The Experts below are selected from a list of 66834 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Stuart J. Smyth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • us Regulatory system for genetically modified genetically modified organism gmo rdna or transgenic crop cultivars
    Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2007
    Co-Authors: Alan Mchughen, Stuart J. Smyth
    Abstract:

    Summary This paper reviews the history of the federal Regulatory oversight of plant agricultural biotechnology in the USA, focusing on the scientific and political forces moulding the continually evolving Regulatory structure in place today. Unlike most other jurisdictions, the USA decided to adapt pre-existing legislation to encompass products of biotechnology. In so doing, it established an overarching committee (Office of Science and Technology Policy) to study and distribute various Regulatory responsibilities amongst relevant agencies: the Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency and US Department of Agriculture. This paper reviews the history and procedures of each agency in the execution of its Regulatory duties and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the US Regulatory Strategy.

  • us Regulatory system for genetically modified genetically modified organism gmo rdna or transgenic crop cultivars
    Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2007
    Co-Authors: Alan Mchughen, Stuart J. Smyth
    Abstract:

    Summary This paper reviews the history of the federal Regulatory oversight of plant agricultural biotechnology in the USA, focusing on the scientific and political forces moulding the continually evolving Regulatory structure in place today. Unlike most other jurisdictions, the USA decided to adapt pre-existing legislation to encompass products of biotechnology. In so doing, it established an overarching committee (Office of Science and Technology Policy) to study and distribute various Regulatory responsibilities amongst relevant agencies: the Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency and US Department of Agriculture. This paper reviews the history and procedures of each agency in the execution of its Regulatory duties and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the US Regulatory Strategy.

Alan Mchughen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • us Regulatory system for genetically modified genetically modified organism gmo rdna or transgenic crop cultivars
    Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2007
    Co-Authors: Alan Mchughen, Stuart J. Smyth
    Abstract:

    Summary This paper reviews the history of the federal Regulatory oversight of plant agricultural biotechnology in the USA, focusing on the scientific and political forces moulding the continually evolving Regulatory structure in place today. Unlike most other jurisdictions, the USA decided to adapt pre-existing legislation to encompass products of biotechnology. In so doing, it established an overarching committee (Office of Science and Technology Policy) to study and distribute various Regulatory responsibilities amongst relevant agencies: the Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency and US Department of Agriculture. This paper reviews the history and procedures of each agency in the execution of its Regulatory duties and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the US Regulatory Strategy.

  • us Regulatory system for genetically modified genetically modified organism gmo rdna or transgenic crop cultivars
    Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2007
    Co-Authors: Alan Mchughen, Stuart J. Smyth
    Abstract:

    Summary This paper reviews the history of the federal Regulatory oversight of plant agricultural biotechnology in the USA, focusing on the scientific and political forces moulding the continually evolving Regulatory structure in place today. Unlike most other jurisdictions, the USA decided to adapt pre-existing legislation to encompass products of biotechnology. In so doing, it established an overarching committee (Office of Science and Technology Policy) to study and distribute various Regulatory responsibilities amongst relevant agencies: the Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency and US Department of Agriculture. This paper reviews the history and procedures of each agency in the execution of its Regulatory duties and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the US Regulatory Strategy.

Charles Yanofsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • transcription attenuation a highly conserved Regulatory Strategy used by bacteria
    Trends in Genetics, 2005
    Co-Authors: Enrique Merino, Charles Yanofsky
    Abstract:

    We employed computational analyses to assess the conservation of sequence elements that are believed to be essential for the various transcription-attenuation (termination) mechanisms that are used to regulate expression of families of orthologous genes in bacteria. We searched the upstream sequence of every predicted transcription unit for a transcription attenuator. These were then clustered by the orthology relationships of the nearby structural genes. Many gene families regulated by transcription attenuation were found to be adjacent to a Regulatory region that had a binding site for a specific protein, tRNA or small metabolite. Using our methodology, we predict that at least 80 different clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) are significantly regulated by transcription attenuation.

  • regulation by transcription attenuation in bacteria how rna provides instructions for transcription termination antitermination decisions
    BioEssays, 2002
    Co-Authors: Tina M. Henkin, Charles Yanofsky
    Abstract:

    Regulation of gene expression by premature termination of transcription, or transcription attenuation, is a common Regulatory Strategy in bacteria. Various mechanisms of regulating transcription termination have been uncovered, each can be placed in either of two broad categories of termination events. Many mechanisms involve choosing between two alternative hairpin structures in an RNA transcript, with the decision dependent on interactions between ribosome and transcript, tRNA and transcript, or protein and transcript. In other examples, modification of the transcription elongation complex is the crucial event. This article will describe and compare several of these Regulatory strategies, and will cite specific examples to illustrate the different mechanisms employed.

  • transcription attenuation once viewed as a novel Regulatory Strategy
    Journal of Bacteriology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Charles Yanofsky
    Abstract:

    The views expressed in this feature do not necessarily represent the views of the journal or of ASM . Regulation by transcription termination/antitermination, transcription attenuation, is a commonly used Strategy. It is most often based on selective formation of either of two alternative base-

David M Schizer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the shale oil and gas revolution hydraulic fracturing and water contamination a Regulatory Strategy
    Social Science Research Network, 2013
    Co-Authors: Thomas W Merrill, David M Schizer
    Abstract:

    The United States is expected to become the world’s largest oil producer by 2020, overtaking Saudi Arabia, and the world’s top natural gas producer by 2015, surpassing Russia. In the past decade, energy companies have learned to tap previously inaccessible oil and gas in shale with “hydraulic fracturing” (“fracturing” or “fracking”), pumping fluid at high pressure to crack the shale and release gas and oil trapped inside. This “shale revolution” has created millions of jobs, enhanced our energy independence, and reduced U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by substituting natural gas for coal. Even so, fracturing is controversial. It may undercut the renewable energy industry, exacerbate air pollution and congestion, and use significant amounts of water. The most unique risk, which is the focus of this Article, is the potential contamination of groundwater. The fluid used in fracturing contains toxic chemicals. There is little evidence so far that subterranean fracturing can directly contaminate groundwater, and this risk may never materialize. The layer of shale that is fractured is usually thousands of feet below the water table, with a buffer of dense rock or clay in between. But there are other ways in which fracturing might contaminate groundwater, including surface spills of fracturing fluid, improper handling of waste, and the migration of natural gas into water wells. Some of these risks are familiar from decades of conventional oil and gas production, while others are new. In response, this Article proposes a Strategy for regulating water contamination from fracturing. For issues that are already well understood, we would rely on best practices regulations. For issues that are unique to fracturing and are not yet well understood, we would rely on liability rules – and, specifically, a hybrid of strict liability and a Regulatory compliance defense – to motivate industry to take precautions, develop risk-reducing innovations, and cooperate in the development of best practices regulations. To facilitate more accurate determinations of causation, we recommend information-forcing rules (e.g., requiring energy companies to test water quality before they begin fracturing). We also suggest other design features for the liability system, such as one-way fee shifting and provisions to ensure that defendants will not be judgment proof. To ensure that the Regulatory regime draws on existing Regulatory expertise and is both dynamic and tailored to local conditions, we recommend keeping the Regulatory center of gravity in the states, instead of fashioning a new federal regime.

  • the shale oil and gas revolution hydraulic fracturing and water contamination a Regulatory Strategy
    Minnesota Law Review, 2013
    Co-Authors: Thomas W Merrill, David M Schizer
    Abstract:

    Introduction 147 I. Hydraulic Fracturing: A Technological Leap in Drilling for Shale Oil and Gas 152 II. Economic, National Security, and Environmental Benefits from Fracturing 157 A. Economic Growth 157 B. Energy Independence and National Security ......... 161 C. Environmental Benefits: Air Quality and Climate Change 164 1. Cleaner Air from Using Gas Instead of Coal .... 164 2. Climate Change: Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Burning Gas Instead of Coal ... 165 3. Climate Change: Offsetting Effects of Fugitive Methane Emissions 166 III. Familiar Risks That Are Not Unique to Fracturing ........ 170 A. Economic Competition for Solar, Wind, and Other Renewables 170 B. Air Pollution 172 C. Congestion and Pressure on Local Communities ... 176 D. Water Usage 177

Thomas W Merrill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the shale oil and gas revolution hydraulic fracturing and water contamination a Regulatory Strategy
    Social Science Research Network, 2013
    Co-Authors: Thomas W Merrill, David M Schizer
    Abstract:

    The United States is expected to become the world’s largest oil producer by 2020, overtaking Saudi Arabia, and the world’s top natural gas producer by 2015, surpassing Russia. In the past decade, energy companies have learned to tap previously inaccessible oil and gas in shale with “hydraulic fracturing” (“fracturing” or “fracking”), pumping fluid at high pressure to crack the shale and release gas and oil trapped inside. This “shale revolution” has created millions of jobs, enhanced our energy independence, and reduced U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by substituting natural gas for coal. Even so, fracturing is controversial. It may undercut the renewable energy industry, exacerbate air pollution and congestion, and use significant amounts of water. The most unique risk, which is the focus of this Article, is the potential contamination of groundwater. The fluid used in fracturing contains toxic chemicals. There is little evidence so far that subterranean fracturing can directly contaminate groundwater, and this risk may never materialize. The layer of shale that is fractured is usually thousands of feet below the water table, with a buffer of dense rock or clay in between. But there are other ways in which fracturing might contaminate groundwater, including surface spills of fracturing fluid, improper handling of waste, and the migration of natural gas into water wells. Some of these risks are familiar from decades of conventional oil and gas production, while others are new. In response, this Article proposes a Strategy for regulating water contamination from fracturing. For issues that are already well understood, we would rely on best practices regulations. For issues that are unique to fracturing and are not yet well understood, we would rely on liability rules – and, specifically, a hybrid of strict liability and a Regulatory compliance defense – to motivate industry to take precautions, develop risk-reducing innovations, and cooperate in the development of best practices regulations. To facilitate more accurate determinations of causation, we recommend information-forcing rules (e.g., requiring energy companies to test water quality before they begin fracturing). We also suggest other design features for the liability system, such as one-way fee shifting and provisions to ensure that defendants will not be judgment proof. To ensure that the Regulatory regime draws on existing Regulatory expertise and is both dynamic and tailored to local conditions, we recommend keeping the Regulatory center of gravity in the states, instead of fashioning a new federal regime.

  • the shale oil and gas revolution hydraulic fracturing and water contamination a Regulatory Strategy
    Minnesota Law Review, 2013
    Co-Authors: Thomas W Merrill, David M Schizer
    Abstract:

    Introduction 147 I. Hydraulic Fracturing: A Technological Leap in Drilling for Shale Oil and Gas 152 II. Economic, National Security, and Environmental Benefits from Fracturing 157 A. Economic Growth 157 B. Energy Independence and National Security ......... 161 C. Environmental Benefits: Air Quality and Climate Change 164 1. Cleaner Air from Using Gas Instead of Coal .... 164 2. Climate Change: Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Burning Gas Instead of Coal ... 165 3. Climate Change: Offsetting Effects of Fugitive Methane Emissions 166 III. Familiar Risks That Are Not Unique to Fracturing ........ 170 A. Economic Competition for Solar, Wind, and Other Renewables 170 B. Air Pollution 172 C. Congestion and Pressure on Local Communities ... 176 D. Water Usage 177