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Lisa Cipolotti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Early detection of Memory impairments in older adults: standardization of a short version of the verbal and nonverbal Recognition Memory Test.
    Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Daniela Smirni, Pietro Smirni, Giovanni Di Martino, Maria Lorena Fontana, Lisa Cipolotti, Massimiliano Oliveri, Patrizia Turriziani
    Abstract:

    In several neurological conditions, in elderly and cognitively impaired subjects, Memory functioning must be evaluated to early detect the cognitive deterioration processes. In particular, Recognition Memory assessment is an essential step in the clinical and neuropsychological evaluation of early Memory impairments. The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) developed by Smirni et al. (G Ital Psicol XXXVII(1):325-343, 2010) is an effective instrument to assess verbal and nonverbal Recognition Memory in the Italian population. The current study provides a new, brief, and reliable RMT format to evaluate Recognition Memory on elderly subjects and it reports normative data in an older adult Italian population sample (including 100 participants well distributed across sex, education, and age categories). The shortened version of RMT keeps the administration procedures and materials of the original Italian RMT constant, i.e., words, faces, and buildings. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant effects of age and educational level on performance but no effect of sex. Inferential cutoffs have been determined and equivalent scores computed. The availability of equivalent scores for the Recognition Memory Test will prove useful in the clinical evaluation of patients' Memory profiles.

  • Standardization and validation of a parallel form of the verbal and non-verbal Recognition Memory Test in an Italian population sample.
    Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Daniela Smirni, Pietro Smirni, Giovanni Di Martino, Lisa Cipolotti, Massimiliano Oliveri, Patrizia Turriziani
    Abstract:

    In the neuropsychological assessment of several neurological conditions, Recognition Memory evaluation is requested. Recognition seems to be more appropriate than recall to study verbal and non-verbal Memory, because interferences of psychological and emotional disorders are less relevant in the Recognition than they are in recall Memory paradigms. In many neurological disorders, longitudinal repeated assessments are needed to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs or pharmacological treatments on the recovery of Memory. In order to contain the practice effect in repeated neuropsychological evaluations, it is necessary the use of parallel forms of the Tests. Having two parallel forms of the same Test, that kept administration procedures and scoring constant, is a great advantage in both clinical practice, for the monitoring of Memory disorder, and in experimental practice, to allow the repeated evaluation of Memory on healthy and neurological subjects. First aim of the present study was to provide normative values in an Italian sample (n = 160) for a parallel form of a verbal and non-verbal Recognition Memory battery. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant effects of age and education on Recognition Memory performance, whereas sex did not reach a significant probability level. Inferential cutoffs have been determined and equivalent scores computed. Secondly, the study aimed to validate the equivalence of the two parallel forms of the Recognition Memory Test. The correlations analyses between the total scores of the two versions of the Test and correlation between the three subtasks revealed that the two forms are parallel and the subtasks are equivalent for difficulty.

  • The utility of the Recognition Memory Test and the graded naming Test for monitoring neurological patients.
    The British journal of clinical psychology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Chris M Bird, Lisa Cipolotti
    Abstract:

    Repeated neuropsychological assessments are often used to monitor cognitive changes in neurological patients. In this study we document: Test-reTest reliability (TRR), group changes in performance and measures of intra-subject variability for two commonly used cognitive Tests. A large sample of neurological patients with either acute or degenerative neurological damage, and relatively static cognitive profiles, were retrospectively selected if they had been administered twice either the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and/or the Graded Naming Test (GNT) within a 2-year interval. Overall, the TRR of the RMT was reasonable in both patient groups, although slightly better in the neurodegenerative population. The GNT had excellent reliability in both patient populations. For both Tests, the intra-subject variability was generally large and greater than that observed in healthy adults. Despite its reasonable TRR, the RMT's very large intra-subject variability makes it unsuitable for monitoring the gradual changes in episodic Memory performance that may be associated with both acute and degenerative neurological conditions. In contrast, the GNT is a reliable Test of nominal skills and is sensitive to gradual changes in performance over time.

  • The utility of the Recognition Memory Test and the graded naming Test for monitoring neurological patients.
    British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Chris M Bird, Lisa Cipolotti
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: Repeated neuropsychological assessments are often used to monitor cognitive changes in neurological patients. In this study we document: Test-reTest reliability (TRR), group changes in performance and measures of intra-subject variability for two commonly used cognitive Tests. DESIGN: A large sample of neurological patients with either acute or degenerative neurological damage, and relatively static cognitive profiles, were retrospectively selected if they had been administered twice either the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and/or the Graded Naming Test (GNT) within a 2-year interval. RESULTS: Overall, the TRR of the RMT was reasonable in both patient groups, although slightly better in the neurodegenerative population. The GNT had excellent reliability in both patient populations. For both Tests, the intra-subject variability was generally large and greater than that observed in healthy adults. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its reasonable TRR, the RMT's very large intra-subject variability makes it unsuitable for monitoring the gradual changes in episodic Memory performance that may be associated with both acute and degenerative neurological conditions. In contrast, the GNT is a reliable Test of nominal skills and is sensitive to gradual changes in performance over time.

  • Test reTest reliability practice effects and reliable change indices for the Recognition Memory Test
    British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Chris M Bird, Kyriaki Papadopoulou, Paola Ricciardelli, Martin N Rossor, Lisa Cipolotti
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) is widely used; however, important characteristics such as reliability and stability over time were largely unknown. In this study, we document for the first time Test-reTest reliabilities, practice effects, and Reliable Change (RC) indices for this Test. DESIGN: A sample of 206 normal adults (aged 40-70) were administered twice either the same version or two different versions of the RMT, with a 1-month interval between assessments. The normal sample was split into two groups; a young (aged 40-54) and an old (55-70) group. RESULTS: Test-reTest reliabilities were modest when using either the same versions or different versions. Practice effects were abolished when different versions of the RMT were used. In contrast, practice effects were clearly present on the same version of the non-verbal subTest for both control groups. However, practice effects were present on the same versions of the verbal subTest only in the old group. RC indices were rather large when using the same or different versions. CONCLUSION: Although modest, the Test-reTest reliability of the RMT is no worse than those reliabilities reported for other commonly used recall Memory Tests. Thus, the inherent clinical advantages of using a Recognition paradigm make its use desirable. Usage of different versions of the RMT enables us to avoid practice effects. However, the RC indices indicate that large changes in scores are needed to detect a significant improvement or decline in an individual's performance.

Chris M Bird - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The utility of the Recognition Memory Test and the graded naming Test for monitoring neurological patients.
    The British journal of clinical psychology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Chris M Bird, Lisa Cipolotti
    Abstract:

    Repeated neuropsychological assessments are often used to monitor cognitive changes in neurological patients. In this study we document: Test-reTest reliability (TRR), group changes in performance and measures of intra-subject variability for two commonly used cognitive Tests. A large sample of neurological patients with either acute or degenerative neurological damage, and relatively static cognitive profiles, were retrospectively selected if they had been administered twice either the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and/or the Graded Naming Test (GNT) within a 2-year interval. Overall, the TRR of the RMT was reasonable in both patient groups, although slightly better in the neurodegenerative population. The GNT had excellent reliability in both patient populations. For both Tests, the intra-subject variability was generally large and greater than that observed in healthy adults. Despite its reasonable TRR, the RMT's very large intra-subject variability makes it unsuitable for monitoring the gradual changes in episodic Memory performance that may be associated with both acute and degenerative neurological conditions. In contrast, the GNT is a reliable Test of nominal skills and is sensitive to gradual changes in performance over time.

  • The utility of the Recognition Memory Test and the graded naming Test for monitoring neurological patients.
    British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Chris M Bird, Lisa Cipolotti
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: Repeated neuropsychological assessments are often used to monitor cognitive changes in neurological patients. In this study we document: Test-reTest reliability (TRR), group changes in performance and measures of intra-subject variability for two commonly used cognitive Tests. DESIGN: A large sample of neurological patients with either acute or degenerative neurological damage, and relatively static cognitive profiles, were retrospectively selected if they had been administered twice either the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and/or the Graded Naming Test (GNT) within a 2-year interval. RESULTS: Overall, the TRR of the RMT was reasonable in both patient groups, although slightly better in the neurodegenerative population. The GNT had excellent reliability in both patient populations. For both Tests, the intra-subject variability was generally large and greater than that observed in healthy adults. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its reasonable TRR, the RMT's very large intra-subject variability makes it unsuitable for monitoring the gradual changes in episodic Memory performance that may be associated with both acute and degenerative neurological conditions. In contrast, the GNT is a reliable Test of nominal skills and is sensitive to gradual changes in performance over time.

  • Test reTest reliability practice effects and reliable change indices for the Recognition Memory Test
    British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Chris M Bird, Kyriaki Papadopoulou, Paola Ricciardelli, Martin N Rossor, Lisa Cipolotti
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) is widely used; however, important characteristics such as reliability and stability over time were largely unknown. In this study, we document for the first time Test-reTest reliabilities, practice effects, and Reliable Change (RC) indices for this Test. DESIGN: A sample of 206 normal adults (aged 40-70) were administered twice either the same version or two different versions of the RMT, with a 1-month interval between assessments. The normal sample was split into two groups; a young (aged 40-54) and an old (55-70) group. RESULTS: Test-reTest reliabilities were modest when using either the same versions or different versions. Practice effects were abolished when different versions of the RMT were used. In contrast, practice effects were clearly present on the same version of the non-verbal subTest for both control groups. However, practice effects were present on the same versions of the verbal subTest only in the old group. RC indices were rather large when using the same or different versions. CONCLUSION: Although modest, the Test-reTest reliability of the RMT is no worse than those reliabilities reported for other commonly used recall Memory Tests. Thus, the inherent clinical advantages of using a Recognition paradigm make its use desirable. Usage of different versions of the RMT enables us to avoid practice effects. However, the RC indices indicate that large changes in scores are needed to detect a significant improvement or decline in an individual's performance.

  • Test-reTest reliability, practice effects and reliable change indices for the Recognition Memory Test.
    The British journal of clinical psychology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Chris M Bird, Kyriaki Papadopoulou, Paola Ricciardelli, Martin N Rossor, Lisa Cipolotti
    Abstract:

    The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) is widely used; however, important characteristics such as reliability and stability over time were largely unknown. In this study, we document for the first time Test-reTest reliabilities, practice effects, and Reliable Change (RC) indices for this Test. A sample of 206 normal adults (aged 40-70) were administered twice either the same version or two different versions of the RMT, with a 1-month interval between assessments. The normal sample was split into two groups; a young (aged 40-54) and an old (55-70) group. Test-reTest reliabilities were modest when using either the same versions or different versions. Practice effects were abolished when different versions of the RMT were used. In contrast, practice effects were clearly present on the same version of the non-verbal subTest for both control groups. However, practice effects were present on the same versions of the verbal subTest only in the old group. RC indices were rather large when using the same or different versions. Although modest, the Test-reTest reliability of the RMT is no worse than those reliabilities reported for other commonly used recall Memory Tests. Thus, the inherent clinical advantages of using a Recognition paradigm make its use desirable. Usage of different versions of the RMT enables us to avoid practice effects. However, the RC indices indicate that large changes in scores are needed to detect a significant improvement or decline in an individual's performance.

Scott R. Millis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Warrington's Recognition Memory Test in the Detection of Response Bias
    Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Scott R. Millis
    Abstract:

    Use of Warrington's Recognition Memory Test (RMT) for the detection of response bias and malingering is evaluated. The RMT's psychometric characteristics are reviewed. A method for using the RMT to detect response bias is presented: determining the probability of obtaining specific RMT scores; comparing the individual patient's RMT scores with group data from patients with established neurologic disorders; combining RMT data with other Test data; integrating injury characteristics and psychosocial factors with RMT scores; and use of prevalence rates with the RMT. RMT data from a sample 90 persons with acute traumatic brain injury, stratified by injury severity, are presented to provide clinical benchmarks. The evidentiary reliability of the RMT is also discussed in light of Daubert factors.

  • Diagnostic Efficiency and Material Specificity of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test: A Collaborative Multisite Investigation
    Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 2000
    Co-Authors: Jerry J. Sweet, George J. Demakis, Joseph H. Ricker, Scott R. Millis
    Abstract:

    Two studies examined the Warrington Recognition Memory Test (RMT) discrepancy index (Words-Faces) in a large sample of patients heterogeneous with respect to age, education, gender, and neurological diagnosis. In Study 1 (N = 504) we used cutoffs from the Words-Faces discrepancy scores derived from Warrington's original validation sample to attempt to accurately classify patients with left, right, or diffuse brain damage. Sensitivity for left hemisphere patients (Faces > Words) was 10% with a specificity of 88%, whereas sensitivity for right hemisphere patients (Words > Faces) was 48% with a specificity of 86%. For patients with diffuse brain damage (Words = Faces) sensitivity was 69% and specificity was 38%. In Study 2 (N = 263), we examined the relationship between the Words-Faces discrepancy score and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R; Wechsler, 1981) Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction subTests. Contrary to predictions, patients with Words > Faces performed better on both WMS-R subTests; the Faces > Words discrepancy was not related to Visual Reproduction performance. Potential reasons for these negative findings are discussed, as well as cautions for future RMT discrepancy index use.

  • Internal Consistency of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test
    Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1998
    Co-Authors: Aaron C. Malina, Dana A. Bowers, Scott R. Millis, Sara Uekert
    Abstract:

    The Recognition Memory Test is frequently used to assess Memory; however, one of the commonly cited limitations is a lack of data on reliability. The current study was undertaken to estimate the internal consistency reliability of the Test with a sample of 72 persons with traumatic brain injury. Acceptable estimates of internal consistency for both subTests were obtained.

  • The Recognition Memory Test in the assessment of Memory impairment after financially compensable mild head injury: a replication.
    Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1994
    Co-Authors: Scott R. Millis, Steven H. Putnam
    Abstract:

    The current investigation replicated the findings from a 1992 study by Millis. 20 subjects with claimed mild head injury who were seeking financial compensation obtained significantly lower scores on both subTests of the Recognition Memory Test than did 66 rehabilitation inpatients with documented moderate and severe traumatic brain injuries. The direct discriminant function derived by Millis was cross-validated on the current sample and yielded an improved over-all correct classification rate of 83%, with 85% and 82% of the mild and severe traumatic brain-injured subjects classified correctly, respectively. Over-all correct classification rate in the original study was 76%.

  • Assessment of motivation and Memory with the Recognition Memory Test after financially compensable mild head injury.
    Journal of clinical psychology, 1994
    Co-Authors: Scott R. Millis
    Abstract:

    Warrington's Recognition Memory Test (RMT) was used in the assessment of Memory and motivation in a study of 63 adult subjects. Subjects reporting mild head trauma who claimed disability and were seeking financial compensation (MT-Comp) obtained significantly lower scores on both subTests of the RMT than subjects with moderate and severe brain trauma (ST) and subjects with mild head injuries who had returned to work (MT-Work). Of the MT-Comp, 47% and 29% scored below chance on the Faces and Words subTests, respectively, compared to 10% and 6% in ST group and 0% and 0% in the MT-Work group. A discriminant function that consisted of both RMT subTests discriminated between the MT-Work and MT-Comp groups with an overall accuracy of 93%.

Michelle A Zeller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the warrington Recognition Memory Test for words as a measure of response bias total score and response time cutoffs developed on real world credible and noncredible subjects
    Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Michelle S Kim, Kyle Brauer Boone, Tara L Victor, Sarah D Marion, Stacy Amano, Maria Cottingham, Elizabeth Ziegler, Michelle A Zeller
    Abstract:

    Several studies have examined the usefulness of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words as a measure to detect suspect effort, although samples have generally been small and/or comprised of simulators rather than "real world" credible and noncredible patients. The current study examined the Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words total score and response time of "real world" noncredible patients (as determined by motive to feign, failure on > or =2 independent measures of response bias, low cognitive scores inconsistent with normal ADLs; n = 190) versus credible patients (as determined by no motive to feign, failure of or =207'' was associated with 65.5% sensitivity at 90.7% specificity, and when the time cut-score was used in combination with the total score cutoff, an additional 5% of the noncredible participants were captured, raising overall sensitivity to 93.7% (at 87.1% specificity). Thus, the Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words, although not originally created for the purposes of measuring suspect effort, appears to be an excellent measure for detecting response bias on neuropsychological Testing.

  • The Warrington Recognition Memory Test for words as a measure of response bias: total score and response time cutoffs developed on "real world" credible and noncredible subjects.
    Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 2009
    Co-Authors: Michelle S Kim, Kyle Brauer Boone, Tara L Victor, Sarah D Marion, Stacy Amano, Maria Cottingham, Elizabeth Ziegler, Michelle A Zeller
    Abstract:

    Several studies have examined the usefulness of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words as a measure to detect suspect effort, although samples have generally been small and/or comprised of simulators rather than "real world" credible and noncredible patients. The current study examined the Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words total score and response time of "real world" noncredible patients (as determined by motive to feign, failure on > or =2 independent measures of response bias, low cognitive scores inconsistent with normal ADLs; n = 190) versus credible patients (as determined by no motive to feign, failure of < or =1 measure of response bias; n = 124) derived from an archival database of individuals from the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Outpatient Neuropsychology Service, and the private practice of the second author. Noncredible patients obtained significantly lower total scores and longer times to complete the task. A total correct cutoff of < or =42 was found to have excellent specificity (91.9%) and sensitivity (88.9%), whereas a time cutoff of > or =207'' was associated with 65.5% sensitivity at 90.7% specificity, and when the time cut-score was used in combination with the total score cutoff, an additional 5% of the noncredible participants were captured, raising overall sensitivity to 93.7% (at 87.1% specificity). Thus, the Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words, although not originally created for the purposes of measuring suspect effort, appears to be an excellent measure for detecting response bias on neuropsychological Testing.

Laszlo A. Erdodi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test and word choice Test
    Applied Neuropsychology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Laszlo A. Erdodi, Bradley T Tyson, Christopher A Abeare, Brandon G Zuccato, Jaspreet K Rai, Kristian R Seke, Sanya Sagar, Robert M Roth
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the clinical utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and the Word Choice Test (WCT). Archival data were collected from a mixed clinical sample of 202 patients clinically referred for neuropsychological Testing (54.5% male; mean age = 45.3 years; mean level of education = 13.9 years). The credibility of a given response set was psychometrically defined using three separate composite measures, each of which was based on multiple independent performance validity indicators. Critical items improved the classification accuracy of both Tests. They increased sensitivity by correctly identifying an additional 2–17% of the invalid response sets that passed the traditional cutoffs based on total score. They also increased specificity by providing additional evidence of noncredible performance in response sets that failed the total score cutoff. The combination of failing the traditional cutoff, but passing critical items was associated with incre...

  • the power of timing adding a time to completion cutoff to the word choice Test and Recognition Memory Test improves classification accuracy
    Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Laszlo A. Erdodi, Bradley T Tyson, Christopher A Abeare, Brandon G Zuccato, Ayman G Shahein, Jonathan D Lichtenstein, Chantalle L Pelletier, Brittany Kucharski, Robert M Roth
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACTIntroduction: The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and Word Choice Test (WCT) are structurally similar, but psychometrically different. Previous research demonstrated that adding a time-to-completion cutoff improved the classification accuracy of the RMT. However, the contribution of WCT time-cutoffs to improve the detection of invalid responding has not been investigated. The present study was designed to evaluate the classification accuracy of time-to-completion on the WCT compared to the accuracy score and the RMT. Method: Both Tests were administered to 202 adults (Mage = 45.3 years, SD = 16.8; 54.5% female) clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment in counterbalanced order as part of a larger battery of cognitive Tests. Results: Participants obtained lower and more variable scores on the RMT (M = 44.1, SD = 7.6) than on the WCT (M = 46.9, SD = 5.7). Similarly, they took longer to complete the Recognition trial on the RMT (M = 157.2 s,SD = 71.8) than the WCT (M = 137.2 s, SD = 75.7). ...

  • Utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test and Word Choice Test.
    Applied neuropsychology. Adult, 2017
    Co-Authors: Laszlo A. Erdodi, Bradley T Tyson, Christopher A Abeare, Brandon G Zuccato, Jaspreet K Rai, Kristian R Seke, Sanya Sagar, Robert M Roth
    Abstract:

    This study was designed to examine the clinical utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and the Word Choice Test (WCT). Archival data were collected from a mixed clinical sample of 202 patients clinically referred for neuropsychological Testing (54.5% male; mean age = 45.3 years; mean level of education = 13.9 years). The credibility of a given response set was psychometrically defined using three separate composite measures, each of which was based on multiple independent performance validity indicators. Critical items improved the classification accuracy of both Tests. They increased sensitivity by correctly identifying an additional 2-17% of the invalid response sets that passed the traditional cutoffs based on total score. They also increased specificity by providing additional evidence of noncredible performance in response sets that failed the total score cutoff. The combination of failing the traditional cutoff, but passing critical items was associated with increased risk of misclassifying the response set as invalid. Critical item analysis enhances the diagnostic power of both the RMT and WCT. Given that critical items require no additional Test material or administration time, but help reduce both false positive and false negative errors, they represent a versatile, valuable, and time- and cost-effective supplement to performance validity assessment.

  • The power of timing: Adding a time-to-completion cutoff to the Word Choice Test and Recognition Memory Test improves classification accuracy.
    Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Laszlo A. Erdodi, Bradley T Tyson, Christopher A Abeare, Brandon G Zuccato, Ayman G Shahein, Jonathan D Lichtenstein, Chantalle L Pelletier, Brittany Kucharski, Robert M Roth
    Abstract:

    The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and Word Choice Test (WCT) are structurally similar, but psychometrically different. Previous research demonstrated that adding a time-to-completion cutoff improved the classification accuracy of the RMT. However, the contribution of WCT time-cutoffs to improve the detection of invalid responding has not been investigated. The present study was designed to evaluate the classification accuracy of time-to-completion on the WCT compared to the accuracy score and the RMT. Both Tests were administered to 202 adults (Mage = 45.3 years, SD = 16.8; 54.5% female) clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment in counterbalanced order as part of a larger battery of cognitive Tests. Participants obtained lower and more variable scores on the RMT (M = 44.1, SD = 7.6) than on the WCT (M = 46.9, SD = 5.7). Similarly, they took longer to complete the Recognition trial on the RMT (M = 157.2 s,SD = 71.8) than the WCT (M = 137.2 s, SD = 75.7). The optimal cutoff on the RMT (≤43) produced .60 sensitivity at .87 specificity. The optimal cutoff on the WCT (≤47) produced .57 sensitivity at .87 specificity. Time-cutoffs produced comparable classification accuracies for both RMT (≥192 s; .48 sensitivity at .88 specificity) and WCT (≥171 s; .49 sensitivity at .91 specificity). They also identified an additional 6-10% of the invalid profiles missed by accuracy score cutoffs, while maintaining good specificity (.93-.95). Functional equivalence was reached at accuracy scores ≤43 (RMT) and ≤47 (WCT) or time-to-completion ≥192 s (RMT) and ≥171 s (WCT). Time-to-completion cutoffs are valuable additions to both Tests. They can function as independent validity indicators or enhance the sensitivity of accuracy scores without requiring additional measures or extending standard administration time.

  • Comparing the Recognition Memory Test and the Word Choice Test in a Mixed Clinical Sample: Are They Equivalent?
    Psychological Injury and Law, 2014
    Co-Authors: Laszlo A. Erdodi, Ned L. Kirsch, Renee Lajiness-o’neill, Evelyn Vingilis, Brent Medoff
    Abstract:

    The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) was compared to the Word Choice Test (WCT) within the same fixed neuropsychological battery administered to a mixed clinical sample of 237 adults to empirically evaluate the psychometric equivalence of these two instruments. On average, there was a 3-point difference in raw scores between the two instruments ( M _RMT = 44.3, SD _RMT = 6.8; M _WCT = 47.1, SD _WCT = 4.6; p