The Experts below are selected from a list of 1443 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
T Maxwell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a hybrid electric sport utility vehicle
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001Co-Authors: Michael E Parten, T MaxwellAbstract:This paper describes the design, fabrication, and test results of the conversion of a General Motors Suburban into a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A parallel drive train configuration is utilized with an internal combustion engine running on Reformulated Gasoline and two electric motors. The overall system is monitored and controlled by a real-time control system. One objective in the design was to minimize changes in the Suburban. design decisions, expected results and actual results are presented.
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VTC Fall - Development of a hybrid electric sport utility vehicle
IEEE 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37211), 1Co-Authors: Michael E Parten, T MaxwellAbstract:This paper describes the design, fabrication, and test results of the conversion of a General Motors Suburban into a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A parallel drive train configuration is utilized with an internal combustion engine running on Reformulated Gasoline and two electric motors. The overall system is monitored and controlled by a real-time control system. One objective in the design was to minimize changes in the Suburban. design decisions, expected results and actual results are presented.
Robert A. Harley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of Reformulated Gasoline and motor vehicle fleet turnover on emissions and ambient concentrations of benzene
Environmental Science & Technology, 2006Co-Authors: Robert A. Harley, Thomas W. Kirchstetter, James M. Hesson, Daniel S Hooper, Andrew J Kean, Nancy T Balberan, Eric D Stevenson, Gary R. KendallAbstract:Gasoline-powered motor vehicles are a major source of toxic air contaminants such as benzene. Emissions from light-duty vehicles were measured in a San Francisco area highway tunnel during summers 1991, 1994−1997, 1999, 2001, and 2004. Benzene emission rates decreased over this time period, with a large (54 ± 5%) decrease observed between 1995 and 1996 when California phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) was introduced. We attribute this one-year change in benzene mainly to RFG effects: 36% from lower aromatics in Gasoline that led to a lower benzene mass fraction in vehicle emissions, 14% due to RFG effects on total nonmethane organic compound mass emissions, and the remaining 4% due to fleet turnover. Fleet turnover effects accumulate over longer time periods: between 1995 and 2004, fleet turnover led to a 32% reduction in the benzene emission rate. A ∼4 μg m-3 decrease in benzene concentrations was observed at a network of ambient air sampling sites in the San Francisco Bay area between the late 1980s...
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relating liquid fuel and headspace vapor composition for california Reformulated Gasoline samples containing ethanol
Environmental Science & Technology, 2000Co-Authors: Robert A. Harley, Shannon C Coulterburke, T S YeungAbstract:Changes in Gasoline formulation will be required as use of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is phased out. Changes in evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be of concern in c...
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IMPACT OF CALIFORNIA Reformulated Gasoline ON MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS. 1. MASS EMISSION RATES
Environmental Science & Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Thomas W. Kirchstetter, Brett C. Singer, Robert A. Harley, Gary R. Kendall, Michael TraverseAbstract:This paper addresses the impact of California phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) on motor vehicle emissions. Phase 2 RFG was introduced in the San Francisco Bay Area in the first half of 1996, resulting in large changes to Gasoline composition. Oxygen content increased from 0.2 to 2.0 wt%; and alkene, aromatic, benzene, and sulfur contents decreased. Gasoline density and T50 and T90 distillation temperatures also decreased. Light-duty vehicle emission rates were measured in a Bay Area roadway tunnel in summers 1994−1997. Vehicle speeds and driving conditions inside the tunnel were similar each year. The average model year of the vehicle fleet was about one year newer each successive summer. Large reductions in pollutant emissions were measured in the tunnel over the course of this study, due to a combination of RFG and fleet turnover effects. Between summers 1994 and 1997, emissions of carbon monoxide decreased by 31 ± 5%, non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) decreased by 43 ± 8%, and nitrogen ox...
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Impact of California Reformulated Gasoline on Motor Vehicle Emissions. 2. Volatile Organic Compound Speciation and Reactivity
Environmental Science & Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Thomas W. Kirchstetter, Brett C. Singer, Robert A. Harley, Gary R. Kendall, James M. HessonAbstract:This paper addresses the impact of California phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) on the composition and reactivity of motor vehicle exhaust and evaporative emissions. Significant changes to Gasoline properties that occurred in the first half of 1996 included an increase in oxygen content; decreases in alkene, aromatic, benzene, and sulfur contents; and modified distillation properties. Vehicle emissions were measured in a San Francisco Bay Area roadway tunnel in summers 1994−1997; Gasoline samples were collected from local service stations in summers 1995 and 1996. Equilibrium Gasoline headspace vapor composition was calculated from measured liquid Gasoline composition. Addition of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and reduction of alkenes and aromatics in Gasoline between summers 1995 and 1996 led to corresponding changes in the composition of Gasoline headspace vapors. Normalized reactivity of liquid Gasoline and headspace vapors decreased by 23 and 19%, respectively. Ozone formation should be reduced bec...
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impact of california Reformulated Gasoline on motor vehicle emissions 1 mass emission rates
Environmental Science & Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Thomas W. Kirchstetter, Brett C. Singer, Robert A. Harley, Gary R. Kendall, Michael TraverseAbstract:This paper addresses the impact of California phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) on motor vehicle emissions. Phase 2 RFG was introduced in the San Francisco Bay Area in the first half of 1996, resulting in large changes to Gasoline composition. Oxygen content increased from 0.2 to 2.0 wt%; and alkene, aromatic, benzene, and sulfur contents decreased. Gasoline density and T50 and T90 distillation temperatures also decreased. Light-duty vehicle emissions rates were measured in a Bay Area roadway tunnel in summers 1994-1997. Vehicle speeds and driving conditions inside the tunnel were similar each year. The average model year of the vehicle fleet was about one year newer each successive summer. Large reductions in pollutant emissions were measured in the tunnel over the course of this study, due to a combination of RFG and fleet turnover effects. Between summers 1994 and 1997, emissions of carbon monoxide decreased by 31 ± 5%, non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) decreased by 43 ± 8%, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) decreased by 18 ± 4%. It was difficult to separate clearly the fleet turnover and RFG contributions to these changes. Nevertheless, it was clear that the effect of RFG was greater for VOC than for NOx. The RFG effect on vehicle emissions of benzene was estimated to be a 30-40% reduction. Use of RFG increased formaldehyde emissions by about 10%, while acetaldehyde emissions did not change significantly. RFG effects reported here may not be the same for other driving conditions or for other vehicle fleets. RFG effects on evaporative emissions are also important. The combined effect of phases 1 and 2 of California’s RFG program was a 20% reduction in Gasoline vapor pressure, about one-fifth of which occurred following the introduction of phase 2 RFG.
R F Sawyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trends in Auto Emissions and Gasoline
2013Co-Authors: R F SawyerAbstract:The invention of the spark-ignited internal combustion engine provided a market for a petroleum middle distillate, Gasoline, about 100 years ago. The internal combustion engine and Gasoline have co-evolved until motor vehicles now annually consume about 110 billion gallons of Gasoline in the United States. Continuing air pollution problems and resulting regulatory pressures are driving the need for further automotive emissions reductions. Engine and emissions control technology provided most earlier reductions. Changing the composition of Gasoline will play a major role in the next round of reductions. The engineering and regulatory definition of a Reformulated Gasoline is proceeding rapidly, largely as the result of an auto and oil industry cooperative data generation program. It is likely that this new, Reformulated Gasoline will be introduced in high-ozone regions of the United States in the mid-1990s. Alternative clean fuels, primarily methane, methanol, and liquid petroleum gas, will become more widely used during this same period, probably first in fleet operations. Historical Background The commercial development of petroleum during the last half of the nineteenth century was motivated by the need for an inexpensive substitute for whale oil. Distillatio
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Evaluation of combustion by-products of MTBE as a component of Reformulated Gasoline
Chemosphere, 2001Co-Authors: P M Franklin, C P Koshland, D Lucas, R F SawyerAbstract:Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is a Gasoline oxygenate that is widely used throughout the US and Europe as an octane-booster and as a means of reducing automotive carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The combustion by-products of pure MTBE have been evaluated in previous laboratory studies, but little attention has been paid to the combustion by-products of MTBE as a component of Gasoline. MTBE is often used in Reformulated Gasoline (RFG), which has chemical and physical characteristics distinct from conventional Gasoline. The formation of MTBE by-products in RFG is not well-understood, especially under ‘‘worst-case’’ vehicle emission scenarios such as fuel-rich operations, cold-starts or malfunctioning emission control systems, conditions which have not been studied extensively. Engine-out automotive dynamometer studies have compared RFG with MTBE to non-oxygenated RFG. Their findings suggest that adding MTBE to Reformulated Gasoline does not impact the high temperature flame chemistry in cylinder combustion processes. Comparison of tailpipe and exhaust emission studies indicate that reactions in the catalytic converter are quite eAective in destroying most hydrocarbon MTBE by-product species. Since important reaction by-products are formed in the post-flame region, understanding changes in this region will contribute to the understanding of fuelrelated changes in emissions. ” 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Evaluation of combustion by-products of MTBE as a component of Reformulated Gasoline.
Chemosphere, 2001Co-Authors: P M Franklin, C P Koshland, D Lucas, R F SawyerAbstract:Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is a Gasoline oxygenate that is widely used throughout the US and Europe as an octane-booster and as a means of reducing automotive carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The combustion by-products of pure MTBE have been evaluated in previous laboratory studies, but little attention has been paid to the combustion by-products of MTBE as a component of Gasoline. MTBE is often used in Reformulated Gasoline (RFG), which has chemical and physical characteristics distinct from conventional Gasoline. The formation of MTBE by-products in RFG is not well-understood, especially under "worst-case" vehicle emission scenarios such as fuel-rich operations, cold-starts or malfunctioning emission control systems, conditions which have not been studied extensively. Engine-out automotive dynamometer studies have compared RFG with MTBE to non-oxygenated RFG. Their findings suggest that adding MTBE to Reformulated Gasoline does not impact the high temperature flame chemistry in cylinder combustion processes. Comparison of tailpipe and exhaust emission studies indicate that reactions in the catalytic converter are quite effective in destroying most hydrocarbon MTBE by-product species. Since important reaction by-products are formed in the post-flame region, understanding changes in this region will contribute to the understanding of fuel-related changes in emissions.
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Reformulated Gasoline for automotive emissions reduction
Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1992Co-Authors: R F SawyerAbstract:Over the past 25 years substantial reductions of air pollutant emissions from automobiles have resulted primarily from engine combustion modification and exhaust treatment control technology. Modifications to Gasoline, the removal of lead and reduction of Reid vapor pressure, have assisted emissions reduction. Continuing urban air pollution problems and resulting regulatory pressures require further automotive emissions reductions. Changing the composition of Gasoline will be an important part of future controls. The interactions between Gasoline properties and engine tailpipe emissions are complex, involving fuel/air mixture preparation, combustion, catalyst effectiveness, and durability. Gasoline properties also are important to evaporative emissions and to the ozone forming potential of the hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen which are emitted. The definition of a “clean” Reformulated Gasoline is progressing rapidly. Important fuel characteristics which affect pollutant emissions and their photochemical reactivity include distillation temperatures, aromatic content, olefin content, sulfur contaminant level, oxygenate additives, and Reid vapor pressure. Recent, extensive data on the relation between fuel composition and emissions establish the surprising result that optimal modifications of these properties can produce a Gasoline which reduces the mass emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and toxics from current automobiles each by about 30 to 40%. Further effectiveness in reducing photochemical smog results from lowering the photochemical reactivity of the emitted hydrocarbons. The mechanisms of these reductions, which are not fully understood, are a promising area of combustion and emissions research. Reformulated Gasolines will play an important role in reducing automotive emissions during this decade. These petroleum derived fuels will compete in their air pollution reduction with alternative automotive fuels such as natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, and alcohols.
K. M. Nolan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Performance and Compatibility of California Reformulated Gasoline in On-Road, Off-Road, and Non-Vehicle Engines
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1998Co-Authors: A. R. Bevan, K. M. NolanAbstract:As part of its comprehensive program to reduce air pollution, California has mandated the use of a cleaner burning Reformulated Gasoline introduced in March 1996. In 1995 the Air Resources Board, with oversight from an industry, public interest, and governmental advisory committee, undertook an extensive study of the performance and compatibility characteristics of California Reformulated Gasoline in on-road, off-road, and non-vehicle engines. The evaluation included in-use comparison of California Reformulated Gasoline to conventional Gasoline in normal fleet operations. Fleets totaling 829 test and 637 control vehicles were studied. Additionally, off-road and non-vehicle in-use testing was conducted covering engine technologies in the following uses: utility, lawn and garden applications; pleasure craft and small marine vessels; agricultural and industrial engines; and recreational snowmobiles and personal watercraft. California Reformulated Gasoline was found to perform as well as conventional Gasoline in terms of driveability, starting, idling, acceleration, power, and safety.
Michael E Parten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a hybrid electric sport utility vehicle
Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001Co-Authors: Michael E Parten, T MaxwellAbstract:This paper describes the design, fabrication, and test results of the conversion of a General Motors Suburban into a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A parallel drive train configuration is utilized with an internal combustion engine running on Reformulated Gasoline and two electric motors. The overall system is monitored and controlled by a real-time control system. One objective in the design was to minimize changes in the Suburban. design decisions, expected results and actual results are presented.
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VTC Fall - Development of a hybrid electric sport utility vehicle
IEEE 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37211), 1Co-Authors: Michael E Parten, T MaxwellAbstract:This paper describes the design, fabrication, and test results of the conversion of a General Motors Suburban into a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A parallel drive train configuration is utilized with an internal combustion engine running on Reformulated Gasoline and two electric motors. The overall system is monitored and controlled by a real-time control system. One objective in the design was to minimize changes in the Suburban. design decisions, expected results and actual results are presented.
