weldon, Jesse D. Blanton, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Gregory J. Babcock, Michael Niezgoda, William D. Thomas
    Abstract:

    Rabies is a zoonosis that results in millions of human exposures worldwide each year. Human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) that neutralize Rabies virus may represent one viable strategy for post-exposure prophylaxis in humans, and have many advantages over current human or equine Rabies immune globulin. Transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes were used to isolate human monoclonal antibodies that neutralized Rabies virus. Several HuMAbs were identified that neutralized Rabies virus variants from a broad panel of isolates of public health significance. HuMAb 17C7 was the most promising antibody identified because it neutralized all Rabies virus isolates tested. HuMAb 17C7 recognizes a conformational epitope on the Rabies virus glycoprotein which includes antigenic site III. HuMAb 17C7 protected hamsters from a lethal dose of Rabies virus in a well-established in vivo model of post-exposure prophylaxis.

  • vaccination of small asian mongoose herpestes javanicus against Rabies
    Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2006
    Co-Authors: Jesse D. Blanton, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Bernhard Dietzschold, Anastasia Meadows, Staci M Murphy, Jamie Manangan, Marieluise Faber, Charles E. Rupprecht
    Abstract:

    Oral vaccination of free-ranging wildlife is a promising technique in Rabies control. The small Asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) is an important reservoir of Rabies on several Caribbean islands, but no vaccines have been evaluated for this species. Captive mongooses were used to test the safety and efficacy of the commercially licensed vaccinia-Rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) recombinant vaccine and a newly developed genetically engineered oral Rabies virus vaccine (SPBNGA-S). In one study using V-RG, no vaccinated animals developed detectable Rabies virus–neutralizing antibodies, and all but one died after experimental challenge with Rabies virus. In contrast, all animals given SPBNGA-S demonstrated seroconversion within 7 to 14 days after vaccination and survived Rabies virus challenge. On the basis of these preliminary results indicating the greater efficacy of SPBNGA-S vs. V-RG vaccine, additional investigations will be necessary to determine the optimal dose and duration of vaccination, as well as inc...

  • comparison of an anti Rabies human monoclonal antibody combination with human polyclonal anti Rabies immune globulin
    The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2006
    Co-Authors: Jaap Goudsmit, William C. Weldon, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Bernhard Dietzschold, Michael Niezgoda, Wilfred E Marissen, Amy B Rice, John De Kruif, Alexander Berthold Hendrik Bakker, Charles E. Rupprecht
    Abstract:

    The World Health Organization estimates human mortality from endemic canine Rabies to be 55,000 deaths/year. Limited supply hampers the accessibility of appropriate lifesaving treatment, particularly in areas where Rabies is endemic. Anti-Rabies antibodies are key to protection against lethal Rabies. Currently, only human and equine polyclonal anti-Rabies immune globulin (HRIG and ERIG) is available. Replacement of HRIG and ERIG with a safer and more widely available product is recommended. We have recently identified a combination of 2 human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), CR57 and CR4098, that has high potential. We here describe a head-to-head comparison between an CR57/CR4098 MAb cocktail and HRIG. The MAb cocktail neutralized all viruses from a panel of 26 representative street Rabies virus isolates. In combination with vaccine, the MAb cocktail protected Syrian hamsters against lethal Rabies when administered 24 h after exposure, comparable with the results obtained with HRIG. Furthermore, the MAb cocktail did not interfere with Rabies vaccine differently from HRIG. These results demonstrate that the human MAb cocktail of CR57 and CR4098 is a safe and efficacious alternative to RIG in Rabies postexposure prophylaxis.

  • skunk and raccoon Rabies in the eastern united states temporal and spatial analysis
    Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2003
    Co-Authors: Marta Guerra, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht, Aaron T. Curns, John W. Krebs, James E. Childs
    Abstract:

    Since 1981, an epizootic of raccoon Rabies has spread throughout the eastern United States. A concomitant increase in reported Rabies cases in skunks has raised concerns that an independent maintenance cycle of Rabies virus in skunks could become established, affecting current strategies of wildlife Rabies control programs. Rabies surveillance data from 1981 through 2000 obtained from the health departments of 11 eastern states were used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of Rabies epizootics in each species. Spatial analysis indicated that epizootics in raccoons and skunks moved in a similar direction from 1990 to 2000. Temporal regression analysis showed that the number of rabid raccoons predicted the number of rabid skunks through time, with a 1-month lag. In areas where the raccoon Rabies virus variant is enzootic, spatiotemporal analysis does not provide evidence that this Rabies virus variant is currently cycling independently among skunks.

  • human infection due to recombinant vaccinia Rabies glycoprotein virus
    The New England Journal of Medicine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Charles E. Rupprecht, Lillian A Orciari, Michael Niezgoda, Marta Guerra, Robert V Gibbons, Leonard Blass, Kathy Smith, Sylvia G Whitfield, Cathleen A. Hanlon
    Abstract:

    Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted from animals to humans. It causes more than 35,000 human deaths per year.1 Successful application of veterinary vaccines can eliminate canine Rabies in an area, but control of Rabies in free-ranging carnivores requires other strategies, such as oral vaccination.2 Live viral vaccines containing modified live Rabies or recombinant vaccinia–Rabies glycoprotein virus, placed in a bait, are used for disease control in Europe and North America.2–5 In the United States, more than 22 million doses of vaccinia–Rabies glycoprotein vaccine were distributed from 1990 to 2000, mainly to control Rabies in raccoons in the . . .

Michael Niezgoda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • clinical management and humoral immune responses to Rabies post exposure prophylaxis among three patients who received solid organs from a donor with Rabies
    Transplant Infectious Disease, 2015
    Co-Authors: Neil M. Vora, Ryan M Wallace, Lillian A Orciari, Michael Niezgoda, Gennaro Selvaggi, Valentina Stosor, G M Lyon, Julie Gabel, Danielle Stanek, P Jenkins
    Abstract:

    Background The Rabies virus causes a fatal encephalitis and can be transmitted through organ transplantation. In 2013, a man developed Rabies 18 months after receiving a kidney from a donor with Rabies, who was not known to have been infected when the organs were procured. Three additional persons who received organs from the same donor (liver, kidney, heart), all of whom were not vaccinated for Rabies before transplantation, received Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with Rabies immune globulin and 5 doses of Rabies vaccine as soon as the diagnosis of Rabies was made in the donor (18 months after their transplant surgeries). We describe their clinical management.

  • identification and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody that potently neutralizes a broad panel of Rabies virus isolates
    Vaccine, 2007
    Co-Authors: Susan E Sloan, Josh Self, Kirk J Rowley, Robert Mandell, William C. Weldon, Jesse D. Blanton, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Gregory J. Babcock, Michael Niezgoda, William D. Thomas
    Abstract:

    Rabies is a zoonosis that results in millions of human exposures worldwide each year. Human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) that neutralize Rabies virus may represent one viable strategy for post-exposure prophylaxis in humans, and have many advantages over current human or equine Rabies immune globulin. Transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes were used to isolate human monoclonal antibodies that neutralized Rabies virus. Several HuMAbs were identified that neutralized Rabies virus variants from a broad panel of isolates of public health significance. HuMAb 17C7 was the most promising antibody identified because it neutralized all Rabies virus isolates tested. HuMAb 17C7 recognizes a conformational epitope on the Rabies virus glycoprotein which includes antigenic site III. HuMAb 17C7 protected hamsters from a lethal dose of Rabies virus in a well-established in vivo model of post-exposure prophylaxis.

  • comparison of an anti Rabies human monoclonal antibody combination with human polyclonal anti Rabies immune globulin
    The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2006
    Co-Authors: Jaap Goudsmit, William C. Weldon, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Bernhard Dietzschold, Michael Niezgoda, Wilfred E Marissen, Amy B Rice, John De Kruif, Alexander Berthold Hendrik Bakker, Charles E. Rupprecht
    Abstract:

    The World Health Organization estimates human mortality from endemic canine Rabies to be 55,000 deaths/year. Limited supply hampers the accessibility of appropriate lifesaving treatment, particularly in areas where Rabies is endemic. Anti-Rabies antibodies are key to protection against lethal Rabies. Currently, only human and equine polyclonal anti-Rabies immune globulin (HRIG and ERIG) is available. Replacement of HRIG and ERIG with a safer and more widely available product is recommended. We have recently identified a combination of 2 human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), CR57 and CR4098, that has high potential. We here describe a head-to-head comparison between an CR57/CR4098 MAb cocktail and HRIG. The MAb cocktail neutralized all viruses from a panel of 26 representative street Rabies virus isolates. In combination with vaccine, the MAb cocktail protected Syrian hamsters against lethal Rabies when administered 24 h after exposure, comparable with the results obtained with HRIG. Furthermore, the MAb cocktail did not interfere with Rabies vaccine differently from HRIG. These results demonstrate that the human MAb cocktail of CR57 and CR4098 is a safe and efficacious alternative to RIG in Rabies postexposure prophylaxis.

  • human infection due to recombinant vaccinia Rabies glycoprotein virus
    The New England Journal of Medicine, 2001
    Co-Authors: Charles E. Rupprecht, Lillian A Orciari, Michael Niezgoda, Marta Guerra, Robert V Gibbons, Leonard Blass, Kathy Smith, Sylvia G Whitfield, Cathleen A. Hanlon
    Abstract:

    Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted from animals to humans. It causes more than 35,000 human deaths per year.1 Successful application of veterinary vaccines can eliminate canine Rabies in an area, but control of Rabies in free-ranging carnivores requires other strategies, such as oral vaccination.2 Live viral vaccines containing modified live Rabies or recombinant vaccinia–Rabies glycoprotein virus, placed in a bait, are used for disease control in Europe and North America.2–5 In the United States, more than 22 million doses of vaccinia–Rabies glycoprotein vaccine were distributed from 1990 to 2000, mainly to control Rabies in raccoons in the . . .