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Hazlie Mokhlis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ramp Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic pv sources a review
    Journal of energy storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

  • Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic (PV) sources—A review
    Journal of Energy Storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

  • Ramp-Rate control approach based on dynamic smoothing parameter to mitigate solar PV output fluctuations
    International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Hazlie Mokhlis, Saad Mekhilef, M. Karimi, Safdar Raza
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this paper a new Ramp-Rate control stRategy based on exponential smoothing (ES) method is proposed. Different from conventional ES, the proposed method varies the smoothing parameter ‘σ’ according to PV Ramp-Rate. The proposed smoothing parameter is used to determine the switching status of the battery energy storage (BES). It is also used in determining the amount of power to be injected or absorbed by the BES in order to smooth the PV output power. The proposed Ramp-Rate control stRategy is compared with moving average (MA) and conventional exponential smoothing (CES) methods. It has been found that MA and CES method exhibit memory effect that caused BES to opeRate all the time. The proposed Ramp-Rate control stRategy overcomes this limitation by operating the BES only during significant fluctuation. As a result, the size of the BES capacity can be reduced and increasing its life span.

Shivashankar Sukumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ramp Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic pv sources a review
    Journal of energy storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

  • Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic (PV) sources—A review
    Journal of Energy Storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

  • Ramp-Rate control approach based on dynamic smoothing parameter to mitigate solar PV output fluctuations
    International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Hazlie Mokhlis, Saad Mekhilef, M. Karimi, Safdar Raza
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this paper a new Ramp-Rate control stRategy based on exponential smoothing (ES) method is proposed. Different from conventional ES, the proposed method varies the smoothing parameter ‘σ’ according to PV Ramp-Rate. The proposed smoothing parameter is used to determine the switching status of the battery energy storage (BES). It is also used in determining the amount of power to be injected or absorbed by the BES in order to smooth the PV output power. The proposed Ramp-Rate control stRategy is compared with moving average (MA) and conventional exponential smoothing (CES) methods. It has been found that MA and CES method exhibit memory effect that caused BES to opeRate all the time. The proposed Ramp-Rate control stRategy overcomes this limitation by operating the BES only during significant fluctuation. As a result, the size of the BES capacity can be reduced and increasing its life span.

Marayati Marsadek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ramp Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic pv sources a review
    Journal of energy storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

  • Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic (PV) sources—A review
    Journal of Energy Storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

K.r. Agileswari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ramp Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic pv sources a review
    Journal of energy storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

  • Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods to control output power fluctuations from solar photovoltaic (PV) sources—A review
    Journal of Energy Storage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shivashankar Sukumar, Marayati Marsadek, K.r. Agileswari, Hazlie Mokhlis
    Abstract:

    Abstract Solar photovoltaic generator is an intermittent source and mitigating its output power Ramp-Rate is crucial as they threaten the stability of the utility grid. This paper is aimed at bringing out the latest comprehensive review on different Ramp-Rate control smoothing methods under three broad classifications: (i) moving average and exponential smoothing based methods, (ii) filter based methods, and (iii) Ramp-Rate based algorithms. Application of moving average and low pass filter from filter based methods is widely chosen by the researchers for solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate control. Therefore, a detailed analysis on these methods supported by simulation results is carried out to analyze the capability of these methods to control the solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rate. On application of these methods, it was found that there will be an increase in the energy storage’s degradation and size. In addition, reduction in energy storage’s operating life can also be found. Later, a detailed comparison on different techniques are summarized in the discussion section, from which it was found that the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are advantageous than moving average and filter based method. The advantages of the Ramp-Rate based algorithms are discussed as well. In addition, the disadvantages of the existing Ramp-Rate based algorithms are also highlighted. Finally, the necessitate for, (i) improvement in Ramp-Rate based algorithms, (ii) application of dual energy storage for large solar photovoltaic plant, and (iii) regulation in control of solar photovoltaic Ramp-Rates is suggested in this paper. These suggestions will contribute to decrease in energy storage’s capacity and degradation, and increase in its operation life.

R C Blish - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • board level solder reliability versus Ramp Rate and dwell time during temperature cycling
    IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability, 2003
    Co-Authors: C J Zhai, R C Blish
    Abstract:

    Effects of Ramp Rate and dwell time are studied through laboratory results and a nts (DOE) using finite element analysis (FEA) incorporating stress/strain and plastic work history. Results demonstRate that solder joint fatigue life is more sensitive to dwell time than Ramp Rate during thermal cycling. A nonlinear relationship exists between solder fatigue life (mean time to failure, MTTF) and dwell time. Increasing dwell time past 20 min has a minimal effect on the acceleration factor or lifetime. Modeling shows that the acceleration factor increases by a factor of 1.23 for a specific ball grid array (BGA) assembly when the test condition changes from a slow Ramp/long dwell (single chamber) to a fast Ramp/short dwell (dual chamber). Experiments were performed to validate the FEA modeling. Different Ramp time/dwell times were achieved by modulating the temperature profile in a single chamber oven. If dwell time changes from 5 to 10 min with an invariant Ramp time of 5 min, apparent MTTF decreases by 55%. However, if the invariant dwell time is 10 min, MTTF remains practically the same as the Ramp time increases from 5 to 10 min. These test results are consistent with modeling predictions. The focus of temperature cycling tests should not be on number of chambers, nor upon Ramp Rate, but upon dwell time. We recommend 8 to 10 min dwell at a high temperature of 125/spl deg/C.

  • board level solder reliability vs Ramp Rate dwell time during temperature cycling
    International Reliability Physics Symposium, 2003
    Co-Authors: C J Zhai, R C Blish
    Abstract:

    The effects of Ramp Rate and dwell time are studied through laboratory results and Design Of Experiments (DOE) using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) incorporating stress/strain and plastic work history. Results demonstRate that solder joint fatigue life is more sensitive to dwell time than Ramp Rate during thermal cycling. A non-linear relationship exists between solder fatigue life (Mean Time To Failure, MTTF) and dwell time. Increasing dwell time past 20 minutes has a minimal effect on the acceleration factor or lifetime. This study also reveals that a dual chamber test presents harsher stress conditions than a single chamber test (when comparing the same number of cycles/hour) for solder joints because of an associated longer dwell time (faster Ramp Rate has a lesser effect). Modeling shows that the acceleration factor increases by a factor of 1.23-fold for a specific BGA assembly when the test condition changes from single chamber to dual chamber. Experiments were performed to validate the FEA modeling. Different Ramp time/dwell times were achieved by modulating the temperature profile in a single chamber oven. If dwell time changes from 5 minutes to 10 minutes with a Ramp time of 5 minutes, apparent MTTF decreases by 55%. However, MTTF remains practically the same as the Ramp time increases from 5 to 10 minutes, if dwell time is 10 minutes. These test results are consistent with modeling predictions. The focus of temperature cycling tests should NOT be on number of chambers, nor upon Ramp Rate, but upon dwell time. We recommend 8 minutes to 10 minutes dwell at a high temperature of 125/spl deg/C.