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John Haltiwanger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reallocation in the great recession cleansing or not
Journal of Labor Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Lucia Foster, Cheryl Grim, John HaltiwangerAbstract:The high pace of Reallocation across producers is pervasive in the US economy. Evidence shows that this high pace of Reallocation is closely linked to productivity. While these patterns hold on average, the extent to which the Reallocation dynamics in recessions are “cleansing” is an open question. We find that downturns prior to the Great Recession are periods of accelerated Reallocation even more productivity enhancing than Reallocation in normal times. In the Great Recession, we find that the intensity of Reallocation fell rather than rose and that the Reallocation that did occur was less productivity enhancing than in prior recessions.
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labor market fluidity and economic performance
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014Co-Authors: Steven J Davis, John HaltiwangerAbstract:U.S. labor markets became much less fluid in recent decades. Job Reallocation rates fell more than a quarter after 1990, and worker Reallocation rates fell more than a quarter after 2000. The declines cut across states, industries and demographic groups defined by age, gender and education. Younger and less educated workers had especially large declines, as did the retail sector. A shift to older businesses, an aging workforce, and policy developments that suppress Reallocation all contributed to fluidity declines. Drawing on previous work, we argue that reduced fluidity has harmful consequences for productivity, real wages and employment. To quantify the effects of Reallocation intensity on employment, we estimate regression models that exploit low frequency variation over time within states, using state-level changes in population composition and other variables as instruments. We find large positive effects of worker Reallocation rates on employment, especially for young workers and the less educated. Similar estimates obtain when dropping data from the Great Recession and its aftermath. These results suggest the U.S. economy faced serious impediments to high employment rates well before the Great Recession, and that sustained high employment is unlikely to return without restoring labor market fluidity.
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labor market fluidity and economic performance
2014Co-Authors: John Haltiwanger, Steven J DavisAbstract:U.S. labor markets became much less fluid in recent decades. Job Reallocation rates fell more than a quarter after 1990, and worker Reallocation rates fell more than a quarter after 2000. The declines cut across states, industries and demographic groups defined by age, gender and education. Younger and less educated workers had especially large declines, as did the retail sector. A shift to older businesses, an aging workforce, and policy developments that suppress Reallocation all contributed to fluidity declines. Drawing on previous work, we argue that reduced fluidity has harmful consequences for productivity, real wages and employment. To quantify the effects of Reallocation intensity on employment, we estimate regression models that exploit low frequency variation over time within states, using state-level changes in population composition and other variables as instruments. We find large positive effects of worker Reallocation rates on employment, especially for young workers and the less educated. Similar estimates obtain when dropping data from the Great Recession and its aftermath. These results suggest the U.S. economy faced serious impediments to high employment rates well before the Great Recession, and that sustained high employment is unlikely to return without restoring labor market fluidity.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
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Reallocation in the great recession cleansing or not
Research Papers in Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Lucia Foster, Cheryl Grim, John HaltiwangerAbstract:The high pace of output and input Reallocation across producers is pervasive in the U.S. economy. Evidence shows this high pace of Reallocation is closely linked to productivity. Resources are shifted away from low productivity producers towards high productivity producers. While these patterns hold on average, the extent to which the Reallocation dynamics in recessions are “cleansing” is an open question. That is, are recessions periods of increased Reallocation that move resources away from lower productivity activities towards higher productivity uses? It could be recessions are times when the opportunity cost of time and resources are low implying recessions will be times of accelerated productivity enhancing Reallocation. Prior research suggests the recession in the early 1980s is consistent with an accelerated pace of productivity enhancing Reallocation. Alternative hypotheses highlight the potential distortions to Reallocation dynamics in recessions. Such distortions might arise from many factors including, for example, distortions to credit markets. We find that in post-1980 recessions prior to the Great Recession, downturns are periods of accelerated Reallocation that is even more productivity enhancing than in normal times. In the Great Recession, we find the intensity of Reallocation fell rather than rose (due to the especially sharp decline in job creation) and the Reallocation that did occur was less productivity enhancing than in prior recessions.
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the effects of structural reforms on productivity and profitability enhancing Reallocation evidence from colombia
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004Co-Authors: Marcela Eslava, John Haltiwanger, Adriana D Kugler, Maurice KuglerAbstract:Estimates for the U.S. suggest that at least in some sectors productivity enhancing Reallocation is the dominant factor in accounting for producitivity growth. An open question, particularly relevant for developing countries, is whether Reallocation is always productivity enhancing. It may be that imperfect competition or other barriers to competitive environments imply that the Reallocation process is not fully e?cient in these countries. Using a unique plant-level longitudinal dataset for Colombia for the period 1982-1998, we explore these issues by examining the interaction between market allocation, and productivity and profitability. Moreover, given the important trade, labor and financial market reforms in Colombia during the early 1990's, we explore whether and how the contribution of Reallocation changed over the period of study. Our data permit measurement of plant-level quantities and prices. Taking advantage of the rich structure of our price data, we propose a sequential mehodology to estimate productivity and demand shocks at the plant level. First, we estimate total factor productivity (TFP) with plant-level physical output data, where we use downstream demand to instrument inputs. We then turn to estimating demand shocks and mark-ups with plant-level price data, using TFP to instrument for output in the inversedemand equation. We examine the evolution of the distributions of TFP and demand shocks in response to the market reforms in the 1990's. We find that market reforms are associated with rising overall productivity that is largely driven by Reallocation away from low- and towards highproductivity businesses. In addition, we find that the allocation of activity across businesses is less driven by demand factors after reforms. We find that the increase in aggregate productivity post-reform is entirely accounted for by the improved allocation of activity.
Jozef Konings - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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job Reallocation and productivity growth in a post socialist economy evidence from slovenian manufacturing
Social Science Research Network, 2007Co-Authors: Jan De Loecker, Jozef KoningsAbstract:This paper studies whether job Reallocation in Slovenia, a post-socialist economy, has been associated with gains in total factor productivity (TFP). We document the importance of entry and exit in job Reallocation and show that TFP has increased mainly due to existing firms' increasing efficiency and through net entry of firms. Underlying aggregate TFP growth is job destruction by state firms and Reallocation of employment to private firms.
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job Reallocation and productivity growth in a post socialist economy evidence from slovenian manufacturing
European Journal of Political Economy, 2006Co-Authors: Jan De Loecker, Jozef KoningsAbstract:This paper studies whether job Reallocation in Slovenia, a post-socialist economy, has been associated with gains in total factor productivity (TFP). We document the importance of entry and exit in job Reallocation and show that TFP has increased mainly due to existing firms’ increasing efficiency and through net entry of firms. Underlying aggregate TFP growth is job destruction by state firms and Reallocation of employment to private firms. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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job creation job destruction and employment growth in transition countries in the 90s
Economic Systems, 2003Co-Authors: Giulia Faggio, Jozef KoningsAbstract:In this paper we document and analyse gross job flows in five transition countries, Poland, Estonia, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania. Using comparable firm level data over the years 1993- 1997, we find that in early transition job destruction dominates job creation, while the latter is picking up as the country enters into a mature stage of transition. Gross job Reallocation rates in the more advanced transition countries are comparable to those of Western economies. We show that the restructuring process is a very heterogeneous one in terms of job creation and destruction: Even in transition countries, hit by very large negative aggregate shocks, we find simultaneous creation and destruction of jobs within narrowly defined sectors, regions and firm types. In addition, we find that most of the job Reallocation occurs within sectors and regions, rather than across sectors and regions. We suggest that a measure for restructuring is the excess job Reallocation rate and show that the excess job Reallocation rate is positively correlated with the net employment growth rate at the sector and regional level. Finally, we find that ownership and firm size are the most relevant characteristics for understanding different cross-sectional patterns of job Reallocation. Foreign firms have higher job creation and higher excess job Reallocation rates, while small businesses are the most dynamic in terms of job Reallocation. We investigate the job Reallocation process at the firm level and test for trade orientation, ownership and size effects. The results show that firm growth depends on ownership and initial size. Trade orientation effects are important for countries in early transition but not for countries in a more mature stage of the transition process.
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job creation job destruction and employment growth in transition countries in the 90 s
Social Science Research Network, 2001Co-Authors: Jozef KoningsAbstract:In this paper we document and analyze gross job flows in five transition countries, Poland, Estonia, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania. Using comparable firm level data over the years 1993- 1997, we find that in early transition job destruction dominates job creation, while the latter is picking up as the country enters into a mature stage of transition. Gross job Reallocation rates in the more advanced transition countries are comparable to those of Western economies. We show that the restructuring process is a very heterogeneous one in terms of job creation and destruction: Even in transition countries, hit by very large negative aggregate shocks, we find simultaneous creation and destruction of jobs within narrowly defined sectors, regions and firm types. In addition, we find that most of the job Reallocation occurs within sectors and regions, rather than across sectors and regions. We suggest that a measure for restructuring is the excess job Reallocation rate and show that the excess job Reallocation rate is positively correlated with the net employment growth rate at the sector and regional level. Finally, we find that ownership and firm size are the most relevant characteristics for understanding different cross-sectional patterns of job Reallocation. Foreign firms have higher job creation and higher excess job Reallocation rates, while small businesses are the most dynamic in terms of job Reallocation. We investigate the job Reallocation process at the firm level and test for trade orientation, ownership and size effects. The results show that firm growth depends on ownership and initial size. Trade orientation effects are important for countries in early transition but not for countries in a more mature stage of the transition process.
D M Parkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sheep and goats separating cervix and corpus uteri from imprecisely coded uterine cancer deaths for studies of geographical and temporal variations in mortality
European Journal of Cancer, 2004Co-Authors: Anja Loos, Freddie Bray, Peter Mccarron, Elisabete Weiderpass, Matti Hakama, D M ParkinAbstract:Analysing time trends in mortality from cancers of the cervix and corpus uteri using routine data sources (such as the World Health Organisation mortality database) involves two major problems: deaths certified as "uterus, unspecified site", and the presence of a combined category comprising unspecified and corpus uteri cancer deaths. To avoid misleading interpretations, the unspecified and the misclassified data must be incorporated into the analysis to produce rates that allow meaningful comparisons between populations and over time. Reallocation methods based on age- and time-specific distributions of cervix and corpus uteri cancer are applied to the unspecified deaths, while for those in the combined category, the age- and time-specific distributions of unspecified and corpus uteri cancer are considered. Adjustments of the general strategies for Reallocation were developed to take into account the different quality of the data. Results from eight European countries with different degrees of coding precision are presented. The Reallocation methods bring the cervix and corpus uteri mortality trends more in line with the trends for countries with more precise data while keeping the country-specific characteristics. In addition, the methods ensured the availability of time trends for corpus uteri cancer in women age 50 years and older, which were completely missing without Reallocation. We propose generally applicable Reallocation methods that allow valid time trend analysis of cervix and corpus uteri cancer mortality using datasets of varying precision. Our results show that any sensible analysis of time trends must involve procedures for correcting for unspecified and misclassified uterine cancer deaths. The modified data are available at .
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sheep and goats separating cervix and corpus uteri from imprecisely coded uterine cancer deaths for studies of geographical and temporal variations in mortality
European Journal of Cancer, 2004Co-Authors: Anja Loos, Peter Mccarron, Elisabete Weiderpass, Matti Hakama, Freddie Ian Bray, D M ParkinAbstract:Abstract Analysing time trends in mortality from cancers of the cervix and corpus uteri using routine data sources (such as the World Health Organistion mortality database) involves two major problems: deaths certified as “uterus, unspecified site”, and the presence of a combined category comprising unspecified and corpus uteri cancer deaths. To avoid misleading interpretations, the unspecified and the misclassified data must be incorporated into the analysis to produce rates that allow meaningful comparisons between populations and over time. Reallocation methods based on age- and time-specific distributions of cervix and corpus uteri cancer are applied to the unspecified deaths, while for those in the combined category, the age- and time-specific distributions of unspecified and corpus uteri cancer are considered. Adjustments of the general strategies for Reallocation were developed to take into account the different quality of the data. Results from eight European countries with different degrees of coding precision are presented. The Reallocation methods bring the cervix and corpus uteri mortality trends more in line with the trends for countries with more precise data while keeping the country-specific characteristics. In addition, the methods ensured the availability of time trends for corpus uteri cancer in women age 50 years and older, which were completely missing without Reallocation. We propose generally applicable Reallocation methods that allow valid time trend analysis of cervix and corpus uteri cancer mortality using datasets of varying precision. Our results show that any sensible analysis of time trends must involve procedures for correcting for unspecified and misclassified uterine cancer deaths. The modified data are available at http://www-dep.iarc.fr/hmp/Reallocation.htm .
Jiaojiao Luo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the micro administrative mechanism of land Reallocation in land consolidation a perspective from collective action
Land Use Policy, 2018Co-Authors: Xiaobin Zhang, Mengran Wang, Jiaojiao LuoAbstract:Abstract The implementation of land Reallocation is stagnant in China for many reasons, among which the non-cooperation of farmers is a critical one. Although extensive research has been conducted to promote land Reallocation, it is mainly confined to macro administrative or technical aspects, leaving studies on the micro administrative mechanism still absent. This paper deeply investigates incentives of farmers to participate in land Reallocation, based on which we novelly analyse the interactions among farmers under two different scenarios. The results show that the number and heterogeneity of households involved in land Reallocation make significant differences on achievement of collective action, and local governors should choose their strategies according to structure of the stakeholders group. Specifically, in land consolidation projects which involve a large-size group of small households, reducing costs incurred by the endowment effect is imperative. In projects which involve a small group of heterogeneous households, strategy that combines granting priority to small households in choosing land and constructing a farmland relative value system helps to reach agreements among households. In addition, an illustrative case study of Pengze project in Jiangxi province shows that introduction of land transfer in land consolidation projects can change structure of the stakeholders group, thereby facilitating implementation of land Reallocation. Hence, a combination of land transfer and land consolidation projects can be a good solution to the stagnation of land Reallocation.
Yan Jiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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land Reallocation reform in rural china a behavioral economics perspective
Land Use Policy, 2014Co-Authors: Lei Feng, Helen X H Bao, Yan JiangAbstract:Abstract Based on prospect theory, we develop a theoretical framework to unify divided views on land Reallocation reform in China. Our theoretical framework and empirical verification explain the driving forces behind the success of the rural land Reallocation reform in China. We find that rural land Reallocation reform in China is characterized by induced and imposed institutional changes. The relationship between induced and imposed institutional change is complementary instead of competing. The decision and frequency of land Reallocation are affected by both local endowment and central government policy. Empirical findings also suggest that land Reallocation reform in China is incremental, with interim policy targets from different stages taking gradual effect. The incremental implementation of the “No Reallocation” policy is the reason behind the widespread, diversified land Reallocation practices across the country; this policy also contributes to the success of rural land reform in China. The theoretical model can be used to study a wide range of government-led institutional changes in China, such as affordable housing schemes and the National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014–2020).
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land Reallocation reform in rural china a behavioral economics perspective
2014Co-Authors: Lei Feng, Helen X H Bao, Yan JiangAbstract:Based on prospect theory, we develop a theoretical framework to unify divided views on land Reallocation reform in China. Our theoretical framework and empirical verification explain the driving forces behind the success of the rural land Reallocation reform in China. We find that rural land Reallocation reform in China is characterized by induced and imposed institutional changes. The relationship between induced and imposed institutional change is complementary instead of competing. The decision and frequency of land Reallocation are affected by both local endowment and central government policy. Empirical findings also suggest that land Reallocation reform in China is progressive, with interim policy targets from different stages taking gradual effect. The progressive implementation of the “No Reallocation” policy is the reason behind the widespread, diversified land Reallocation practices across the country; this policy also contributes to the success of rural land reform in China. The findings also provide valuable lessons for government-led land right formalization in other developing countries.
