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P M Gootman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Presumptive adrenergic neurons containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine.
    Brain research, 1992
    Co-Authors: D A Ruggiero, M Anwar, P M Gootman
    Abstract:

    Given the importance of the swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for human development, physiology and disease, neurons containing the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), were mapped in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine as a first step in identifying their roles in central autonomic control. Neurons were labeled immunocytochemically by using an antiserum to PNMT raised in rabbits against trypsin-treated enzyme purified from the bovine adrenal gland. The general Regional Organization of neurons expressing PNMT (-like) immunoreactivity (ir) in the neonatal swine was similar to data obtained in other species and, in some aspects, more closely resembled the pattern observed in the primate brain. Immunolabeled cells appeared to be more abundant and caudally more extensive than observed in other adult animals. PNMT-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal somata, however, were largely confined to the reticular formation in the ventrolateral quadrant and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and more restricted in distribution than those expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H)-ir on serial transverse sections. A close correspondence was observed between the distributions of TH- and PNMT-ir neurons and processes throughout the C1 and C2 areas. However, in the C1 and C3 regions TH-ir neurons outnumbered those containing D beta H and PNMT-ir. In contrast, cell groups enriched in PNMT-ir neurons and processes were characterized by relatively weak D beta H-ir. In the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), PNMT-ir cell bodies were concentrated rostrally and extended from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to a level posterior to the calamus scriptorius. The rostral VLM was characterized by an admixture of bipolar and multipolar primarily medium-diameter immunostained neurons. A prominent cell column (condensation) organized ventromedially to the nucleus ambiguus pars compactus (NAc). A loosely organized cluster bordered the lateral aspect of the special visceral efferent column; another smaller aggregate was located in the ventromedial reticular formation adjacent to the inferior olive. At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg. At obex, the dorsal cell group formed a diagonal array and assumed a position dorsal and dorsolateral to the medial limb of LRN. This group was distinguished by bipolar neurons with axes of orientation directed perpendicularly to the majority of neurons in the rostal VLM or those lying near the caudal ventromedullary surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

  • Presumptive adrenergic neurons containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine.
    Brain Research, 1992
    Co-Authors: D A Ruggiero, M Anwar, P M Gootman
    Abstract:

    Given the importance of the swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for human development, physiology and disease, neurons containing the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), were mapped in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine as a first step in identifying their roles in central autonomic control. Neurons were labeled immunocytochemically by using an antiserum to PNMT raised in rabbits against trypsin-treated enzyme purified from the bovine adrenal gland. The general Regional Organization of neurons expressing PNMT (-like) immunoreactivity (ir) in the neonatal swine was similar to data obtained in other species and, in some aspects, more closely resembled the pattern observed in the primate brain. Immunolabeled cells appeared to be more abundant and caudally more extensive than observed in other adult animals. PNMT-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal somata, however, were largely confined to the reticular formation in the ventrolateral quadrant and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and more restricted in distribution than those expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH)-ir on serial transverse sections. A close correspondence was observed between the distributions of TH-and PNMT-ir neurons and processes throughout the CI and C2 areas. However, in the CI and C3 regions TH-ir neurons outnumbered those containing DβH and PNMT-ir. In contrast, cell groups enriched in PNMT-ir neurons and processes were characterized by relatively weak DβH-ir. In the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), PNMT-ir cell bodies were concentrated rostrally and extended from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to a level posterior to the calamus scriptorius. The rostral VLM was characterized by an admixture of bipolar and multipolar primarily medium-diameter immunostained neurons. A prominent cell column (condensation) organized ventromedially to the nucleus ambiguus pars compactus (NAc). A loosely organized cluster bordered the lateral aspect of the special visceral efferent column; another smaller aggregate was located in the ventromedial reticular formation adjacent to the inferior olive. At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg. At obex, the dorsal cell group formed a diagonal array and assumed a position dorsal and dorsolateral to the medial limb of LRN. This group was distinguished by bipolar neurons with axes of orientation directed perpendicularly to the majority of neurons in the rostral VLM or those lying near the caudal ventromedullary surface. PNMT-ir neurons in the dorsomedial medulla were concentrated in the NTS and extended from the rostral medulla towards the spinal-medullary junction. As observed in the human brainstem, a dorsal group of neurons, smaller in diameter than those in the VLM and intensely immunoreactive, formed a dense circular condensation at the dorsolateral edge of the nucleus subpostrema (NSP) subjacent (ventrolateral) to the area postrema (AP). Another heterogenous cell group was identified in the main body of the NSP; most cells were small in size and concentrated caudally. The NSP, a major target of the subdiaphragmatic vagus, was characterized by a dense matrix of immunoreactive processes and cell bodies with frequently branching dendrites ramifying locally or extending into the AP or subjacent NTS. A third distinct group of small ovoidal-fusiform cells occurred in the medial aspect of the commissural nucleus of Cajal and represented a caudal consolidation of those in the NSP. Smaller numbers of less intensely labeled cells occurred in the AP. Cells were sparsely immunostained for PNMT in the C3 area of the rostral dorsomedial reticular formation and medial longitudinal fasciculus and unlabeled in the periventricular gray. The distributions of PNMT-ir neurons in the VLM and NTS in neonatal swine are consistent with a role for adrenergic pathways in central autonomic control. Subsequent efforts following their maturation may provide a structural basis for cardiorespiratory reflex differentiation as occurs postnatally.

D A Ruggiero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Presumptive adrenergic neurons containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine.
    Brain research, 1992
    Co-Authors: D A Ruggiero, M Anwar, P M Gootman
    Abstract:

    Given the importance of the swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for human development, physiology and disease, neurons containing the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), were mapped in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine as a first step in identifying their roles in central autonomic control. Neurons were labeled immunocytochemically by using an antiserum to PNMT raised in rabbits against trypsin-treated enzyme purified from the bovine adrenal gland. The general Regional Organization of neurons expressing PNMT (-like) immunoreactivity (ir) in the neonatal swine was similar to data obtained in other species and, in some aspects, more closely resembled the pattern observed in the primate brain. Immunolabeled cells appeared to be more abundant and caudally more extensive than observed in other adult animals. PNMT-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal somata, however, were largely confined to the reticular formation in the ventrolateral quadrant and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and more restricted in distribution than those expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H)-ir on serial transverse sections. A close correspondence was observed between the distributions of TH- and PNMT-ir neurons and processes throughout the C1 and C2 areas. However, in the C1 and C3 regions TH-ir neurons outnumbered those containing D beta H and PNMT-ir. In contrast, cell groups enriched in PNMT-ir neurons and processes were characterized by relatively weak D beta H-ir. In the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), PNMT-ir cell bodies were concentrated rostrally and extended from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to a level posterior to the calamus scriptorius. The rostral VLM was characterized by an admixture of bipolar and multipolar primarily medium-diameter immunostained neurons. A prominent cell column (condensation) organized ventromedially to the nucleus ambiguus pars compactus (NAc). A loosely organized cluster bordered the lateral aspect of the special visceral efferent column; another smaller aggregate was located in the ventromedial reticular formation adjacent to the inferior olive. At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg. At obex, the dorsal cell group formed a diagonal array and assumed a position dorsal and dorsolateral to the medial limb of LRN. This group was distinguished by bipolar neurons with axes of orientation directed perpendicularly to the majority of neurons in the rostal VLM or those lying near the caudal ventromedullary surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

  • Presumptive adrenergic neurons containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine.
    Brain Research, 1992
    Co-Authors: D A Ruggiero, M Anwar, P M Gootman
    Abstract:

    Given the importance of the swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for human development, physiology and disease, neurons containing the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), were mapped in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine as a first step in identifying their roles in central autonomic control. Neurons were labeled immunocytochemically by using an antiserum to PNMT raised in rabbits against trypsin-treated enzyme purified from the bovine adrenal gland. The general Regional Organization of neurons expressing PNMT (-like) immunoreactivity (ir) in the neonatal swine was similar to data obtained in other species and, in some aspects, more closely resembled the pattern observed in the primate brain. Immunolabeled cells appeared to be more abundant and caudally more extensive than observed in other adult animals. PNMT-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal somata, however, were largely confined to the reticular formation in the ventrolateral quadrant and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and more restricted in distribution than those expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH)-ir on serial transverse sections. A close correspondence was observed between the distributions of TH-and PNMT-ir neurons and processes throughout the CI and C2 areas. However, in the CI and C3 regions TH-ir neurons outnumbered those containing DβH and PNMT-ir. In contrast, cell groups enriched in PNMT-ir neurons and processes were characterized by relatively weak DβH-ir. In the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), PNMT-ir cell bodies were concentrated rostrally and extended from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to a level posterior to the calamus scriptorius. The rostral VLM was characterized by an admixture of bipolar and multipolar primarily medium-diameter immunostained neurons. A prominent cell column (condensation) organized ventromedially to the nucleus ambiguus pars compactus (NAc). A loosely organized cluster bordered the lateral aspect of the special visceral efferent column; another smaller aggregate was located in the ventromedial reticular formation adjacent to the inferior olive. At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg. At obex, the dorsal cell group formed a diagonal array and assumed a position dorsal and dorsolateral to the medial limb of LRN. This group was distinguished by bipolar neurons with axes of orientation directed perpendicularly to the majority of neurons in the rostral VLM or those lying near the caudal ventromedullary surface. PNMT-ir neurons in the dorsomedial medulla were concentrated in the NTS and extended from the rostral medulla towards the spinal-medullary junction. As observed in the human brainstem, a dorsal group of neurons, smaller in diameter than those in the VLM and intensely immunoreactive, formed a dense circular condensation at the dorsolateral edge of the nucleus subpostrema (NSP) subjacent (ventrolateral) to the area postrema (AP). Another heterogenous cell group was identified in the main body of the NSP; most cells were small in size and concentrated caudally. The NSP, a major target of the subdiaphragmatic vagus, was characterized by a dense matrix of immunoreactive processes and cell bodies with frequently branching dendrites ramifying locally or extending into the AP or subjacent NTS. A third distinct group of small ovoidal-fusiform cells occurred in the medial aspect of the commissural nucleus of Cajal and represented a caudal consolidation of those in the NSP. Smaller numbers of less intensely labeled cells occurred in the AP. Cells were sparsely immunostained for PNMT in the C3 area of the rostral dorsomedial reticular formation and medial longitudinal fasciculus and unlabeled in the periventricular gray. The distributions of PNMT-ir neurons in the VLM and NTS in neonatal swine are consistent with a role for adrenergic pathways in central autonomic control. Subsequent efforts following their maturation may provide a structural basis for cardiorespiratory reflex differentiation as occurs postnatally.

M Anwar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Presumptive adrenergic neurons containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine.
    Brain research, 1992
    Co-Authors: D A Ruggiero, M Anwar, P M Gootman
    Abstract:

    Given the importance of the swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for human development, physiology and disease, neurons containing the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), were mapped in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine as a first step in identifying their roles in central autonomic control. Neurons were labeled immunocytochemically by using an antiserum to PNMT raised in rabbits against trypsin-treated enzyme purified from the bovine adrenal gland. The general Regional Organization of neurons expressing PNMT (-like) immunoreactivity (ir) in the neonatal swine was similar to data obtained in other species and, in some aspects, more closely resembled the pattern observed in the primate brain. Immunolabeled cells appeared to be more abundant and caudally more extensive than observed in other adult animals. PNMT-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal somata, however, were largely confined to the reticular formation in the ventrolateral quadrant and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and more restricted in distribution than those expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H)-ir on serial transverse sections. A close correspondence was observed between the distributions of TH- and PNMT-ir neurons and processes throughout the C1 and C2 areas. However, in the C1 and C3 regions TH-ir neurons outnumbered those containing D beta H and PNMT-ir. In contrast, cell groups enriched in PNMT-ir neurons and processes were characterized by relatively weak D beta H-ir. In the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), PNMT-ir cell bodies were concentrated rostrally and extended from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to a level posterior to the calamus scriptorius. The rostral VLM was characterized by an admixture of bipolar and multipolar primarily medium-diameter immunostained neurons. A prominent cell column (condensation) organized ventromedially to the nucleus ambiguus pars compactus (NAc). A loosely organized cluster bordered the lateral aspect of the special visceral efferent column; another smaller aggregate was located in the ventromedial reticular formation adjacent to the inferior olive. At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg. At obex, the dorsal cell group formed a diagonal array and assumed a position dorsal and dorsolateral to the medial limb of LRN. This group was distinguished by bipolar neurons with axes of orientation directed perpendicularly to the majority of neurons in the rostal VLM or those lying near the caudal ventromedullary surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

  • Presumptive adrenergic neurons containing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine.
    Brain Research, 1992
    Co-Authors: D A Ruggiero, M Anwar, P M Gootman
    Abstract:

    Given the importance of the swine (Sus scrofa) as an animal model for human development, physiology and disease, neurons containing the epinephrine-synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), were mapped in the medulla oblongata of neonatal swine as a first step in identifying their roles in central autonomic control. Neurons were labeled immunocytochemically by using an antiserum to PNMT raised in rabbits against trypsin-treated enzyme purified from the bovine adrenal gland. The general Regional Organization of neurons expressing PNMT (-like) immunoreactivity (ir) in the neonatal swine was similar to data obtained in other species and, in some aspects, more closely resembled the pattern observed in the primate brain. Immunolabeled cells appeared to be more abundant and caudally more extensive than observed in other adult animals. PNMT-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal somata, however, were largely confined to the reticular formation in the ventrolateral quadrant and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and more restricted in distribution than those expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH)-ir on serial transverse sections. A close correspondence was observed between the distributions of TH-and PNMT-ir neurons and processes throughout the CI and C2 areas. However, in the CI and C3 regions TH-ir neurons outnumbered those containing DβH and PNMT-ir. In contrast, cell groups enriched in PNMT-ir neurons and processes were characterized by relatively weak DβH-ir. In the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), PNMT-ir cell bodies were concentrated rostrally and extended from the caudal pole of the facial nucleus to a level posterior to the calamus scriptorius. The rostral VLM was characterized by an admixture of bipolar and multipolar primarily medium-diameter immunostained neurons. A prominent cell column (condensation) organized ventromedially to the nucleus ambiguus pars compactus (NAc). A loosely organized cluster bordered the lateral aspect of the special visceral efferent column; another smaller aggregate was located in the ventromedial reticular formation adjacent to the inferior olive. At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg. At obex, the dorsal cell group formed a diagonal array and assumed a position dorsal and dorsolateral to the medial limb of LRN. This group was distinguished by bipolar neurons with axes of orientation directed perpendicularly to the majority of neurons in the rostral VLM or those lying near the caudal ventromedullary surface. PNMT-ir neurons in the dorsomedial medulla were concentrated in the NTS and extended from the rostral medulla towards the spinal-medullary junction. As observed in the human brainstem, a dorsal group of neurons, smaller in diameter than those in the VLM and intensely immunoreactive, formed a dense circular condensation at the dorsolateral edge of the nucleus subpostrema (NSP) subjacent (ventrolateral) to the area postrema (AP). Another heterogenous cell group was identified in the main body of the NSP; most cells were small in size and concentrated caudally. The NSP, a major target of the subdiaphragmatic vagus, was characterized by a dense matrix of immunoreactive processes and cell bodies with frequently branching dendrites ramifying locally or extending into the AP or subjacent NTS. A third distinct group of small ovoidal-fusiform cells occurred in the medial aspect of the commissural nucleus of Cajal and represented a caudal consolidation of those in the NSP. Smaller numbers of less intensely labeled cells occurred in the AP. Cells were sparsely immunostained for PNMT in the C3 area of the rostral dorsomedial reticular formation and medial longitudinal fasciculus and unlabeled in the periventricular gray. The distributions of PNMT-ir neurons in the VLM and NTS in neonatal swine are consistent with a role for adrenergic pathways in central autonomic control. Subsequent efforts following their maturation may provide a structural basis for cardiorespiratory reflex differentiation as occurs postnatally.

Curtis F. Schaafsma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Paul E Minnis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • casas grandes and its hinterland prehistoric Regional Organization in northwest mexico
    2001
    Co-Authors: Michael E Whalen, Paul E Minnis
    Abstract:

    Casas Grandes, or Paquime, is one of the most important settlements in the prehistoric North American Southwest. The largest and most complex community in the Puebloan world, it was characterized by its principal excavator, Charles Di Peso, as an outpost of the Toltec empire, which used it as a trade link between Mesoamerican and southwestern cultures. Michael E. Whalen and Paul E. Minnis have worked extensively in the Casas Grandes area and now offer new research arguing that it was not as similar to the highly developed complex societies of Mesoamerica as has been thought. In the first book of its kind in 25 years, the authors analyze settlement pattern data from more than 300 communities in the area surrounding Casas Grandes to show that its Medio period culture was a local development. Whalen and Minnis propose that Casas Grandes lacked extensive stratification, well-established decision-making hierarchies, and formalized positions of authority. They suggest instead that emerging elites used bribes, promises, and threats to build factions and extend their power. The communities at the periphery are shown to have had varying levels of social and economic interaction with Casas Grandes. This innovative study offers a new model for the rise and fall of Casas Grandes that departs considerably from the view most scholars have come to accept and will be of interest to all concerned with the comparative study of emergent complexity. It clearly shows that the idea of extensive Regional centralization by Casas Grandes is no longer tenable and merits reconsideration by the archaeological community.