The Experts below are selected from a list of 2739 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Dejian Shen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag on cRacking potential of high performance concrete at early age
2020Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Shuaishuai Zhu, Yang Jiao, Yan Gao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract In recent years, high performance concrete (HPC) has been fully developed and put into widespread use in the actual project. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) has been widely used in HPC as a mineral admixture to improve the comprehensive workability. Nowadays, Temperature Stress Test Machine (TSTM) has been used to investigate the cRacking potential of concrete. The influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC has been investigated. However, investigations on the influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC under adiabatic condition at full uniaxial restraint degree by using TSTM remain lacking. Investigations on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC with different GGBFS contents (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) under adiabatic condition at full uniaxial restraint degree by using TSTM were conducted in the present study. The experimental results and related analysis indicated that (1) the addition of GGBFS reduced early-age temperature rise, temperature drop, cRacking stress, cRacking temperature, and stress reserve of HPC; (2) the autogenous shrinkage and integrated criterion of HPC increased with the increasing GGBFS content at early age; (3) the early-age cRacking potential of HPC increased with the increasing GGBFS content, and the optimal GGBFS content shall not exceed 20% in the present study.
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influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag on early age cRacking potential of internally cured high performance concrete
2020Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Zhizhuo Feng, Yang Jiao, Jiacheng Kang, Yongqiang ShenAbstract:Abstract High performance concrete (HPC) with low water-to-binder ( w / b ) ratio has been used widely in the actual project. However, high autogenous shrinkage induced by the low w / b ratio would cause the residual tensile stress in HPC when the shrinkage is restrained. The cRacking may occur in HPC if the residual tensile stress exceeds the developing tensile strength. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) has been used widely in the mixture of HPC as a kind of mineral admixture. The influence of GGBFS on the cRacking potential of concrete has been studied. However, investigations on the influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of internally cured high performance concrete (ICC) with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) as an internal curing (IC) agent by using the ring test are still lacking. Investigations on the early-age cRacking potential of ICC with different GGBFS contents (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) by using the ring test were conducted in the present study. Results and corresponding analysis showed that: (1) the free shrinkage strain, residual tensile stress, stress relaxation, cRacking potential parameter, and stress rate of ICC with SAPs decreased with the increase of GGBFS content; (2) the early-age cRacking potential of ICC with SAPs based on the cRacking potential parameter and stress rate decreased with the increase of GGBFS content. The results in the present study could be used to evaluate the influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of ICC with SAPs.
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Effect of polypropylene plastic fibers length on cRacking resistance of high performance concrete at early age
2020Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Xiaoguang Zhao, Xingzuo Liu, Xuan Zeng, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract Fibers reinforcement which is an effective mean to improve the cRacking resistance of high performance concrete (HPC) is widely applied in practice. The early-age cRacking resistance is improved by the addition of polypropylene plastic fibers, which is also affected by the length of fibers. Although investigations on the effect of content of polypropylene plastic fibers on the properties of HPC were carried out, investigations on the effect of length of polypropylene plastic fibers on the cRacking resistance of HPC remain lacking. In present study, the effect of length of polypropylene plastic fibers on the early-age properties of HPC was investigated by Temperature Stress Test Machine. The test results and corresponding analysis indicated that: (1) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the temperature drop at cRacking time of HPC; (2) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the absolute value of autogenous shrinkage of HPC; (3) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the ratio of cRacking stress to axial tensile strength and stress reserve of HPC; (4) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the specific tensile creep of HPC; (5) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the cRacking resistance of HPC.
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influence of barchip fiber length on early age behavior and cRacking resistance of concrete internally cured with super absorbent polymers
2019Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Ci Liu, Xiaoguang Zhao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract High performance concrete (HPC) has been applied in practical engineering for a wide range owing to its superior performances, including low permeability, high strength, high modulus, and other superior performance. However, with the high internal temperature and self-desiccation that induced by the low water-to-binder (w/b) ratio, HPC suffers high autogenous shrinkage, which leads to the premature cRacking of HPC after peak stress at early age. For the purpose of increasing the cRacking resistance of concrete effectively, Barchip fibers and the internal curing materials are used to improve the early-age properties of concrete. Although researches on the cRacking resistance of HPC reinforced with different contents of Barchip fiber or internally cured with different kinds of internal curing materials have been conducted, studies on the effect of Barchip fiber length on the cRacking resistance of internally cured HPC (ICHPC) with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) at early age are rather lacking. In present research, the effect of length of Barchip fibers (0, 42, 54, and 60 mm) on the early-age cRacking resistance of ICHPC under the adiabatic condition was studied by Temperature Stress Test Machine. Results of the experimental research and related analysis indicated that (1) the splitting tensile strength and compressive strength of HPC increased as the Barchip fibers were applied; (2) the use of SAPs reduced autogenous shrinkage, restrained tensile stress rate, and tensile creep behavior, and increased temperature drop and the cRacking resistance of HPC at early age; (3) the autogenous shrinkage decreased and the temperature drop, cRacking age, cRacking stress of ICHPC increased as the Barchip fiber length increased; (4) the tensile creep behavior of ICHPC increased as the Barchip fibers were applied, and decreased as the Barchip fiber length increased; (5) the cRacking resistance of ICHPC increased first and then decreased as the Barchip fiber length increased, as obtained from the integrated criterion; (6) the poor dispersion of Barchip fibers may result in the decrease of the early age behavior and cRacking resistance of ICHPC when the fiber length exceeded 54 mm.
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early age behavior and cRacking resistance of high strength concrete reinforced with dramix 3d steel fiber
2019Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Xingzuo Liu, Lei Sun, Wenting WangAbstract:Abstract High-strength concrete (HSC) is widely used in practice, which is due to its potential benefits, such as good workability, long durability, low permeability. However, higher autogenous shrinkage occurs owing to the low water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of HSC, which would reduce the cRacking resistance. Therefore, Dramix 3D steel fibers are applied to strengthen the early-age properties of HSC to increase the cRacking resistance. Although investigations on the effect of steel fiber on the properties of HSC have been conducted, investigations on the effect of Dramix 3D steel fiber on the autogenous shrinkage, temperature history, restrained stress, mechanical properties, and cRacking resistance of HSC remain lacking. In present study, Temperature Stress Test Machine (TSTM) was utilized to investigate the properties of HSC reinforced with Dramix 3D steel fiber at early age. The test results and corresponding analysis indicated that: (1) the absolute value of autogenous shrinkage of HSC decreased with the increase of the amount of Dramix 3D steel fiber, and a model for autogenous shrinkage was proposed; (2) the temperature or temperature drop at cRacking time of HSC decreased or increased with the increase of the amount of Dramix 3D steel fiber; (3) the stress at room temperature, cRacking stress, ratio of cRacking stress to tensile strength, and stress reserve of HSC increased with the increase of the amount of Dramix 3D steel fiber; (4) the addition of Dramix 3D steel fiber improved the cRacking resistance of HSC.
Guoqing Jiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag on cRacking potential of high performance concrete at early age
2020Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Shuaishuai Zhu, Yang Jiao, Yan Gao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract In recent years, high performance concrete (HPC) has been fully developed and put into widespread use in the actual project. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) has been widely used in HPC as a mineral admixture to improve the comprehensive workability. Nowadays, Temperature Stress Test Machine (TSTM) has been used to investigate the cRacking potential of concrete. The influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC has been investigated. However, investigations on the influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC under adiabatic condition at full uniaxial restraint degree by using TSTM remain lacking. Investigations on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC with different GGBFS contents (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) under adiabatic condition at full uniaxial restraint degree by using TSTM were conducted in the present study. The experimental results and related analysis indicated that (1) the addition of GGBFS reduced early-age temperature rise, temperature drop, cRacking stress, cRacking temperature, and stress reserve of HPC; (2) the autogenous shrinkage and integrated criterion of HPC increased with the increasing GGBFS content at early age; (3) the early-age cRacking potential of HPC increased with the increasing GGBFS content, and the optimal GGBFS content shall not exceed 20% in the present study.
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Effect of polypropylene plastic fibers length on cRacking resistance of high performance concrete at early age
2020Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Xiaoguang Zhao, Xingzuo Liu, Xuan Zeng, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract Fibers reinforcement which is an effective mean to improve the cRacking resistance of high performance concrete (HPC) is widely applied in practice. The early-age cRacking resistance is improved by the addition of polypropylene plastic fibers, which is also affected by the length of fibers. Although investigations on the effect of content of polypropylene plastic fibers on the properties of HPC were carried out, investigations on the effect of length of polypropylene plastic fibers on the cRacking resistance of HPC remain lacking. In present study, the effect of length of polypropylene plastic fibers on the early-age properties of HPC was investigated by Temperature Stress Test Machine. The test results and corresponding analysis indicated that: (1) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the temperature drop at cRacking time of HPC; (2) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the absolute value of autogenous shrinkage of HPC; (3) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the ratio of cRacking stress to axial tensile strength and stress reserve of HPC; (4) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the specific tensile creep of HPC; (5) the increasing length of polypropylene plastic fibers reduced the cRacking resistance of HPC.
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influence of barchip fiber length on early age behavior and cRacking resistance of concrete internally cured with super absorbent polymers
2019Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Ci Liu, Xiaoguang Zhao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract High performance concrete (HPC) has been applied in practical engineering for a wide range owing to its superior performances, including low permeability, high strength, high modulus, and other superior performance. However, with the high internal temperature and self-desiccation that induced by the low water-to-binder (w/b) ratio, HPC suffers high autogenous shrinkage, which leads to the premature cRacking of HPC after peak stress at early age. For the purpose of increasing the cRacking resistance of concrete effectively, Barchip fibers and the internal curing materials are used to improve the early-age properties of concrete. Although researches on the cRacking resistance of HPC reinforced with different contents of Barchip fiber or internally cured with different kinds of internal curing materials have been conducted, studies on the effect of Barchip fiber length on the cRacking resistance of internally cured HPC (ICHPC) with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) at early age are rather lacking. In present research, the effect of length of Barchip fibers (0, 42, 54, and 60 mm) on the early-age cRacking resistance of ICHPC under the adiabatic condition was studied by Temperature Stress Test Machine. Results of the experimental research and related analysis indicated that (1) the splitting tensile strength and compressive strength of HPC increased as the Barchip fibers were applied; (2) the use of SAPs reduced autogenous shrinkage, restrained tensile stress rate, and tensile creep behavior, and increased temperature drop and the cRacking resistance of HPC at early age; (3) the autogenous shrinkage decreased and the temperature drop, cRacking age, cRacking stress of ICHPC increased as the Barchip fiber length increased; (4) the tensile creep behavior of ICHPC increased as the Barchip fibers were applied, and decreased as the Barchip fiber length increased; (5) the cRacking resistance of ICHPC increased first and then decreased as the Barchip fiber length increased, as obtained from the integrated criterion; (6) the poor dispersion of Barchip fibers may result in the decrease of the early age behavior and cRacking resistance of ICHPC when the fiber length exceeded 54 mm.
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Influence of Barchip fiber on early-age cRacking potential of high performance concrete under restrained condition
2018Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Wang Wenting, Liu Jiwei, Xiaoguang Zhao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract High performance concrete (HPC), which is a new-tech concrete, has been widely applied for its good workability, lasting durability, low permeability, and high strength. However, the high temperature rise and high autogenous shrinkage induced by the low water-to-cement (w/c) ratio would increase the early-age cRacking potential in HPC. In order to reduce the cRacking potential of HPC, Barchip fibers are applied to strengthen the early-age properties. Although the influence of Barchip fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete has been studied, investigations on the influence of Barchip fibers on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC under adiabatic condition at uniaxial constant restraint degree are still lacking. The early-age cRacking potential of HPC reinforced with different amounts of Barchip fibers (0, 4, 8, and 12 kg/m3) was tested by Temperature Stress Test Machine under adiabatic condition at full restraint degree in present study. Test results and corresponding analysis indicated that (1) the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were enhanced by the addition of Barchip fibers in HPC; (2) Barchip fibers reduced autogenous shrinkage, restrained tensile stress rate and increased cRacking age, specific tensile creep of early-age HPC; (3) the integrated criterion utilized to evaluate the cRacking potential decreased first and then increased with increasing amount of Barchip fibers; (4) the optimal Barchip fiber amount of 8 kg/m3 was recommended for that poor dispersion and fiber clumping may occur in HPC with excessive addition of Barchip fibers.
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early age tensile creep and cRacking potential of concrete internally cured with pre wetted lightweight aggregate
2017Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Jinliang Jiang, Jiaxin Shen, Yang Jiao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract High-performance concrete (HPC) is widely used in practice due to its potential long-term benefits, such as high strength and low permeability. However, high self-desiccation and high temperature rise occur due to the low water-to-cement ( w / c ) ratio of HPC, both of which would increase the cRacking potential of concrete at early age. Although the creep and cRacking potential of early-age HPC have been investigated, studies on the tensile creep and cRacking potential of internally cured concrete with pre-wetted lightweight aggregates (LWAs) at early age under adiabatic condition at various w / c ratios remain lacking. In present study, the tensile creep and cRacking potential of concrete at early age were experimentally investigated under adiabatic condition using the temperature stress test machine. Test results and corresponding analysis showed that: (1) a model for predicting the compressive strength of concrete was presented in consideration of the influence of pre-wetted LWAs; (2) the adding of pre-wetted LWAs reduced the autogenous shrinkage of concrete with different basic w / c ratios; (3) the basic tensile creep/shrinkage and absolute value of basic tensile creep of internally cured concrete were lower than that of normal concrete when the basic w / c ratios were the same; (4) the basic tensile creep/shrinkage and absolute value of specific basic tensile creep of normal and internally cured concrete at the age of cRacking both increased with the decrease of basic w / c ratio; (5) the cRacking potential of normal and internally cured concrete both increased with the decrease of basic w / c ratio and the adding of pre-wetted LWAs reduced the cRacking potential.
Luca Pelà - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Challenges, Tools and Applications of TRacking Algorithms in the Numerical Modelling of Cracks in Concrete and Masonry Structures
2019Co-Authors: Savvas Saloustros, Miguel Cervera, Luca PelàAbstract:The importance of crack propagation in the structural behaviour of concrete and masonry structures has led to the development of a wide range of finite element methods for crack simulation. A common standpoint in many of them is the use of tRacking algorithms, which identify and designate the location of cracks within the analysed structure. In this way, the crack modelling techniques, smeared or discrete, are applied only to a restricted part of the discretized domain. This paper presents a review of finite element approaches to cRacking focusing on the development and use of tRacking algorithms. These are presented in four categories according to the information necessary for the definition and storage of the crack-path. In addition to that, the most utilised criteria for the selection of the crack propagation direction are summarized. The various algorithmic issues involved in the development of a tRacking algorithm are discussed through the presentation of a local tRacking algorithm based on the smeared crack approach. Challenges such as the modelling of arbitrary and multiple cracks propagating towards more than one direction, as well as multi-directional and intersecting cRacking, are detailed. The presented numerical model is applied to the analysis of small- and large-scale masonry and concrete structures under monotonic and cyclic loading.
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TRacking multi-directional intersecting cracks in numerical modelling of masonry shear walls under cyclic loading
2018Co-Authors: Savvas Saloustros, Miguel Cervera, Luca PelàAbstract:In-plane cyclic loading of masonry walls induces a complex failure pattern composed of multiple diagonal shear cracks, as well as flexural cracks. The realistic modelling of such induced localized cRacking necessitates the use of costly direct numerical simulations with detailed information on both the properties and geometry of masonry components. On the contrary, computationally efficient macro-models using standard smeared-crack approaches often result in a poor representation of fracture in the simulated material, not properly localized and biased by the finite element mesh orientation. This work proposes a possible remedy to these drawbacks of macro-models through the use of a crack-tRacking algorithm. The macro-modelling approach results in an affordable computational cost, while the tRacking algorithm aids the mesh-bias independent and localized representation of cRacking. A novel methodology is presented that allows the simulation of intersecting and multi-directional cracks using tRacking algorithms. This development extends the use of localized crack approaches using tRacking algorithms to a wider field of applications exhibiting multiple, arbitrary and interacting cRacking. The paper presents also a novel formulation including into an orthotropic damage model the description of irreversible deformations under shear loading. The proposed approach is calibrated through the comparison with an experimental test on a masonry shear wall against in-plane cyclic loading.
Yang Jiao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag on cRacking potential of high performance concrete at early age
2020Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Shuaishuai Zhu, Yang Jiao, Yan Gao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract In recent years, high performance concrete (HPC) has been fully developed and put into widespread use in the actual project. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) has been widely used in HPC as a mineral admixture to improve the comprehensive workability. Nowadays, Temperature Stress Test Machine (TSTM) has been used to investigate the cRacking potential of concrete. The influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC has been investigated. However, investigations on the influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC under adiabatic condition at full uniaxial restraint degree by using TSTM remain lacking. Investigations on the early-age cRacking potential of HPC with different GGBFS contents (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) under adiabatic condition at full uniaxial restraint degree by using TSTM were conducted in the present study. The experimental results and related analysis indicated that (1) the addition of GGBFS reduced early-age temperature rise, temperature drop, cRacking stress, cRacking temperature, and stress reserve of HPC; (2) the autogenous shrinkage and integrated criterion of HPC increased with the increasing GGBFS content at early age; (3) the early-age cRacking potential of HPC increased with the increasing GGBFS content, and the optimal GGBFS content shall not exceed 20% in the present study.
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influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag on early age cRacking potential of internally cured high performance concrete
2020Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Zhizhuo Feng, Yang Jiao, Jiacheng Kang, Yongqiang ShenAbstract:Abstract High performance concrete (HPC) with low water-to-binder ( w / b ) ratio has been used widely in the actual project. However, high autogenous shrinkage induced by the low w / b ratio would cause the residual tensile stress in HPC when the shrinkage is restrained. The cRacking may occur in HPC if the residual tensile stress exceeds the developing tensile strength. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) has been used widely in the mixture of HPC as a kind of mineral admixture. The influence of GGBFS on the cRacking potential of concrete has been studied. However, investigations on the influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of internally cured high performance concrete (ICC) with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) as an internal curing (IC) agent by using the ring test are still lacking. Investigations on the early-age cRacking potential of ICC with different GGBFS contents (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) by using the ring test were conducted in the present study. Results and corresponding analysis showed that: (1) the free shrinkage strain, residual tensile stress, stress relaxation, cRacking potential parameter, and stress rate of ICC with SAPs decreased with the increase of GGBFS content; (2) the early-age cRacking potential of ICC with SAPs based on the cRacking potential parameter and stress rate decreased with the increase of GGBFS content. The results in the present study could be used to evaluate the influence of GGBFS on the early-age cRacking potential of ICC with SAPs.
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early age tensile creep and cRacking potential of concrete internally cured with pre wetted lightweight aggregate
2017Co-Authors: Dejian Shen, Jinliang Jiang, Jiaxin Shen, Yang Jiao, Guoqing JiangAbstract:Abstract High-performance concrete (HPC) is widely used in practice due to its potential long-term benefits, such as high strength and low permeability. However, high self-desiccation and high temperature rise occur due to the low water-to-cement ( w / c ) ratio of HPC, both of which would increase the cRacking potential of concrete at early age. Although the creep and cRacking potential of early-age HPC have been investigated, studies on the tensile creep and cRacking potential of internally cured concrete with pre-wetted lightweight aggregates (LWAs) at early age under adiabatic condition at various w / c ratios remain lacking. In present study, the tensile creep and cRacking potential of concrete at early age were experimentally investigated under adiabatic condition using the temperature stress test machine. Test results and corresponding analysis showed that: (1) a model for predicting the compressive strength of concrete was presented in consideration of the influence of pre-wetted LWAs; (2) the adding of pre-wetted LWAs reduced the autogenous shrinkage of concrete with different basic w / c ratios; (3) the basic tensile creep/shrinkage and absolute value of basic tensile creep of internally cured concrete were lower than that of normal concrete when the basic w / c ratios were the same; (4) the basic tensile creep/shrinkage and absolute value of specific basic tensile creep of normal and internally cured concrete at the age of cRacking both increased with the decrease of basic w / c ratio; (5) the cRacking potential of normal and internally cured concrete both increased with the decrease of basic w / c ratio and the adding of pre-wetted LWAs reduced the cRacking potential.
Savvas Saloustros - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Challenges, Tools and Applications of TRacking Algorithms in the Numerical Modelling of Cracks in Concrete and Masonry Structures
2019Co-Authors: Savvas Saloustros, Miguel Cervera, Luca PelàAbstract:The importance of crack propagation in the structural behaviour of concrete and masonry structures has led to the development of a wide range of finite element methods for crack simulation. A common standpoint in many of them is the use of tRacking algorithms, which identify and designate the location of cracks within the analysed structure. In this way, the crack modelling techniques, smeared or discrete, are applied only to a restricted part of the discretized domain. This paper presents a review of finite element approaches to cRacking focusing on the development and use of tRacking algorithms. These are presented in four categories according to the information necessary for the definition and storage of the crack-path. In addition to that, the most utilised criteria for the selection of the crack propagation direction are summarized. The various algorithmic issues involved in the development of a tRacking algorithm are discussed through the presentation of a local tRacking algorithm based on the smeared crack approach. Challenges such as the modelling of arbitrary and multiple cracks propagating towards more than one direction, as well as multi-directional and intersecting cRacking, are detailed. The presented numerical model is applied to the analysis of small- and large-scale masonry and concrete structures under monotonic and cyclic loading.
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TRacking multi-directional intersecting cracks in numerical modelling of masonry shear walls under cyclic loading
2018Co-Authors: Savvas Saloustros, Miguel Cervera, Luca PelàAbstract:In-plane cyclic loading of masonry walls induces a complex failure pattern composed of multiple diagonal shear cracks, as well as flexural cracks. The realistic modelling of such induced localized cRacking necessitates the use of costly direct numerical simulations with detailed information on both the properties and geometry of masonry components. On the contrary, computationally efficient macro-models using standard smeared-crack approaches often result in a poor representation of fracture in the simulated material, not properly localized and biased by the finite element mesh orientation. This work proposes a possible remedy to these drawbacks of macro-models through the use of a crack-tRacking algorithm. The macro-modelling approach results in an affordable computational cost, while the tRacking algorithm aids the mesh-bias independent and localized representation of cRacking. A novel methodology is presented that allows the simulation of intersecting and multi-directional cracks using tRacking algorithms. This development extends the use of localized crack approaches using tRacking algorithms to a wider field of applications exhibiting multiple, arbitrary and interacting cRacking. The paper presents also a novel formulation including into an orthotropic damage model the description of irreversible deformations under shear loading. The proposed approach is calibrated through the comparison with an experimental test on a masonry shear wall against in-plane cyclic loading.
