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Marcin Czechowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Referee as an Educator: Assessment of the Quality of Referee–Players Interactions in Competitive Youth Handball
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Katarzyna Płoszaj, Wiesław Firek, Marcin CzechowskiAbstract:Sport does not automatically generate educational benefits for players. For a sports field to become a child-friendly educational environment, it is essential that all actors involved in the organization of youth sport take deliberate educational measures. Among these actors are Referees, who should be taken into account during the research on the educational value of sport for the youngest. The subject of the present study was handball Referees, who interact with the players during matches. Assuming that the Referee is an important actor in sport education and that Referee-players interactions are the basic mechanism of the Referee's educational influence, this study aimed to assess the quality of his or her interactions with players during handball matches for children aged 9 to 12 years. The research was conducted in a group of 25 handball Referees who Refereed matches of children in the region of Mazowieckie Voivodeship in Poland. The Referees surveyed had current licenses issued by the Warsaw-Mazovian Handball Association. To assess the quality of Referee-players interactions, the authors' direct observation tool (Referee-Players' Interaction Assessment Scoring System) was used. The educational Referee-players interaction was studied in six dimensions: Positive climate, Responsiveness, Behavior management, Proficiency, Instructing, and Communicating. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach's alpha values were higher than 0.90 in the factors, showing adequate levels of reliability. The results of the research demonstrated that the assessment of the quality of the Referee's educational influence on players was neither affected by the Referees' experience nor by the outcome of the match. The quality of educational Referee-players interactions in five of the six dimensions studied was assessed as average, whereas positive climate was assessed as poor (three-step scale: poor, average, good). If Referees are to support coaches and parents in achieving their educational goals, the results indicate areas where they can improve. The research provided empirical evidence that could be used as a basis for the modification of previous training programs for Referees developed by local and national sports associations. The Referees should be trained to build a positive climate on the sport field, which consists in creating emotional ties with players (physical proximity, social conversation), expressed in an enthusiastic attitude and joy of contacts (smiling, engagement, positive affect reaction, positive comments, respectful and inclusive language, using players first names, listening to players). In addition, Referees must be taught to actively monitor players' emotional, cognitive, social, and health needs, as well as to respond to the players' needs and solve problems.
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Pedagogical Function of Referees in Youth Sport: Assessment of the Quality of Referee-Player Interactions in Youth Soccer.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Wiesław Firek, Katarzyna Płoszaj, Marcin CzechowskiAbstract:We assume that all institutions and individuals involved in the organization of sport for children and young people should utilize the educational potential of sport. We assessed the quality of Referee interactions with children during sports competitions in soccer. Based on the developmental theory and research suggesting that interactions between kids and adults are the primary mechanism of their development and learning, we focused on the quality of the Referee–player interactions in terms of (1) emotional support, (2) game organization, and (3) instructional support. Twenty-five soccer Referees who Refereed matches for children aged 9–12 years were recruited. The Referee Educational Function Assessment Scoring System (REFASS) was used to assess the quality of the Referee–player interactions. This tool was developed based on Classroom Assessment Scoring System—Upper Elementary. Regarding the REFASS dimensions, the mean scores for positive climate, Sensitivity, behavior management, content understanding and quality of feedback were in the medium range, while productivity and negative climate in the high range. In the case of the positive climate variable, the lowest mean ratings were recorded compared to other assessed dimensions. The assessments of the quality of Referee–player interactions obtained for particular dimensions translated into the ratings for the specified domains. The highest ratings were given to game organization (6.0 ± 0.8; Me = 6.0), whereas the emotional support and instructional support were in the medium range (4.6 ± 1.5; Me = 4.5, and 5.2 ± 1.8; Me = 6.0, respectively). Referees are usually not aware of their pedagogical function and the complexity of their respective responsibilities. They are commonly considered to be ordinary technicians and evaluators of performance in competition. Based on the results, a postulate was formulated that Referees should consciously perform a pedagogical function in the youth sport. Therefore, it is necessary to train them in educational methods and techniques appropriate to the age and needs of the child. The Referees will then be prepared to take actions to prevent negative behavior of players on the field and to encourage prosocial behavior.
Katarzyna Płoszaj - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Referee as an Educator: Assessment of the Quality of Referee–Players Interactions in Competitive Youth Handball
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Katarzyna Płoszaj, Wiesław Firek, Marcin CzechowskiAbstract:Sport does not automatically generate educational benefits for players. For a sports field to become a child-friendly educational environment, it is essential that all actors involved in the organization of youth sport take deliberate educational measures. Among these actors are Referees, who should be taken into account during the research on the educational value of sport for the youngest. The subject of the present study was handball Referees, who interact with the players during matches. Assuming that the Referee is an important actor in sport education and that Referee-players interactions are the basic mechanism of the Referee's educational influence, this study aimed to assess the quality of his or her interactions with players during handball matches for children aged 9 to 12 years. The research was conducted in a group of 25 handball Referees who Refereed matches of children in the region of Mazowieckie Voivodeship in Poland. The Referees surveyed had current licenses issued by the Warsaw-Mazovian Handball Association. To assess the quality of Referee-players interactions, the authors' direct observation tool (Referee-Players' Interaction Assessment Scoring System) was used. The educational Referee-players interaction was studied in six dimensions: Positive climate, Responsiveness, Behavior management, Proficiency, Instructing, and Communicating. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach's alpha values were higher than 0.90 in the factors, showing adequate levels of reliability. The results of the research demonstrated that the assessment of the quality of the Referee's educational influence on players was neither affected by the Referees' experience nor by the outcome of the match. The quality of educational Referee-players interactions in five of the six dimensions studied was assessed as average, whereas positive climate was assessed as poor (three-step scale: poor, average, good). If Referees are to support coaches and parents in achieving their educational goals, the results indicate areas where they can improve. The research provided empirical evidence that could be used as a basis for the modification of previous training programs for Referees developed by local and national sports associations. The Referees should be trained to build a positive climate on the sport field, which consists in creating emotional ties with players (physical proximity, social conversation), expressed in an enthusiastic attitude and joy of contacts (smiling, engagement, positive affect reaction, positive comments, respectful and inclusive language, using players first names, listening to players). In addition, Referees must be taught to actively monitor players' emotional, cognitive, social, and health needs, as well as to respond to the players' needs and solve problems.
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Pedagogical Function of Referees in Youth Sport: Assessment of the Quality of Referee-Player Interactions in Youth Soccer.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Wiesław Firek, Katarzyna Płoszaj, Marcin CzechowskiAbstract:We assume that all institutions and individuals involved in the organization of sport for children and young people should utilize the educational potential of sport. We assessed the quality of Referee interactions with children during sports competitions in soccer. Based on the developmental theory and research suggesting that interactions between kids and adults are the primary mechanism of their development and learning, we focused on the quality of the Referee–player interactions in terms of (1) emotional support, (2) game organization, and (3) instructional support. Twenty-five soccer Referees who Refereed matches for children aged 9–12 years were recruited. The Referee Educational Function Assessment Scoring System (REFASS) was used to assess the quality of the Referee–player interactions. This tool was developed based on Classroom Assessment Scoring System—Upper Elementary. Regarding the REFASS dimensions, the mean scores for positive climate, Sensitivity, behavior management, content understanding and quality of feedback were in the medium range, while productivity and negative climate in the high range. In the case of the positive climate variable, the lowest mean ratings were recorded compared to other assessed dimensions. The assessments of the quality of Referee–player interactions obtained for particular dimensions translated into the ratings for the specified domains. The highest ratings were given to game organization (6.0 ± 0.8; Me = 6.0), whereas the emotional support and instructional support were in the medium range (4.6 ± 1.5; Me = 4.5, and 5.2 ± 1.8; Me = 6.0, respectively). Referees are usually not aware of their pedagogical function and the complexity of their respective responsibilities. They are commonly considered to be ordinary technicians and evaluators of performance in competition. Based on the results, a postulate was formulated that Referees should consciously perform a pedagogical function in the youth sport. Therefore, it is necessary to train them in educational methods and techniques appropriate to the age and needs of the child. The Referees will then be prepared to take actions to prevent negative behavior of players on the field and to encourage prosocial behavior.
Wiesław Firek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Referee as an Educator: Assessment of the Quality of Referee–Players Interactions in Competitive Youth Handball
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Katarzyna Płoszaj, Wiesław Firek, Marcin CzechowskiAbstract:Sport does not automatically generate educational benefits for players. For a sports field to become a child-friendly educational environment, it is essential that all actors involved in the organization of youth sport take deliberate educational measures. Among these actors are Referees, who should be taken into account during the research on the educational value of sport for the youngest. The subject of the present study was handball Referees, who interact with the players during matches. Assuming that the Referee is an important actor in sport education and that Referee-players interactions are the basic mechanism of the Referee's educational influence, this study aimed to assess the quality of his or her interactions with players during handball matches for children aged 9 to 12 years. The research was conducted in a group of 25 handball Referees who Refereed matches of children in the region of Mazowieckie Voivodeship in Poland. The Referees surveyed had current licenses issued by the Warsaw-Mazovian Handball Association. To assess the quality of Referee-players interactions, the authors' direct observation tool (Referee-Players' Interaction Assessment Scoring System) was used. The educational Referee-players interaction was studied in six dimensions: Positive climate, Responsiveness, Behavior management, Proficiency, Instructing, and Communicating. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach's alpha values were higher than 0.90 in the factors, showing adequate levels of reliability. The results of the research demonstrated that the assessment of the quality of the Referee's educational influence on players was neither affected by the Referees' experience nor by the outcome of the match. The quality of educational Referee-players interactions in five of the six dimensions studied was assessed as average, whereas positive climate was assessed as poor (three-step scale: poor, average, good). If Referees are to support coaches and parents in achieving their educational goals, the results indicate areas where they can improve. The research provided empirical evidence that could be used as a basis for the modification of previous training programs for Referees developed by local and national sports associations. The Referees should be trained to build a positive climate on the sport field, which consists in creating emotional ties with players (physical proximity, social conversation), expressed in an enthusiastic attitude and joy of contacts (smiling, engagement, positive affect reaction, positive comments, respectful and inclusive language, using players first names, listening to players). In addition, Referees must be taught to actively monitor players' emotional, cognitive, social, and health needs, as well as to respond to the players' needs and solve problems.
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Pedagogical Function of Referees in Youth Sport: Assessment of the Quality of Referee-Player Interactions in Youth Soccer.
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Wiesław Firek, Katarzyna Płoszaj, Marcin CzechowskiAbstract:We assume that all institutions and individuals involved in the organization of sport for children and young people should utilize the educational potential of sport. We assessed the quality of Referee interactions with children during sports competitions in soccer. Based on the developmental theory and research suggesting that interactions between kids and adults are the primary mechanism of their development and learning, we focused on the quality of the Referee–player interactions in terms of (1) emotional support, (2) game organization, and (3) instructional support. Twenty-five soccer Referees who Refereed matches for children aged 9–12 years were recruited. The Referee Educational Function Assessment Scoring System (REFASS) was used to assess the quality of the Referee–player interactions. This tool was developed based on Classroom Assessment Scoring System—Upper Elementary. Regarding the REFASS dimensions, the mean scores for positive climate, Sensitivity, behavior management, content understanding and quality of feedback were in the medium range, while productivity and negative climate in the high range. In the case of the positive climate variable, the lowest mean ratings were recorded compared to other assessed dimensions. The assessments of the quality of Referee–player interactions obtained for particular dimensions translated into the ratings for the specified domains. The highest ratings were given to game organization (6.0 ± 0.8; Me = 6.0), whereas the emotional support and instructional support were in the medium range (4.6 ± 1.5; Me = 4.5, and 5.2 ± 1.8; Me = 6.0, respectively). Referees are usually not aware of their pedagogical function and the complexity of their respective responsibilities. They are commonly considered to be ordinary technicians and evaluators of performance in competition. Based on the results, a postulate was formulated that Referees should consciously perform a pedagogical function in the youth sport. Therefore, it is necessary to train them in educational methods and techniques appropriate to the age and needs of the child. The Referees will then be prepared to take actions to prevent negative behavior of players on the field and to encourage prosocial behavior.
Jerry L Trahan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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secure Referee selection for fair and responsive peer to peer gaming
International Conference on Advances in System Simulation, 2009Co-Authors: Steven Daniel Webb, Sieteng Soh, Jerry L TrahanAbstract:Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architectures for Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) provide better scalability than Client/Server (C/S), however, they increase the possibility of cheating. Recently proposed P2P protocols use trusted Referees that simulate/validate the game to provide security equivalent to C/S. When selecting Referees from un-trusted peers, selecting non-colluding Referees becomes critical. Further, Referees should be selected such that the range and length of delays to players is minimized (maximizing game fairness and responsiveness). In this paper we formally define the Referee selection problem and propose two secure Referee selection algorithms, SRS-1 and SRS-2, to solve it. Both algorithms ensure the probability of corrupt Referees controlling a zone/region is below a pre-defined limit, while attempting to maximize responsiveness and fairness. The trade-off between responsiveness and fairness is adjustable for both algorithms. Simulations of three different scenarios show the effectiveness of our algorithms.
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secure Referee selection for fair and responsive peer to peer gaming
Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation, 2008Co-Authors: Steven Daniel Webb, Sieteng Soh, Jerry L TrahanAbstract:Peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures for Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) provide better scalability than Client/Server (C/S); however, they increase the possibility of cheating. Recently proposed P2P protocols use trusted Referees that simulate/validate the game to provide security equivalent to C/S. When selecting Referees from un-trusted peers, selecting non-colluding Referees becomes critical. Further, Referees should be selected such that the range and length of delays to players is minimised (maximising game fairness and responsiveness). In this paper we formally define the Referee selection problem and propose two secure Referee selection algorithms, SRS-1 and SRS-2, to solve it. Both algorithms ensure the probability of corrupt Referees controlling a zone/region is below a pre-defined limit, while attempting to maximise responsiveness and fairness. The trade-off between responsiveness and fairness is adjustable for both algorithms. Simulations show the effectiveness of our algorithms in two different scenarios.
Werner Helsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Offside decision making of assistant Referees in the English Premier League: Impact of physical and perceptual-cognitive factors on match performance
Journal of sports sciences, 2010Co-Authors: Peter Catteeuw, Bart Gilis, Johan Wagemans, Werner HelsenAbstract:Abstract In the present study, we investigated the accuracy of offside judgements of assistant Referees in the English Premier League. The moment in the match, the position and movement speed of the assistant Referee, attacker and second-last defender, together with the angle of view for the assistant Referee were all considered to underlie incorrect decisions. The error rate was 17.5% (868 of 4960 situations). As the English assistant Referees tended not to signal in doubtful situations (c = 0.91), there was an overall bias towards non-flag errors (773 non-flag errors vs. 95 flag errors). The flash-lag hypothesis could explain all flag errors, whereas the optical-error hypothesis could explain a proportion of the non-flag errors (45.4%). Fatigue, movement speed, and angle of view did not have a detrimental effect on offside decision making. In conclusion, there were fewer flag errors than in the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups, whereas the number of non-flag errors rose. The increased awareness of factors ...
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the effect of match standard and Referee experience on the objective and subjective match workload of english premier league Referees
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2006Co-Authors: Matthew Weston, Werner Helsen, Alan M. Nevill, S R Bird, Carlo CastagnaAbstract:The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of match standard and Referee experience on the objective and subjective workload of Referees during English Premier League and Football League soccer matches. We also examined the relationship between heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for assessing match intensity in soccer Referees. Heart rate responses were recorded using short-range telemetry and RPE scores were collected using a 10-point scale. Analysis revealed a significant relationship between mean match HR and match RPE scores (r = 0.485, p < 0.05, n = 18). There were significant differences in match HR (Premier League 83.6 ± 2.6% maximal HR (HRmax) versus Football League 81.5 ± 2.2%HRmax, p < 0.05) and match RPE scores (Premier League 7.8 ± 0.8 versus Football League 6.9 ± 0.8, p < 0.05) between standards of competition. Referee experience had no effect on match HR and RPE responses to Premier League and Football League matches. The results of the present study demonstrate the validity of using HR and RPE as a measure of global match intensity in soccer Referees. Referee experience had no effect on the Referees? objective and subjective match workload assessments, whereas match intensity was correlated to competition standard. These findings have implications for fitness preparation and evaluation in soccer Referees. When progressing to a higher level of competition, Referees should ensure that appropriate levels of fitness are developed in order to enable them to cope with an increase in physical match demands.
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Physiological aspects of Refereeing performance and training
2006Co-Authors: Warren Gregson, Matthew Weston, Werner HelsenAbstract:The football Referee is charged with the responsibility for implementing the laws of the game. To undertake this role effectively the Referee and the two assistant Referees must strive to keep up with play. Referees routinely cover 11 km during a game with match activities placing high demands upon both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Assistant Referees cover approximately 7 km, with moderate and high requirements for aerobic and anaerobic energy production respectively. Both groups display evidence of fatigue towards the end of a game that can be partially offset by high-intensity training regimes. Along with the physical demands, Referees must also make two to three observable decisions per minute throughout the course of a game with the frequency of critical decisions often increasing during the latter stages of the game. High standards of both physical fitness and perceptual-cognitive functioning are therefore expected of elite Referees. This necessitates the implementation of well structured training programmes that address the multi-dimensional requirements of elite Refereeing.
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physical and perceptual cognitive demands of top class Refereeing in association football
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2004Co-Authors: Werner Helsen, Jeanbaptist BultynckAbstract:The aim of this study was to examine the physical and perceptual-cognitive demands imposed on UEFA top-class Referees and assistant Referees during the final round of the Euro 2000 Championship. To investigate the physical workload, the heart rates during matches were monitored by short-range radio telemetry and translated to different workloads expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate. For measurement of the perceptual-cognitive workload, video-recordings of games were used to obtain the average number of observable decisions taken by a Referee. On average, Referees and assistant Referees performed the matches at 85±5% and 77±7% of their maximal heart rate, respectively. Over the 31 games, the mean number of observable decisions was 137 (range 104–162), 64% of which were based on communication with the assistant Referees and/or the fourth official. To optimize the physical preparation of top-class match officials, the results of this study support the application of intensive and intermittent trai...
