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Toru Terachi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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multiple origins of cultivated Radishes as evidenced by a comparison of the structural variations in mitochondrial dna of raphanus
Genome, 2003Co-Authors: Hiroshi Yamagishi, Toru TerachiAbstract:Configurations of mitochondrial coxI and orfB gene regions were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in three wild and one cultivated species of Raphanus. A total of 207 individual plants from 60 accessions were used. PCR with five combinations of primers identified five different amplification patterns both in wild and cultivated Radishes. While the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) type of Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm was distinguishable from the normal type, the mtDNAs of normal Radishes were further classified into four types. The variations were common to wild and cultivated Radishes, although contrasting features were found depending on the region of cultivation. These results provide evidence that cultivated Radishes have multiple origins from various wild plants of Raphanus.Key words : Raphanus sativus, origin, PCR, mitochondrial coxI.
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sequence analysis on the mitochondrial orfb locus in normal and ogura male sterile cytoplasms from wild and cultivated Radishes
Current Genetics, 2001Co-Authors: Toru Terachi, Keiko Yamaguchi, Hiroshi YamagishiAbstract:In order to gain a better understanding of the origin and evolution of Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm in radish, sequence analysis was conducted for the mitochondrial locus, orfB, using wild and cultivated Radishes. The nucleotide sequence of the entire coding and flanking regions of orfB (~1 kb) was determined for six Radishes with normal and Ogura cytoplasm and they were classified into three types (types 1–3). The sequence of the 5′ flanking region of orfB was further analyzed in 40 additional plants. Irrespective of the category of radish, plants with Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm contained only the type 1 sequence, whereas plants with normal cytoplasm had either type 2 or type 3. The results suggested that the mutational event, which led to the association of orfB with the male-sterile gene orf138, had occurred only once in the history of Radishes.
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intra and inter specific variations in the mitochondrial gene orf138 of ogura type male sterile cytoplasm from raphanus sativus and raphanus raphanistrum
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2001Co-Authors: H Yamagishi, Toru TerachiAbstract:In order to gain a better understanding of the evolution of Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm in radish, a large-scale sequence analysis of mitochondrial orf138 was conducted using 107 Japanese wild Radishes, 29 cultivated Radishes and seven Raphanus raphanisturum. A single approximately 0.8-kb fragment containing the orf138 locus was amplified from each plant by PCR, and the nucleotide sequence of an entire coding region of orf138 was determined by direct-sequencing procedures. An identical sequence to the published orf138 (Type A) was identified in Japanese wild radish, including a single plant in a population near Kagoshima prefecture where Ogura (1968) first found ’Ogura male-sterile radish’. Thus, it was confirmed that the ’Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm’ was derived from Japanese wild radish, with a Type A orf138 sequence, growing in this area. A total of six nucleotide changes and a single insertion/deletion (indel) were found in orf138 from both wild and cultivated Radishes. By a combination of mutations, the orf138 sequences of the 143 radish plants were classified into nine types. Based on the pattern of mutations and the distribution of orf138 variants, it was concluded that the orf138 variants are derived from Type B or C, after Ogura-type cytoplasm was introduced from R. raphanistrum into Japanese wild radish.
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genetic relationships among japanese wild Radishes raphanus sativus f raphanistroides makino cultivated Radishes and r raphanistrum revealed by rapd analysis
Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1998Co-Authors: Hiroshi Yamagishi, Mitsuru Tateishi, Toru Terachi, Seiji MurayamaAbstract:The phylogenetic relationships among Japanese wild Radishes, cultivated Radishes, and wild R. raphanistrum species were examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. We compared the PCR products of 61 plants belonging to fourteen strains or varieties within the three categories, by using seven 10 mer random primers. Similarity ratios were calculated for all of the combinations of the individual plants based on 73 polymorphic DNA bands and cluster analysis was performed on these ratios using the average linkage method. Within the strains, the Japanese wild Radishes and R. raphanistrum had lower similarity ratios of 51a73%, those of the cultivated Radishes were over 80%. However, these similarity ratios were distinctly higher than those between different strains belonging to the same category. As a consequence, almost all strains and varieties formed unique clusters within themselves. The three strains of the Japanese wild Radishes formed a cohesive cluster, showing a genetic resemblance among them, and they clustered with most of the cultivated Radishes except for 'Tokinashi' and 'Minowase'. R. raphanistrum stood apart from the large cluster that included the cultivated Radishes and Japanese wild Radishes. These results indicate that the Japanese wild Radishes are a part of a large group of cultivated Radishes (R. sativus) which does not include R. raphanistrum.
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molecular and biological studies on male sterile cytoplasm in the cruciferae iii distribution of ogura type cytoplasm among japanese wild Radishes and asian radish cultivars
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1996Co-Authors: Hiroshi Yamagishi, Toru TerachiAbstract:The distribution of Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm among Japanese wild radish populations and Asian cultivated Radishes was studied by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-aided assays using mitochondrial atp6 and orf138 loci as molecular markers. Three separate PCR experiments were performed to amplify the target sequences in normal-type atp6, Ogura-type atp6, and Ogura-specific orf138, and the cytoplasm of each plant was classified as either normal or Ogura. Among 217 wild radish plants, 93 had both Ogura-type atp6 and orf138 (or its modified form), whereas 124 had normal-type atp6. Of the 93 plants with Ogura-type cytoplasm, only a single plant showed male sterility. A complete linkage between Ogura-type atp6 and orf138 loci was found in Japanese wild Radishes, confirming our findings that Ogura-type cytoplasm is distributed widely among Japanese wild radish populations. A modified form of orf138 (orf138-S) was identified in a few wild radish populations in a limited area of Japan, and the nucleotide sequence of the orf138-S revealed a 39-bp deletion shared in common with ‘Kosena’ male-sterile cytoplasm. Among the 44 Asian cultivars analyzed, 40 were determined to have normal cytoplasm since all 4 plants tested in each cultivar showed the same PCR amplification profiles as that of ‘Uchiki-Gensuke’, a reference cultivar with normal cytoplasm. The plants with Ogura-type cytoplasm (or its modified form) were found in 1, 1, and 2 cultivars from Tibet, Japan, and Taiwan, respectively. Except for 1 cultivar from Taiwan, those with Ogura-type cytoplasm included a few plants having male sterility. The multiple and independent introduction of Ogura-type cytoplasm from the wild radish in Asia into these cultivars is suggested.
Hiroshi Yamagishi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of cytoplasmic polymorphisms by pcr rflp of the mitochondrial orfb region in wild and cultivated Radishes raphanus
Plant Breeding, 2004Co-Authors: Hiroshi YamagishiAbstract:In order to determine the genetic relationship between wild and cultivated radish species, and those among the cultivated species, structural and sequence variations in the mitochondrial orfB gene region were studied in one cultivated and two wild species of Raphanus. Using PCR amplification patterns and RFLP of a PCR product of the region, 232 wild and 420 cultivated radish plants were classified into one of three types of orf B variation. The wild radish (especially the Japanese one) showed large polymorphism in each population with eight of 13 Japanese populations studied containing all three types, whereas cultivars were generally monomorphic. Although type I having Ogura male sterile cytoplasm was present with the highest frequency in Japanese wild radish, most cultivars were divided into type 2 or 3 with normal cytoplasm. Type 2 was widely distributed in European, Chinese and major Japanese varieties, while some Chinese varieties and several Japanese local Radishes had type 3 cytoplasm. The comparison provides valuable information about the origin and differentiation of cultivated Radishes and the relationship between cultivated and wild Radishes.
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multiple origins of cultivated Radishes as evidenced by a comparison of the structural variations in mitochondrial dna of raphanus
Genome, 2003Co-Authors: Hiroshi Yamagishi, Toru TerachiAbstract:Configurations of mitochondrial coxI and orfB gene regions were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in three wild and one cultivated species of Raphanus. A total of 207 individual plants from 60 accessions were used. PCR with five combinations of primers identified five different amplification patterns both in wild and cultivated Radishes. While the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) type of Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm was distinguishable from the normal type, the mtDNAs of normal Radishes were further classified into four types. The variations were common to wild and cultivated Radishes, although contrasting features were found depending on the region of cultivation. These results provide evidence that cultivated Radishes have multiple origins from various wild plants of Raphanus.Key words : Raphanus sativus, origin, PCR, mitochondrial coxI.
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sequence analysis on the mitochondrial orfb locus in normal and ogura male sterile cytoplasms from wild and cultivated Radishes
Current Genetics, 2001Co-Authors: Toru Terachi, Keiko Yamaguchi, Hiroshi YamagishiAbstract:In order to gain a better understanding of the origin and evolution of Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm in radish, sequence analysis was conducted for the mitochondrial locus, orfB, using wild and cultivated Radishes. The nucleotide sequence of the entire coding and flanking regions of orfB (~1 kb) was determined for six Radishes with normal and Ogura cytoplasm and they were classified into three types (types 1–3). The sequence of the 5′ flanking region of orfB was further analyzed in 40 additional plants. Irrespective of the category of radish, plants with Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm contained only the type 1 sequence, whereas plants with normal cytoplasm had either type 2 or type 3. The results suggested that the mutational event, which led to the association of orfB with the male-sterile gene orf138, had occurred only once in the history of Radishes.
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genetic relationships among japanese wild Radishes raphanus sativus f raphanistroides makino cultivated Radishes and r raphanistrum revealed by rapd analysis
Journal of The Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 1998Co-Authors: Hiroshi Yamagishi, Mitsuru Tateishi, Toru Terachi, Seiji MurayamaAbstract:The phylogenetic relationships among Japanese wild Radishes, cultivated Radishes, and wild R. raphanistrum species were examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. We compared the PCR products of 61 plants belonging to fourteen strains or varieties within the three categories, by using seven 10 mer random primers. Similarity ratios were calculated for all of the combinations of the individual plants based on 73 polymorphic DNA bands and cluster analysis was performed on these ratios using the average linkage method. Within the strains, the Japanese wild Radishes and R. raphanistrum had lower similarity ratios of 51a73%, those of the cultivated Radishes were over 80%. However, these similarity ratios were distinctly higher than those between different strains belonging to the same category. As a consequence, almost all strains and varieties formed unique clusters within themselves. The three strains of the Japanese wild Radishes formed a cohesive cluster, showing a genetic resemblance among them, and they clustered with most of the cultivated Radishes except for 'Tokinashi' and 'Minowase'. R. raphanistrum stood apart from the large cluster that included the cultivated Radishes and Japanese wild Radishes. These results indicate that the Japanese wild Radishes are a part of a large group of cultivated Radishes (R. sativus) which does not include R. raphanistrum.
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distribution and allelism of restorer genes for ogura cytoplasmic male sterility in wild and cultivated Radishes
Genes & Genetic Systems, 1998Co-Authors: Hiroshi YamagishiAbstract:The distribution of the fertility restorer genes for Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility in Raphanus raphanistrum, Japanese wild radish, and cultivated Radishes (R. sativus) was studied by observing the pollen fertility of the F1's from crosses with a male sterile strain having the Ogura cytoplasm. The restorer gene is widely distributed in the wild species and wild Radishes irrespective of cytoplasm type. Among the cultivated Radishes, the European and Chinese varieties had the restorer gene, while most of the Japanese cultivars did not. The allelism of three restorer genes from R. raphanistrum, Japanese wild radish, and the European cultivar was estimated by the segregation of the fertility in the progenies produced by crosses between strains with different restorer genes. The results suggested that the restorer genes from these three sources were allelic.
David M Barnes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phytochemical composition and biological activity of 8 varieties of radish raphanus sativus l sprouts and mature taproots
Journal of Food Science, 2011Co-Authors: Paul R Hanlon, David M BarnesAbstract:Abstract: Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) are members of the cruciferous vegetable family that contain many classes of biologically active phytochemicals. This study determined the phytochemical composition of the sprouts and mature taproots of 8 radish varieties. Radish sprouts contained significantly greater concentrations of glucosinolates (3.8-fold) and isothiocyanates (8.2-fold) than the mature radish taproot and also contained significantly greater concentrations of phenolics (on average 6.9-fold). The anthocyanin concentrations of the mature radish taproot were significantly greater than in the sprouts of red, pink, and purple varieties. The primary anthocyanidins present in the red and pink radish varieties were pelargonidin and delphinidin, while the primary anthocyanidin in the purple radish variety was cyanidin. Radish sprouts were between 9- and 59-fold more potent than the corresponding mature taproot at activating the antioxidant response element (ARE) in a stably transfected hepatoma cell line. The ARE activity of the radish sprouts and mature taproots was significantly correlated with the total isothiocyanate concentration of the Radishes. Practical Application: Understanding the influence variety and developmental stage has on the biological activity of cruciferous vegetables provides important information for further studies examining the in vivo effects of radish treatment and foundation for providing recommendations to reduce the risk of chronic disease through dietary intervention.
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aqueous extract from the vegetative portion of spanish black radish raphanus sativus l var niger induces detoxification enzyme expression in hepg2 cells
Journal of Functional Foods, 2009Co-Authors: Paul R Hanlon, Melissa G Robbins, Lori D Hammon, David M BarnesAbstract:Abstract The vegetative, or above ground, portion of Radishes are not typically consumed and have not been characterized in terms of their phytochemical content or biological activity. The antioxidant capacity of the freeze-dried vegetative portion of mature Spanish black Radishes (harvested 2 months after planting) was 3.7-, 3.6- and 2.9-fold greater than freeze-dried roots as assayed by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), respectively. No carotenoids were detected in the roots, however the vegetative portion contained 905.0 and 421.2 μg/g of lutein and β-carotene, respectively. Despite differences in glucosinolate composition, a class of compounds related to the induction of detoxification enzymes, the aqueous extracts of roots and the vegetative portion similarly induced quinone reductase activity and the expression of multiple phase I and II detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. When juiced, the resulting freeze-dried juice and pulp of the vegetative portion maintained the ability to induce detoxification enzymes, although there were some differences in the phytochemical contents of these two dried materials. These data demonstrate that the ability of the vegetative portion of Spanish black radish, which has significantly greater antioxidant potential than roots, to induce detoxification enzyme expression was similar to that of the roots.
Paul R Hanlon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phytochemical composition and biological activity of 8 varieties of radish raphanus sativus l sprouts and mature taproots
Journal of Food Science, 2011Co-Authors: Paul R Hanlon, David M BarnesAbstract:Abstract: Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) are members of the cruciferous vegetable family that contain many classes of biologically active phytochemicals. This study determined the phytochemical composition of the sprouts and mature taproots of 8 radish varieties. Radish sprouts contained significantly greater concentrations of glucosinolates (3.8-fold) and isothiocyanates (8.2-fold) than the mature radish taproot and also contained significantly greater concentrations of phenolics (on average 6.9-fold). The anthocyanin concentrations of the mature radish taproot were significantly greater than in the sprouts of red, pink, and purple varieties. The primary anthocyanidins present in the red and pink radish varieties were pelargonidin and delphinidin, while the primary anthocyanidin in the purple radish variety was cyanidin. Radish sprouts were between 9- and 59-fold more potent than the corresponding mature taproot at activating the antioxidant response element (ARE) in a stably transfected hepatoma cell line. The ARE activity of the radish sprouts and mature taproots was significantly correlated with the total isothiocyanate concentration of the Radishes. Practical Application: Understanding the influence variety and developmental stage has on the biological activity of cruciferous vegetables provides important information for further studies examining the in vivo effects of radish treatment and foundation for providing recommendations to reduce the risk of chronic disease through dietary intervention.
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aqueous extract from the vegetative portion of spanish black radish raphanus sativus l var niger induces detoxification enzyme expression in hepg2 cells
Journal of Functional Foods, 2009Co-Authors: Paul R Hanlon, Melissa G Robbins, Lori D Hammon, David M BarnesAbstract:Abstract The vegetative, or above ground, portion of Radishes are not typically consumed and have not been characterized in terms of their phytochemical content or biological activity. The antioxidant capacity of the freeze-dried vegetative portion of mature Spanish black Radishes (harvested 2 months after planting) was 3.7-, 3.6- and 2.9-fold greater than freeze-dried roots as assayed by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), respectively. No carotenoids were detected in the roots, however the vegetative portion contained 905.0 and 421.2 μg/g of lutein and β-carotene, respectively. Despite differences in glucosinolate composition, a class of compounds related to the induction of detoxification enzymes, the aqueous extracts of roots and the vegetative portion similarly induced quinone reductase activity and the expression of multiple phase I and II detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. When juiced, the resulting freeze-dried juice and pulp of the vegetative portion maintained the ability to induce detoxification enzymes, although there were some differences in the phytochemical contents of these two dried materials. These data demonstrate that the ability of the vegetative portion of Spanish black radish, which has significantly greater antioxidant potential than roots, to induce detoxification enzyme expression was similar to that of the roots.
Kenneth J Reimer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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uptake transport and transformation of arsenate in Radishes raphanus sativus
Science of The Total Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Paula G Smith, Iris Koch, Kenneth J ReimerAbstract:The localization and identification of arsenic compounds in terrestrial plants are important for the understanding of arsenic uptake, transformation and translocation within these organisms, and contributes to our understanding of arsenic cycling in the environment. High performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis identified arsenite, arsenate and arsenic(III)–sulphur compounds in leaf, stem and root sections of Rhaphanus sativus (radish) plants grown in both arsenic contaminated mine waste, and arsenic amended liquid cultures. The total arsenic distribution was similar between the plants grown in mine waste and those grown hydroponically. Arsenate was the predominant form of arsenic available in the growth mediums, and after it was taken up by roots, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) imaging indicated that some of the arsenate was transported to the shoots via the xylem. Additionally, arsenate was reduced by the plant and arsenic(III)–sulphur compound(s) accounted for the majority of arsenic in the leaf and stem of living plants. In this study the application of synchrotron techniques permitted the identification of arsenic(III)–sulphur species which were “invisible” to conventional HPLC-ICP-MS analysis.
