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Negrino Fabio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estrazione e lavorazione della Radiolarite nell\u2019Appennino emiliano durante l\u2019et\ue0 del Rame: il sito di Ronco del Gatto (Bardi, Parma)
place:Piacenza, 2019Co-Authors: Negrino Fabio, Arobba Daniele, Colombo Marta, Ghiretti Angelo, Serradimigni Marco, Tozzi Carlo, Talamo SahraAbstract:Radiolarite EXPLOITATION AND MANUFACTURING IN THE EMILIAN APENNINE DURING THE COPPER AGE: THE SITE OF RONCO DEL GATTO (BARDI, PARMA). This paper focuses mainly on the results of the more recent excavations at Ronco del Gatto, a quarry site in the Parmesan Apennine. At this site have come to light both Radiolarite quarrying areas and related workshops used to finalize the productions of ogival preforms or pre-manufactured bifaces from which to manufacture arrowheads, daggers or other instruments. Furthermore, we report new radiometric dates and anthracological information allow a better definition of the chronology and environmental context of the site. These show that, in the Ligurian-Emilian Apennine, around the middle of the Fourth Millennium BC, Radiolarite quarries, aimed to a massive production of bifacial foliate artefacts, began to be exploited, at the same time as the first copper ore mines are opened. The presence of large areas of raw material extraction, for which an unusual and collective investment of forces is evident, resulted from a long-term historical process that restructured the economic, social and ideological dimensions of Late Neolithic communities. An apparent territorial fragmentation is also evidenced by a certain cultural "polyphony" combining clear influences from both Italian and non-Italian areas. Within this territory, we can highlight the phenomenon of the menhir-statues, as well as a significant separation of facies between Eastern and Western Liguria and the presence of different burial practices between the Po Valley area and the Apennine. It is as if the social structure of the last Neolithic was deconstructed and reconstructed into a new, completely changed mosaic, when renewed ideological impulses gave rise to communities that defined new symbolic expressions along with a more pronounced social hierarchizatio
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Estrazione e lavorazione della Radiolarite nell’Appennino emiliano durante l’età del Rame: il sito di Ronco del Gatto (Bardi, Parma)
place:Piacenza, 2019Co-Authors: Negrino Fabio, Arobba Daniele, Colombo Marta, Ghiretti Angelo, Serradimigni Marco, Tozzi Carlo, Talamo SahraAbstract:Radiolarite EXPLOITATION AND MANUFACTURING IN THE EMILIAN APENNINE DURING THE COPPER AGE: THE SITE OF RONCO DEL GATTO (BARDI, PARMA). This paper focuses mainly on the results of the more recent excavations at Ronco del Gatto, a quarry site in the Parmesan Apennine. At this site have come to light both Radiolarite quarrying areas and related workshops used to finalize the productions of ogival preforms or pre-manufactured bifaces from which to manufacture arrowheads, daggers or other instruments. Furthermore, we report new radiometric dates and anthracological information allow a better definition of the chronology and environmental context of the site. These show that, in the Ligurian-Emilian Apennine, around the middle of the Fourth Millennium BC, Radiolarite quarries, aimed to a massive production of bifacial foliate artefacts, began to be exploited, at the same time as the first copper ore mines are opened. The presence of large areas of raw material extraction, for which an unusual and collective investment of forces is evident, resulted from a long-term historical process that restructured the economic, social and ideological dimensions of Late Neolithic communities. An apparent territorial fragmentation is also evidenced by a certain cultural "polyphony" combining clear influences from both Italian and non-Italian areas. Within this territory, we can highlight the phenomenon of the menhir-statues, as well as a significant separation of facies between Eastern and Western Liguria and the presence of different burial practices between the Po Valley area and the Apennine. It is as if the social structure of the last Neolithic was deconstructed and reconstructed into a new, completely changed mosaic, when renewed ideological impulses gave rise to communities that defined new symbolic expressions along with a more pronounced social hierarchizatio
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Red Radiolarite availability in W-Liguria? A challenging enigma from Ortovero (Savona, Liguria, Northern Italy)
Société Préhistorique Française, 2016Co-Authors: Negrino Fabio, Starnini Elisabetta, Bertola StefanoAbstract:Les auteurs présentent la récente découverte d'un nouveau site préhistorique à Ortovero, près d’Albenga (province de Savone, Italie) en Ligurie occidentale qui peut être datée sur la base d’observations typologiques à la fin de l’Épigravettien ou au Sauveterrien. La matière première de l’ensemble lithique ressemble à celles des affleurements de Radiolarite rouge de Ligurie orientale, bien que le nombre élevé de pièces réalisées sur ce matériau et la distance aux sources supposées nous amène à considérer cette hypothèse avec prudence. À la lumière des prospections de terrain conduites durant ces dernières années, les auteurs signalent l’existence d’un affleurement inconnu de Radiolarites vitreuses rouges dans les environs du site, correspondant à la formation des « Radiolarites d’Arnasco » qui affleurent non loin d’Ortovero
Talamo Sahra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estrazione e lavorazione della Radiolarite nell’Appennino emiliano durante l’età del Rame: il sito di Ronco del Gatto (Bardi, Parma)
place:Piacenza, 2019Co-Authors: Negrino Fabio, Arobba Daniele, Colombo Marta, Ghiretti Angelo, Serradimigni Marco, Tozzi Carlo, Talamo SahraAbstract:Radiolarite EXPLOITATION AND MANUFACTURING IN THE EMILIAN APENNINE DURING THE COPPER AGE: THE SITE OF RONCO DEL GATTO (BARDI, PARMA). This paper focuses mainly on the results of the more recent excavations at Ronco del Gatto, a quarry site in the Parmesan Apennine. At this site have come to light both Radiolarite quarrying areas and related workshops used to finalize the productions of ogival preforms or pre-manufactured bifaces from which to manufacture arrowheads, daggers or other instruments. Furthermore, we report new radiometric dates and anthracological information allow a better definition of the chronology and environmental context of the site. These show that, in the Ligurian-Emilian Apennine, around the middle of the Fourth Millennium BC, Radiolarite quarries, aimed to a massive production of bifacial foliate artefacts, began to be exploited, at the same time as the first copper ore mines are opened. The presence of large areas of raw material extraction, for which an unusual and collective investment of forces is evident, resulted from a long-term historical process that restructured the economic, social and ideological dimensions of Late Neolithic communities. An apparent territorial fragmentation is also evidenced by a certain cultural "polyphony" combining clear influences from both Italian and non-Italian areas. Within this territory, we can highlight the phenomenon of the menhir-statues, as well as a significant separation of facies between Eastern and Western Liguria and the presence of different burial practices between the Po Valley area and the Apennine. It is as if the social structure of the last Neolithic was deconstructed and reconstructed into a new, completely changed mosaic, when renewed ideological impulses gave rise to communities that defined new symbolic expressions along with a more pronounced social hierarchizatio
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Estrazione e lavorazione della Radiolarite nell\u2019Appennino emiliano durante l\u2019et\ue0 del Rame: il sito di Ronco del Gatto (Bardi, Parma)
place:Piacenza, 2019Co-Authors: Negrino Fabio, Arobba Daniele, Colombo Marta, Ghiretti Angelo, Serradimigni Marco, Tozzi Carlo, Talamo SahraAbstract:Radiolarite EXPLOITATION AND MANUFACTURING IN THE EMILIAN APENNINE DURING THE COPPER AGE: THE SITE OF RONCO DEL GATTO (BARDI, PARMA). This paper focuses mainly on the results of the more recent excavations at Ronco del Gatto, a quarry site in the Parmesan Apennine. At this site have come to light both Radiolarite quarrying areas and related workshops used to finalize the productions of ogival preforms or pre-manufactured bifaces from which to manufacture arrowheads, daggers or other instruments. Furthermore, we report new radiometric dates and anthracological information allow a better definition of the chronology and environmental context of the site. These show that, in the Ligurian-Emilian Apennine, around the middle of the Fourth Millennium BC, Radiolarite quarries, aimed to a massive production of bifacial foliate artefacts, began to be exploited, at the same time as the first copper ore mines are opened. The presence of large areas of raw material extraction, for which an unusual and collective investment of forces is evident, resulted from a long-term historical process that restructured the economic, social and ideological dimensions of Late Neolithic communities. An apparent territorial fragmentation is also evidenced by a certain cultural "polyphony" combining clear influences from both Italian and non-Italian areas. Within this territory, we can highlight the phenomenon of the menhir-statues, as well as a significant separation of facies between Eastern and Western Liguria and the presence of different burial practices between the Po Valley area and the Apennine. It is as if the social structure of the last Neolithic was deconstructed and reconstructed into a new, completely changed mosaic, when renewed ideological impulses gave rise to communities that defined new symbolic expressions along with a more pronounced social hierarchizatio
Peter Baumgartner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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orbital scale changes in redox condition and biogenic silica detrital fluxes of the middle jurassic Radiolarite in tethys sogno lombardy n italy possible link with glaciation
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2016Co-Authors: Masayuki Ikeda, Maximilien Bole, Peter BaumgartnerAbstract:Abstract Orbital forcing has been shown to be a fundamental driver of climate change through both icehouse and greenhouse periods. To reveal the impact of orbital-forcing on the oceanic environment through a greenhouse-icehouse transition, we established ~ 4 Myr-long cyclostratigraphy of the Bajocian-Callovian (Middle Jurassic; ~ 160 Ma) Basal Radiolarites at the Torre De Busi and Corre Di Sogno sections in the Lombardian Basin, N-Italy. Stratigraphic changes in chert abundance (chert/shale thickness ratio) and color (darkness) of Radiolarites show hierarchal periodicities of 8 cm, 16 cm, 40 cm, 160 cm, and ~ 4 m, corresponding to ~ 20 kyr, 40 kyr, 100 kyr, 400 kyr, and ~ 1 Myr cycles based on the biostratigraphic age model. Black cherts in intervals with high chert abundance might reflect oxygen-depleted conditions due to orbital-scale high productivity. On the other hand, black cherts in intervals with low chert abundance (high detrital input) might reflect oxygen-depleted conditions, probably due to orbital-scale sea-level drop and stratification. On 40 kyr and 100 kyr cycles, the anoxic condition occurred in low chert abundance intervals across ~ 8 m above (~ 2 Myr after) the base of the Radiolarites. These results imply that the formation of the restricted basin resulted from tectonic and/or eustatic sea-level drop, which is consistent with increased black chert deposition and redox-sensitive elements abundances (Mo/TOC, Mo/U). Their out-of-phase relationships on the 405 kyr cycle throughout the sequence (~ 4 Myr-long) with increasing amplitude above − 8 M level would be caused possibly by tectonic activity, or more likely by glacio-eustatic sea-level changes reported from sequence stratigraphy, similar to those of the Oligocene to Pliocene glacial cycles, but probably with less amplitude.
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upper triassic to cretaceous radiolaria from nicaragua and northern costa rica the mesquito composite oceanic terrane
Ofioliti, 2008Co-Authors: Peter Baumgartner, Kennet E Flores, Alexandre N Bandini, Daniel CruzAbstract:We propose a new terrane subdivision of Nicaragua and Northern Costa Rica, based on Upper Triassic to Upper Cretaceous radiolarian biochronology of ribbon Radiolarites, the newly studied Siuna Serpentinite Melange, and published 40Ar/39Ar dating and geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic igneous rock units of the area. The new Mesquito Composite Oceanic Terrane (MCOT) comprises the southern half of the Chortis Block, that was assumed to be a continental fragment of N-America. The MCOT is defined by 4 corner localities characterized by ultramafic and mafic oceanic rocks and Radiolarites of Late Triassic, Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age: 1. The Siuna Serpentinite Melange (NE-Nicaragua), 2. The El Castillo Melange (Nicaragua/Costa Rica border), 3.The Santa Elena Ultramafics (N-Costa Rica) and, 4. DSDP Legs 67/84. 1. The Siuna Serpentinite Melange contains, high pressure metamorphic mafics and Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian) Radiolarites in original, sedimentary contact with arc-metandesites. The Siuna Melange also contains Upper Jurassic black detrital chert formed in a marginal (fore-arc?) basin shortly before subduction. A phengite 40Ar/39Ar -cooling age dates the exhumation of the high pressure rocks as 139 Ma (earliest Cretaceous). 2. The El Castillo Melange comprises a Radiolarite block tectonically embedded in serpentinite that yielded a diverse Rhaetian (latest Triassic) radiolarian assemblage, the oldest fossils recovered so far from S-Central America. 3. The Santa Elena Ultramafics of N-Costa Rica together with the serpentinite outcrops near El Castillo (2) in Southern Nicaragua, are the southernmost outcrops of the MCOT. The Santa Elena Unit (3) itself is still undated, but it is thrust onto the middle Cretaceous Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex (SRAC), that contains Lower to Upper Jurassic, highly deformed Radiolarite blocks, probably reworked from the MCOT, which was the upper plate with respect to the SRAC. 4. Serpentinites, metagabbros and basalts have long been known from DSDP Leg 67/84 (3), drilled off Guatemala in the Nicaragua-Guatemala forearc basement. They have been restudied and reveal 40Ar/39Ar dated Upper Triassic to middle Cretaceous enriched Ocean Island Basalts and Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous depleted Island arc rocks of probable Pacific origin. The area between localities 1-4 is largely covered by Tertiary to Recent arcs, but we suspect that its basement is made of oceanic/accreted terranes. Earthquake seismic studies indicate an ill-defined, shallow Moho in this area. The MCOT covers most of Nicaragua and could extend to Guatemala to the W and form the Lower (southern) Nicaragua Rise to the NE. Some basement complexes of Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico may also belong to the MCOT. The Nicoya Complex s. str. has been regarded as an example of Caribbean crust and the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP). However, 40Ar/39Ar - dates on basalts and intrusives indicate ages as old as Early Cretaceous. Highly deformed Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Radiolarites occur as blocks within younger intrusives and basalts. Our interpretation is that Radiolarites became first accreted to the MCOT, then became reworked into the Nicoya Plateau in Late Cretaceous times. This implies that the Nicoya Plateau formed along the Pacific edge of the MCOT, independent form the CLIP and most probably unrelated with he Galapagos hotspot. No Jurassic Radiolarite, no older sediment age than Coniacian-Santonian, and no older 40Ar/39Ar age than 95 Ma is known from S-Central America between SE of Nicoya and Colombia. For us this area represents the trailing edge of the CLIP s. str.
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Evidence for middle Cretaceous accretion at Santa Elena Peninsula (Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex), Costa Rica
Geologica Acta, 2006Co-Authors: Peter Baumgartner, Percy DenyerAbstract:An oceanic assemblage of alkaline basalts, Radiolarites and polymictic breccias forms the tectonic substratum of the Santa Elena Nappe, which is constituted by extensive outcrops of ultramafic and mafic rocks of the Santa Elena Peninsula (NW Costa Rica). The undulating basal contact of this nappe defines several half-windows along the south shores of the Santa Elena Peninsula. Lithologically it is constituted by vesicular pillowed and massive alkaline basaltic flows, alkaline sills, ribbon-bedded and knobby Radiolarites, muddy tuffaceous and detrital turbidites, debris flows and polymictic breccias and megabreccias. Sediments and basalt flows show predominant subvertical dips and occur in packages separated by roughly bed-parallel thrust planes. Individual packages reveal a coherent internal stratigraphy that records younging to the east in all packages and shows rapid coarsening upwards of the detrital facies. Alkaline basalt flows, pillow breccias and sills within Radiolarite successions are genetically related to a mid-Cretaceous submarine seamount. Detrital sedimentary facies range form distal turbidites to proximal debris flows and culminate in megabreccias related to collapse and mass wasting in an accretionary prism. According to radiolarian dating, bedded Radiolarites and soft-sediment-deformed clasts in the megabreccias formed in a short, late Aptian to Cenomanian time interval. Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous radiolarian ages are found in clasts and blocks reworked from an older oceanic basement. We conclude that the oceanic assemblage beneath the Santa Elena Nappe does not represent a continuous stratigraphic succession. It is a pile of individual thrust sheets constituting an accretionary sequence, where intrusion and extrusion of alkaline basalts, sedimentation of Radiolarites, turbidites and trench fill chaotic sediments occurred during the Aptian-Cenomanian. These thrust sheets formed shortly before the off-scraping and accretion of the complex. Here we define the Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex and propose a new hypothesis not considered in former interpretations. This hypothesis would be the basis for further research.
Robertson A - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The ophiolite-related Mersin Melange, southern Turkey: its role in the tectonic-sedimentary setting of Tethys in the Eastern
'Cambridge University Press (CUP)', 2004Co-Authors: Parlak O, Robertson AAbstract:WOS: 000222988100001The Mersin Melange underlies the intact Mersin Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole to the south of the Mesozoic Tauride Carbonate Platform in southern Turkey The Melange varies from chaotic melange to broken formation, in which some stratigraphic continuity can be recognized. Based on study of the broken formation, four lithological associations are recognized: (1) shallow-water platform association, dominated by Upper Palaeozoic-Lower Cretaceous neritic carbonates; (2) rift-related volcanogenic- terrigenous-pelagic association, mainly Upper Triassic andesitic-acidic volcanogenic rocks, siliciclastic gravity flows, basinal carbonates and Radiolarites; (3) within-plate-type basalt Radiolarite-pelagic limestone association, interpreted as Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous seamounts with associated radiolarian sediments and Upper Cretaceous pelagic carbonates; (4) ophiolite-derived association, including fragments of the Upper Cretaceous Mersin Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole. Locally, the ophiolitic melange includes granite that yielded a K/Ar radiometric age of 375.7 +/- 10.5 Ma (Late Devonian). This granite appears to be subduction influenced based on 'immobile' element composition. The Mersin Melange documents the following history: (1) Triassic rifting of the Tauride continent; (2) Jurassic-Cretaceous passive margin subsidence; (3) oceanic seamount genesis; (4) Cretaceous supra-subduction zone ophiolite genesis; (5) Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic convergence/metamorphic sole formation, and (6) latest Cretaceous emplacement onto the Tauride microcontinent and related backthrusting. Regional comparisons show that the restored Mersin Melange is similar to the Beysehir-Hoyran Nappes further northwest and a northerly origin best fits the regional geological picture. These remnants of a North-Neotethys (Inner Tauride Ocean) were formed and emplaced to the north of the Tauride Carbonate Platform. They are dissimilar to melanges and related units in northern Syria, western Cyprus and southwestern Turkey, which are interpreted as remnants of a South-Neotethys. Early high-temperature ductile transport lineations within amphibolites of the metamorphic sole of the Mersin ophiolite are generally orientated E-W, possibly resulting from vertical-axis rotation of the ophiolite while still in an oceanic setting. By contrast, the commonly northward-facing later stage brittle structures are explained by backthrusting of the ophiolite and melange related to exhumation of the partially subducted northern leading edge of the Tauride continent
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The ophiolite-related Mersin Melange, southern Turkey: Its role in the tectonic-sedimentary setting of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region
'Cambridge University Press (CUP)', 2004Co-Authors: Parlak O, Robertson AAbstract:The Mersin Melange underlies the intact Mersin Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole to the south of the Mesozoic Tauride Carbonate Platform in southern Turkey. The Melange varies from chaotic melange to broken formation, in which some stratigraphic continuity can be recognized. Based on study of the broken formation, four lithological associations are recognized: (1) shallow-water platform association, dominated by Upper Palaeozoic-Lower Cretaceous neritic carbonates; (2) rift-related volcanogenic-terrigenous-pelagic association, mainly Upper Triassic andesitic-acidic volcanogenic rocks, siliciclastic gravity flows, basinal carbonates and Radiolarites; (3) within-plate-type basalt-Radiolarite-pelagic limestone association, interpreted as Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous seamounts with associated radiolarian sediments and Upper Cretaceous pelagic carbonates; (4) ophiolite-derived association, including fragments of the Upper Cretaceous Mersin Ophiolite and its metamorphic sole. Locally, the ophiolitic melange includes granite that yielded a K/Ar radiometric age of 375.7 ± 10.5 Ma (Late Devonian). This granite appears to be subduction influenced based on 'immobile' element composition. The Mersin Melange documents the following history: (1) Triassic rifting of the Tauride continent; (2) Jurassic-Cretaceous passive margin subsidence; (3) oceanic seamount genesis; (4) Cretaceous supra-subduction zone ophiolite genesis; (5) Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic convergence/metamorphic sole formation, and (6) latest Cretaceous emplacement onto the Tauride microcontinent and related backthrusting. Regional comparisons show that the restored Mersin Melange is similar to the Beysehir-Hoyran Nappes further northwest and a northerly origin best fits the regional geological picture. These remnants of a North-Neotethys (Inner Tauride Ocean) were formed and emplaced to the north of the Tauride Carbonate Platform. They are dissimilar to melanges and related units in northern Syria, western Cyprus and southwestern Turkey, which are interpreted as remnants of a South-Neotethys. Early high-temperature ductile transport lineations within amphibolites of the metamorphic sole of the Mersin ophiolite are generally orientated E-W, possibly resulting from vertical-axis rotation of the ophiolite while still in an oceanic setting. By contrast, the commonly northward-facing later stage brittle structures are explained by backthrusting of the ophiolite and melange related to exhumation of the partially subducted northern leading edge of the Tauride continent. © 2004 Cambridge University Press
Arobba Daniele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estrazione e lavorazione della Radiolarite nell’Appennino emiliano durante l’età del Rame: il sito di Ronco del Gatto (Bardi, Parma)
place:Piacenza, 2019Co-Authors: Negrino Fabio, Arobba Daniele, Colombo Marta, Ghiretti Angelo, Serradimigni Marco, Tozzi Carlo, Talamo SahraAbstract:Radiolarite EXPLOITATION AND MANUFACTURING IN THE EMILIAN APENNINE DURING THE COPPER AGE: THE SITE OF RONCO DEL GATTO (BARDI, PARMA). This paper focuses mainly on the results of the more recent excavations at Ronco del Gatto, a quarry site in the Parmesan Apennine. At this site have come to light both Radiolarite quarrying areas and related workshops used to finalize the productions of ogival preforms or pre-manufactured bifaces from which to manufacture arrowheads, daggers or other instruments. Furthermore, we report new radiometric dates and anthracological information allow a better definition of the chronology and environmental context of the site. These show that, in the Ligurian-Emilian Apennine, around the middle of the Fourth Millennium BC, Radiolarite quarries, aimed to a massive production of bifacial foliate artefacts, began to be exploited, at the same time as the first copper ore mines are opened. The presence of large areas of raw material extraction, for which an unusual and collective investment of forces is evident, resulted from a long-term historical process that restructured the economic, social and ideological dimensions of Late Neolithic communities. An apparent territorial fragmentation is also evidenced by a certain cultural "polyphony" combining clear influences from both Italian and non-Italian areas. Within this territory, we can highlight the phenomenon of the menhir-statues, as well as a significant separation of facies between Eastern and Western Liguria and the presence of different burial practices between the Po Valley area and the Apennine. It is as if the social structure of the last Neolithic was deconstructed and reconstructed into a new, completely changed mosaic, when renewed ideological impulses gave rise to communities that defined new symbolic expressions along with a more pronounced social hierarchizatio
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Estrazione e lavorazione della Radiolarite nell\u2019Appennino emiliano durante l\u2019et\ue0 del Rame: il sito di Ronco del Gatto (Bardi, Parma)
place:Piacenza, 2019Co-Authors: Negrino Fabio, Arobba Daniele, Colombo Marta, Ghiretti Angelo, Serradimigni Marco, Tozzi Carlo, Talamo SahraAbstract:Radiolarite EXPLOITATION AND MANUFACTURING IN THE EMILIAN APENNINE DURING THE COPPER AGE: THE SITE OF RONCO DEL GATTO (BARDI, PARMA). This paper focuses mainly on the results of the more recent excavations at Ronco del Gatto, a quarry site in the Parmesan Apennine. At this site have come to light both Radiolarite quarrying areas and related workshops used to finalize the productions of ogival preforms or pre-manufactured bifaces from which to manufacture arrowheads, daggers or other instruments. Furthermore, we report new radiometric dates and anthracological information allow a better definition of the chronology and environmental context of the site. These show that, in the Ligurian-Emilian Apennine, around the middle of the Fourth Millennium BC, Radiolarite quarries, aimed to a massive production of bifacial foliate artefacts, began to be exploited, at the same time as the first copper ore mines are opened. The presence of large areas of raw material extraction, for which an unusual and collective investment of forces is evident, resulted from a long-term historical process that restructured the economic, social and ideological dimensions of Late Neolithic communities. An apparent territorial fragmentation is also evidenced by a certain cultural "polyphony" combining clear influences from both Italian and non-Italian areas. Within this territory, we can highlight the phenomenon of the menhir-statues, as well as a significant separation of facies between Eastern and Western Liguria and the presence of different burial practices between the Po Valley area and the Apennine. It is as if the social structure of the last Neolithic was deconstructed and reconstructed into a new, completely changed mosaic, when renewed ideological impulses gave rise to communities that defined new symbolic expressions along with a more pronounced social hierarchizatio
