The Experts below are selected from a list of 9480 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Mark C Lay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • scientists habits of mind as evidenced by the interaction between their science training and Religious beliefs
    International Journal of Science Education, 2009
    Co-Authors: Richard K Coll, Neil Taylor, Mark C Lay
    Abstract:

    The science education literature suggests that the public and students often hold narrow stereotypical views of scientists and science. Here we argue that it is important that students and the public understand the basis on which scientists make scientific claims. The inquiry sought to develop an understanding of the scientific mind, explored through Gauld’s (2005) notion of ‘habits of mind’. The vehicle used to explore these ideas consisted of an inquiry into how scientists rationalise conflicts between scientific theories and Religious beliefs which are not in agreement with consensually‐accepted scientific theories. Twenty scientists from different scientific disciplines and levels of seniority were interviewed using as a basis an instrument containing a series of Religious‐based item statements that a panel of scientific and Religious experts considered were in agreement with a variety of Religious Doctrines yet in disagreement with current scientific thinking, or for which there is at present no supp...

Piccinini Chiara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Descrizione della giusta via (正道提綱)
    place:Milano, 2020
    Co-Authors: Piccinini Chiara
    Abstract:

    This is a poem written in the traditional form of ci \u8fad, attributed to Xu Guangqi with a rigid tonal structure and a precise rhythmic scheme. The content is the description of the main characteristics of Christianity, a praise of missionary work of evangelization and a critique of the three main Religious Doctrines in China: Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism

  • Descrizione della giusta via (\u6b63\u9053\u63d0\u7db1)
    place:Milano, 2020
    Co-Authors: Piccinini Chiara
    Abstract:

    This is a poem written in the traditional form of ci \u8fad, attributed to Xu Guangqi with a rigid tonal structure and a precise rhythmic scheme. The content is the description of the main characteristics of Christianity, a praise of missionary work of evangelization and a critique of the three main Religious Doctrines in China: Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism

Hariyanto Bambang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The contribution of KH. Said Agil Siradj's leadership in fighting radicalism : a language communication strategy
    'IAIN Bukittinggi', 2020
    Co-Authors: Hariyanto Bambang
    Abstract:

    This article aimed to describe Said Agil Siradj's (SAS’s) communication strategy at the anniversary of Fatayat NU in 2019. Radicalism and terrorism have become a real threat to world peace and human values. In Indonesia, it has been categorised as an extraordinary crime, particularly since the Bali bombings in 2002. The act of anticipation has been issued by forming anti-terrorism regulation to prevent and crackdown of its action. Nevertheless, this effort is not sufficient to eradicate terrorism action. Collaboration with Religious institutions is needed to deal with the questions of the Religious Doctrines. Therefore, the participation of Religious leaders from the Islamic organisations such as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is essential.. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach of critical discourse analysis, focusing on the illocutionary acts of speech acts theory. The data of the research was transcribed from the video of SAS’s speech on YouTube channel. The result shows that the speaker used types of illocutionary acts; representatives, directives, commisives, expressives, and declarations. These expressions are used to command, persuade, and warn the listeners. Meanwhile, the Islamic terms were used as a discursive practice to maintain a good relationship between a leader and the followers

  • The Contribution of KH. Said Agil Siradj’s Leadership in Fighting Radicalism: A Language Communication Strategy
    'IAIN Bukittinggi', 2020
    Co-Authors: Hariyanto Bambang
    Abstract:

    This article aimed to describe Said Agil Siradj's (SAS’s) communication strategy at the anniversary of Fatayat NU in 2019. Radicalism and terrorism have become a real threat to world peace and human values. In Indonesia, it has been categorised as an extraordinary crime, particularly since the Bali bombings in 2002. The act of anticipation has been issued by forming anti-terrorism regulation to prevent and crackdown of its action. Nevertheless, this effort is not sufficient to eradicate terrorism action. Collaboration with Religious institutions is needed to deal with the questions of the Religious Doctrines. Therefore, the participation of Religious leaders from the Islamic organisations such as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is essential.. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach of critical discourse analysis, focusing on the illocutionary acts of speech acts theory. The data of the research was transcribed from the video of SAS’s speech on YouTube channel. The result shows that the speaker used types of illocutionary acts; representatives, directives, commisives, expressives, and declarations. These expressions are used to command, persuade, and warn the listeners. Meanwhile, the Islamic terms were used as a discursive practice to maintain a good relationship between a leader and the followers.     Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang bagaiamana Said Agil Siradj (SAS) mempengaruhi pendengarnya pada acara ulang tahun Fatayat NU ke-73 tahun 2019. Radikalisme dan terorisme telah menjadi ancaman bagi perdamaian dan nilai-nilai kemanusian. Di Indonesia, tindak terorisme telah menjadi bentuk kejahatan yang luar biasa sejak kejadian bom Bali 2002. Bentuk antisipasi telah dilakukan yakni dengan menerbitkan undang-undang anti-terorisme untuk menangkal dan mengatasi aksi terorisme. Penegakan hukum dan kebijakan regulasi telah dikeluarkan dalam rangka menangkalnya. Namun demikian, tindakan ini belum cukup memadai dalam pemberantasan terorisme. Kolaborasi dengan Lembaga-lembaga keagamaan diperlukan guna menjawab terkait doktrin-doktirn keagamaan. Oleh karena itu partisipasi para pemimpin agama dan organisasi keislaman seperti NU adalah penting. Namun demikian pelibatan organisasi keagamaan dalam kontek ini telah memicu munculnya perdebatan terutama Ketika organisasi tersebut mendominasi peran dalam ranah public.  Studi ini didesain berdasarkan deskripsi kualitatif pada pendekatan analisis wacana kritis yang berfokus pada tindak illokusi berdasarkan teori tindak tutur. Data penelitian ini diambil dari transkripsi Video SAS yang diambil dari YouTube. Selanjutnya data dianalisis menggunakan teori tindal ilokusi dan analsis wacana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembicara menggunakan tipe-tipe tindak tutur pada bentuk representasi, direktif, komisif, ekspresi dan deklarasi. Ekpresi-ekpresi tersebut digunakan untuk memerintah, membujuk dan melarang para pendengarnya.Adapun istilah-istilah keislaman digunakan sebagai praktik diskursif guna membangun hubungan social antara pemimpin dan pengikutnya.

Rahman, Mohammad T. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Turning religion from cause to reducer of panic during the COVID-19 pandemic
    HTS Teologiese Studies Theological Studies, 2021
    Co-Authors: Wibisono, Muhammad Y., Truna, Dody S., Rahman, Mohammad T.
    Abstract:

    Muslim communities in the village facing the COVID-19 Pandemic attempts to find refuge from the plague and hope for survival. However, this led to more caution, which may lead to xenophobia. Via ethnography, this study unmasks the xenophobic attitude. This research discusses the root causes of panic in the community so that remedies can be implemented. The research attempts to explain, from a socio-anthropological viewpoint, how people and Religious groups in the village perceive the pandemic of COVID-19 based on their belief in their faith and in the science. The research takes place in Cigagak village, an area of approximately 7000 m2 on the outskirts of Bandung of West Java of Indonesia. This study examines the selected respondents (20 respondents as the samples) from about 190 inhabitants (as the population) who had close ties to managing places of worship (mosques) and public places. This study utilises a collaborative self-ethnographic method and qualitative analysis. The influence of COVID-19 has moved to new exclusive and disintegrating practices from the inclusion-cohesive Religious tradition. Therefore, this study tries to find out ways on how to reduce exclusive perception and Religious practices to a minimum level and how to disappear xenophobia. Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic, inclusive awareness and actions were re-established, and even social cohesiveness was fostered. This study concludes that in its deep conviction nature, theology can change exclusive behaviour to be inclusive if it is based on the Religious principles that are raised in response to human events. In this case, the Muslim community in a village can change the fear of COVID-19 pandemic to be a reducer of the panic based on the support of the Religious Doctrines. Contribution: This article used a collaborative self-ethnography with a Religious socio-anthropological viewpoint. This study could help to solve social problems through theological convergence in Islamic milieu, especially that of the government’s formal Islamic organisation and organic Islamic leaders of the society

Van Overmeire Dirk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Een dilemma in moderniteit: een geografische studie van de missie of de kolonie? Het missionaire voorbehoud bij de geografie als gids in een modern apostolaat (1822-1919).
    2017
    Co-Authors: Van Overmeire Dirk
    Abstract:

    This research project aims to determine how, between 1822 and 1919, the roll-out of competing doctrinal and secular positions among Christian missionaries came to designate a geographical discourse across the denominational board. This geographical reporting may have contributed to certain scientifically-induced shifts in missionary strategic visions stemming from the physical and human parameters defining the overseas working contexts of evangelization. The global evangelizing efforts that took off before 1850 were to co-energize Europe’s overseas expansionism over the further course of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Catholic, Protestant and Anglican missionary strategies in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas thereby became equal subjects of an imperialist geography’s attention. That’s at least what may be suggested by the fair number of missionary field letters and research papers that ended up in scientific journals hosted by the then emerging geographical societies in France, Britain and Germany (and, also, the Low Countries). In turn, evangelists, whom had failed much of a training by geography’s specialist formats and sources of knowledge, operating from the same learned societies in Europe, reportedly opened up to more reformist aspirations of a modern evidence based scholarship in the formulation of long-term strategies of conversion. Still, unless it concerned leading geographical travels and discoveries by missionary giants as the African explorer David Livingstone (1813-73) of the London Missionary Society (LMS), the success level for the missionary service of this distinct research call in a Religious vocation, as far as it was entrenched in the geographical societies, has stayed largely absent in the historiography on either imperialist science or the mission. Therefore, less notable but nevertheless as powerful evidence about geography’s intrinsic missionary research agenda remained largely obscured and underappreciated. The alleged ambivalence of evangelists about seeking to join an international peer community of secular geography scholars, with both setting out explicit grievances and preconditions about the discipline’s missionary consignment, is an important topic of comparative historical investigation for two reasons. First, the size, pace and consistency at which a missionary reporting made foray into the geographical societies may show how the quality of the mind of evangelists was less speculative, yet inquisitive or at least more pragmatic, and hence lead into a better understanding of why and how secular science may have managed to overhaul a presumed outsider status and instead identify as an institutionalized actor of descendant changes in strategies of evangelization. Besides, this positive choice to mix geographical scholarship with the forging of a more visible modern missionary identity in missionary work, education and communication culture may or may not have shown divisions among Roman Catholic, Protestant and Anglican denominations of various cultural and spiritual stock. Second, the curbs on why and by what Christian evangelists collected intelligence on in the search of geographical causes behind (a lack of) missionary progress may reveal scientific specificity in either an elusiveness or (unintentional) effusiveness toward competing humanitarian models of imperialist interventionism (colonialism) from within the science of geography. In other words, this research project attempts to find out whether the evidence on the missionary study of geography, as presented in the journals of the learned societies, did come back to haunt the evangelists. First, that is whether missionary practitioners, by merely cherry-picking from the science, did cause themselves to be side-lined and, inevitably, eventually dismissed as geographers? Second, and more pertinent, that is if geography’s invasive science base in terms of its then acute imperialist profile did present itself as a Trojan horse that exposed in the impairment of a core missionary action strategy to a level of delegitimizing itself (in the support of the overseas mission civilisatrice of the European nation states)? Or whether, on the other, imperialist geography, in the interaction with scholars in the geographical societies, did manage to enlarge somehow the modern self-esteem and self-confidence of the missionary project to a greater self-comprehension of its gradually embattled authority on Europe’s leading path of overseas expansionism over the 19th and early 20th centuries? The contents of this research project were organized in a spiral fashion. Part one first contextualizes the general "push" and "pull" factors of the late-modern missionary movement and inherent moves to a geographical perception of its own scientific embodiment (chapter 1). The working theory is that an emerging missionary science (missiology), first on a Protestant and then on a Catholic side, trying to answer the fundamental question of why evangelists were not better prepared for their tasks, was paramount in according geography’s more rightful place in a greater awareness and scientific evaluation of missionary field strategy. Chapter 2 specifies the methodology of the research project into how a related missionary data stream to a selection of geographical journals in France, Germany and Britain was monitored and replicated for analytical purposes. It is these countries that then acted as Europe’s major imperialist powers. They also overlapped more or less with the European regions of origin in a confessional divide of dominant Catholic, Protestant and Anglican missionary groups respectively. Among the oldest sources of missionary geographical publications, the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (1822-1919) figures prominently. The similarly renowned Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (1831-1919) and Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (1855-1919) partly followed the Parisian lead in how to interact with a missionary research body in the science. A fourth periodical, the Mitteilungen zu Jena der Geographischen Gesellschaft (für Thüringen) zu Jena (1882-1917/18), which made supplementary headlines in Germany (if temporarily) because of an unprecedented access to evangelists as geographers, was added to the compilation of a repository database of missionary research records in the science. The main research questions that arise from their numbers and trends, research themes and design, and, of course, corroboration of investigative results in the strategy on the missionary terrain, are presented at the end of chapter 2 in part one. Part two first presents geography’s make-up of different breeding (Religious institutes and sending agencies; missiologists) and feeding partners (geographical societies; academic geographers) with regard to their views on the discipline’s best design of missionary training and cooperative learning (chapters 1-2). Based on estimates of the missionary intake in the geographical journals according to three main types of research papers, short notes or communications, and notes on new missionary publications (books, journal articles and other published materials such as maps and photos), the leading missionary bodies (and individuals) are identified to form a portrait gallery of missionary actors in the study. To that end, they are grouped by denominational (institutional) and personal (functional) criteria of missionary allegiance to the science (chapter 3). In part three, the influence of a prominent core of Religious institutes and sending agencies (such as the Society of Jesus (SJ), Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP), Société des missions évangeliques de Paris (SMEP), Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft Basel (EMGB), Berliner Missionsgesellschaft” (BMG) and Church Missionary Society, CMS) on the design and outcome of scientific research as proposed both by geographical societies and scholars of the mission is being assessed. The patterns of shifts in missionary source criteria and authorization of research attempt to establish if and how geographical journals between 1822 and 1919 matched their editorial tactics, devised to stretch a “mission of science” outwards, with rhetorical strategies, crafted to stretch inwards a “science of the mission”, to a greater level of understanding of the Religious Doctrines and working values of some top-tier Religious institutes and sending agencies in the study of geography (chapters 1-3). Lastly, part four centres on how a geographical study along a dual human and physical delineation of the field of evangelization fit in with an increasingly concretizing attitude of different missionary groups, towards greater cognizance (chapter 1) of man’s nature and his relationship to the environment and/or space (chapter 1). Their legitimate integration in modern field strategies of evangelization is also taken into consideration (chapters 2-3). In particular, chapter 1 tracks how in a topographic and ethnographic field verification and validation, the geographical research and reporting of various denominations and groups of evangelists ended up by (un)intentionally speaking up for geography’s secular/imperialist interests. It was precisely by working around the discipline’s dominant Copernican and Darwinian paradigms that conceptual, methodological and editorial determinants of topographic and ethnographic study themes came to “worldly” reframe their Religiously principled positions. These various missionary lines of defence (or false sense of exoneration) in the apostolic field challenged some of the main determinist-inspiring Copernican and Darwinian imperatives and restraints in the assumptions of the science. Geography thereby primarily reasoned from imposing physical characteristics of a harsh environment that adversely affected indigenous communities, including those of missionaries. In the geographical follow-up on missionary strategy, chapters 2-3 try to establish how evangelists either sought to theoretically insulate or practically patch their troubled relationship with local local physical (and human) characteristics that were to lessen the negative impact of overseas their geographies on the missionary project as well as on their own personal experience in the field of missionary action.TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 LIST OF RESEARCH DIAGRAMS 9 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF CHARTS 11 LIST OF MAPS 11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 12 LIST OF FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS 13 A WORD OF GRATITUDE 15 PREFACE 20 PART I: THE MISSIONARY RESURRECTION THROUGH A MANDATE OF SCIENCE (1822-1919) 33 1. EXPLORING THE MISSIONARY GATEWAY TO GEOGRAPHY 42 1.1. THE TWINNING CALL OF A CHRISTIAN SCIENCE IN EVANGELIZATION 44 1.2. GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNALS AS UNMARKED ANTHOLOGIES IN MISSIONARY SCIENCE 55 2. THE MISSIONARY DEPOSIT IN GEOGRAPHY’S VAULT OF KNOWLEDGE 66 2.1. THE METRICS IN THE COMPILATION OF A MISSIONARY REPOSITORY OF GEOGRAPHY 68 2.2. FLOWS, THEMATICS AND ANATHEMATICS 80 Part II. AUTHORIZERS AND AUTHENTICATORS IN MISSIONARY GEOGRAPHY 84 1. MISSIONARY WATCHDOGS AND THINK TANKS OF GEOGRAPHY CENTERED AROUND THE PULPIT 86 1.1. THE HERMENEUTICS OF SCHOLARS OF MISSIOLOGY 86 1.2. THE MISSIONARY FORMATION HOUSES 99 2. MISSIONARY ACCELERATORS AND DOCKING SITES IN GEOGRAPHY 114 2.1. THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTEGRATED EXPERTISE OF A GEOGRAPHY GUILD 115 2.2. THE OPEN SOURCE AND TRANSNATIONAL KNOWLEDGE HUBS OF GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES 130 3. A GENETIC MAP OF THE MISSIONARY BODY OF GEOGRAPHERS 159 3.1. INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF COLLECTIVE ENLISTMENT 160 3.2. FUNCTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL ENLISTMENT 172 Part III. GEOGRAPHY’S TANGLED MISSIONARY INTERFACE 191 1. MISSIONARY ARCHITECTS OF GEOGRAPHY: COMPANIONS OF ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT AND CARL RITTER (1822-c. 1864) 200 1.1. A BALANCED WORKING ALLIANCE: THE SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE PARIS (1822-c. 1864) 203 1.2. A BIASED WORKING ALLIANCE: THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY IN THE EARLY VICTORIAN PERIOD (1830-c. 1864) 233 1.3. A COMPREHENSIVE WORKING ALLIANCE: PETERMANNS GEOGRAPHISCHE MITTEILUNGEN (1855-c. 1864) 240 2. GEOTAGGED EVANGELISTS: MISSIONARY MARKERS IN GEOGRAPHY’S RIDE ON IMPERIALIST PARTITION (c. 1865-92) 246 2.1. MISSIONNAIRES DE LA SCIENCE: THE SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE PARIS (c. 1865-92) 250 2.2. THE GREAT MISSIONARY TRAVEL SHOW: THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY (c. 1865-92) 273 2.3. WANDERINGS ALONG THE APOSTELSTRAβE: PETERMANNS GEOGRAPHISCHE MITTEILUNGEN (c. 1865-92) 289 2.4. THROWING THE VEIL OVER AFRICA: THE GEOGRAPHISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT (FÜR THÜRINGEN) ZU JENA (1882-c. 92) 297 3. “MISSION ACCOMPLISHED”: GEOGRAPHY’S AMBIVALENT MISSIONARY RESEARCH CONNECTION (c. 1893-1919) 305 3.1. GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES AS MISSIONARY HERITAGE PROTECTORS 311 3.2. GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES AS MISSIONARY HERITAGE OPPONENTS 323 Part IV. GEOGRAPHY’S TWISTED MUSCLE IN THE MISSIONARY FACE 329 1. THE PITFALL IN MISSIONARY REFLECTION ON PHYSICAL AND HUMAN ANATOMIES OF THE FIELD 333 1.1. “LOST IN SPACE”: THE MISSIONARY PARADOX OF A PHYSICAL (UN)INTELLIGIBILITY 336 1.2. “LOST IN MEANING”: THE MISSIONARY PARADOX OF HUMAN (UN)INTELLIGIBILITY 357 2. INSULATING GEOGRAPHY’S GAP: MISSIONARY SCIENCE AND ACTION STRATEGIES IN A PHYSICAL AND HUMAN SYNTHESIS 380 2.1. DESCENDING THROUGH THE RECORDS: EVANGELISTS AS METEOROLOGISTS, GEOLOGISTS AND ETHNOGRAPHERS 381 2.2. ASCENDING THE ROCKS: MISSIONARY SPORTSMEN AND “THEIR RECORDS” OF HUMAN ASCENT 401 3. “PATCHING” GEOGRAPHY’S GAP: MISSIONARY PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNICAL MITIGATION 408 3.1. MAKING THE FLOCK’S ENDS MEET: EVANGELISTS AS AGRICULTURAL, COMMERCIAL, TRANSPORT AND INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHERS 409 3.2. BANDAGING THE FLOCK: EVANGELISTS AS GEOGRAPHERS OF MEDICINE (AND MEDICS) 420 CONCLUDING REMARKS: GEOGRAPHY FOR MISSIONARIES – A NOAH'S ARK OR A TROJAN HORSE? 428 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 437nrpages: 489status: publishe

  • A dilemma in modernity: a geography study of the mission or the colony? Missionary parentheses in geography's guide to a modern apostleship (1822-1919)
    2017
    Co-Authors: Van Overmeire Dirk
    Abstract:

    This research project aims to determine how, between 1822 and 1919, the roll-out of competing doctrinal and secular positions among Christian missionaries came to designate a geographical discourse across the denominational board. This geographical reporting may have contributed to certain scientifically-induced shifts in missionary strategic visions stemming from the physical and human parameters defining the overseas working contexts of evangelization. The global evangelizing efforts that took off before 1850 were to co-energize Europe’s overseas expansionism over the further course of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Catholic, Protestant and Anglican missionary strategies in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas thereby became equal subjects of an imperialist geography’s attention. That’s at least what may be suggested by the fair number of missionary field letters and research papers that ended up in scientific journals hosted by the then emerging geographical societies in France, Britain and Germany (and, also, the Low Countries). In turn, evangelists, whom had failed much of a training by geography’s specialist formats and sources of knowledge, operating from the same learned societies in Europe, reportedly opened up to more reformist aspirations of a modern evidence based scholarship in the formulation of long-term strategies of conversion. Still, unless it concerned leading geographical travels and discoveries by missionary giants as the African explorer David Livingstone (1813-73) of the London Missionary Society (LMS), the success level for the missionary service of this distinct research call in a Religious vocation, as far as it was entrenched in the geographical societies, has stayed largely absent in the historiography on either imperialist science or the mission. Therefore, less notable but nevertheless as powerful evidence about geography’s intrinsic missionary research agenda remained largely obscured and underappreciated. The alleged ambivalence of evangelists about seeking to join an international peer community of secular geography scholars, with both setting out explicit grievances and preconditions about the discipline’s missionary consignment, is an important topic of comparative historical investigation for two reasons. First, the size, pace and consistency at which a missionary reporting made foray into the geographical societies may show how the quality of the mind of evangelists was less speculative, yet inquisitive or at least more pragmatic, and hence lead into a better understanding of why and how secular science may have managed to overhaul a presumed outsider status and instead identify as an institutionalized actor of descendant changes in strategies of evangelization. Besides, this positive choice to mix geographical scholarship with the forging of a more visible modern missionary identity in missionary work, education and communication culture may or may not have shown divisions among Roman Catholic, Protestant and Anglican denominations of various cultural and spiritual stock. Second, the curbs on why and by what Christian evangelists collected intelligence on in the search of geographical causes behind (a lack of) missionary progress may reveal scientific specificity in either an elusiveness or (unintentional) effusiveness toward competing humanitarian models of imperialist interventionism (colonialism) from within the science of geography. In other words, this research project attempts to find out whether the evidence on the missionary study of geography, as presented in the journals of the learned societies, did come back to haunt the evangelists. First, that is whether missionary practitioners, by merely cherry-picking from the science, did cause themselves to be side-lined and, inevitably, eventually dismissed as geographers? Second, and more pertinent, that is if geography’s invasive science base in terms of its then acute imperialist profile did present itself as a Trojan horse that exposed in the impairment of a core missionary action strategy to a level of delegitimizing itself (in the support of the overseas mission civilisatrice of the European nation states)? Or whether, on the other, imperialist geography, in the interaction with scholars in the geographical societies, did manage to enlarge somehow the modern self-esteem and self-confidence of the missionary project to a greater self-comprehension of its gradually embattled authority on Europe’s leading path of overseas expansionism over the 19th and early 20th centuries? The contents of this research project were organized in a spiral fashion. Part one first contextualizes the general "push" and "pull" factors of the late-modern missionary movement and inherent moves to a geographical perception of its own scientific embodiment (chapter 1). The working theory is that an emerging missionary science (missiology), first on a Protestant and then on a Catholic side, trying to answer the fundamental question of why evangelists were not better prepared for their tasks, was paramount in according geography’s more rightful place in a greater awareness and scientific evaluation of missionary field strategy. Chapter 2 specifies the methodology of the research project into how a related missionary data stream to a selection of geographical journals in France, Germany and Britain was monitored and replicated for analytical purposes. It is these countries that then acted as Europe’s major imperialist powers. They also overlapped more or less with the European regions of origin in a confessional divide of dominant Catholic, Protestant and Anglican missionary groups respectively. Among the oldest sources of missionary geographical publications, the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (1822-1919) figures prominently. The similarly renowned Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (1831-1919) and Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (1855-1919) partly followed the Parisian lead in how to interact with a missionary research body in the science. A fourth periodical, the Mitteilungen zu Jena der Geographischen Gesellschaft (für Thüringen) zu Jena (1882-1917/18), which made supplementary headlines in Germany (if temporarily) because of an unprecedented access to evangelists as geographers, was added to the compilation of a repository database of missionary research records in the science. The main research questions that arise from their numbers and trends, research themes and design, and, of course, corroboration of investigative results in the strategy on the missionary terrain, are presented at the end of chapter 2 in part one. Part two first presents geography’s make-up of different breeding (Religious institutes and sending agencies; missiologists) and feeding partners (geographical societies; academic geographers) with regard to their views on the discipline’s best design of missionary training and cooperative learning (chapters 1-2). Based on estimates of the missionary intake in the geographical journals according to three main types of research papers, short notes or communications, and notes on new missionary publications (books, journal articles and other published materials such as maps and photos), the leading missionary bodies (and individuals) are identified to form a portrait gallery of missionary actors in the study. To that end, they are grouped by denominational (institutional) and personal (functional) criteria of missionary allegiance to the science (chapter 3). In part three, the influence of a prominent core of Religious institutes and sending agencies (such as the Society of Jesus (SJ), Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP), Société des missions évangeliques de Paris (SMEP), Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft Basel (EMGB), Berliner Missionsgesellschaft” (BMG) and Church Missionary Society, CMS) on the design and outcome of scientific research as proposed both by geographical societies and scholars of the mission is being assessed. The patterns of shifts in missionary source criteria and authorization of research attempt to establish if and how geographical journals between 1822 and 1919 matched their editorial tactics, devised to stretch a “mission of science” outwards, with rhetorical strategies, crafted to stretch inwards a “science of the mission”, to a greater level of understanding of the Religious Doctrines and working values of some top-tier Religious institutes and sending agencies in the study of geography (chapters 1-3). Lastly, part four centres on how a geographical study along a dual human and physical delineation of the field of evangelization fit in with an increasingly concretizing attitude of different missionary groups, towards greater cognizance (chapter 1) of man’s nature and his relationship to the environment and/or space (chapter 1). Their legitimate integration in modern field strategies of evangelization is also taken into consideration (chapters 2-3). In particular, chapter 1 tracks how in a topographic and ethnographic field verification and validation, the geographical research and reporting of various denominations and groups of evangelists ended up by (un)intentionally speaking up for geography’s secular/imperialist interests. It was precisely by working around the discipline’s dominant Copernican and Darwinian paradigms that conceptual, methodological and editorial determinants of topographic and ethnographic study themes came to “worldly” reframe their Religiously principled positions. These various missionary lines of defence (or false sense of exoneration) in the apostolic field challenged some of the main determinist-inspiring Copernican and Darwinian imperatives and restraints in the assumptions of the science. Geography thereby primarily reasoned from imposing physical characteristics of a harsh environment that adversely affected indigenous communities, including those of missionaries. In the geographical follow-up on missionary strategy, chapters 2-3 try to establish how evangelists either sought to theoretically insulate or practically patch their troubled relationship with local local physical (and human) characteristics that were to lessen the negative impact of overseas their geographies on the missionary project as well as on their own personal experience in the field of missionary action.TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 LIST OF RESEARCH DIAGRAMS 9 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF CHARTS 11 LIST OF MAPS 11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 12 LIST OF FREQUENTLY USED ABBREVIATIONS 13 A WORD OF GRATITUDE 15 PREFACE 20 PART I: THE MISSIONARY RESURRECTION THROUGH A MANDATE OF SCIENCE (1822-1919) 33 1. EXPLORING THE MISSIONARY GATEWAY TO GEOGRAPHY 42 1.1. THE TWINNING CALL OF A CHRISTIAN SCIENCE IN EVANGELIZATION 44 1.2. GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNALS AS UNMARKED ANTHOLOGIES IN MISSIONARY SCIENCE 55 2. THE MISSIONARY DEPOSIT IN GEOGRAPHY’S VAULT OF KNOWLEDGE 66 2.1. THE METRICS IN THE COMPILATION OF A MISSIONARY REPOSITORY OF GEOGRAPHY 68 2.2. FLOWS, THEMATICS AND ANATHEMATICS 80 Part II. AUTHORIZERS AND AUTHENTICATORS IN MISSIONARY GEOGRAPHY 84 1. MISSIONARY WATCHDOGS AND THINK TANKS OF GEOGRAPHY CENTERED AROUND THE PULPIT 86 1.1. THE HERMENEUTICS OF SCHOLARS OF MISSIOLOGY 86 1.2. THE MISSIONARY FORMATION HOUSES 99 2. MISSIONARY ACCELERATORS AND DOCKING SITES IN GEOGRAPHY 114 2.1. THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTEGRATED EXPERTISE OF A GEOGRAPHY GUILD 115 2.2. THE OPEN SOURCE AND TRANSNATIONAL KNOWLEDGE HUBS OF GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES 130 3. A GENETIC MAP OF THE MISSIONARY BODY OF GEOGRAPHERS 159 3.1. INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF COLLECTIVE ENLISTMENT 160 3.2. FUNCTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF INDIVIDUAL ENLISTMENT 172 Part III. GEOGRAPHY’S TANGLED MISSIONARY INTERFACE 191 1. MISSIONARY ARCHITECTS OF GEOGRAPHY: COMPANIONS OF ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT AND CARL RITTER (1822-c. 1864) 200 1.1. A BALANCED WORKING ALLIANCE: THE SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE PARIS (1822-c. 1864) 203 1.2. A BIASED WORKING ALLIANCE: THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY IN THE EARLY VICTORIAN PERIOD (1830-c. 1864) 233 1.3. A COMPREHENSIVE WORKING ALLIANCE: PETERMANNS GEOGRAPHISCHE MITTEILUNGEN (1855-c. 1864) 240 2. GEOTAGGED EVANGELISTS: MISSIONARY MARKERS IN GEOGRAPHY’S RIDE ON IMPERIALIST PARTITION (c. 1865-92) 246 2.1. MISSIONNAIRES DE LA SCIENCE: THE SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE PARIS (c. 1865-92) 250 2.2. THE GREAT MISSIONARY TRAVEL SHOW: THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY (c. 1865-92) 273 2.3. WANDERINGS ALONG THE APOSTELSTRAβE: PETERMANNS GEOGRAPHISCHE MITTEILUNGEN (c. 1865-92) 289 2.4. THROWING THE VEIL OVER AFRICA: THE GEOGRAPHISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT (FÜR THÜRINGEN) ZU JENA (1882-c. 92) 297 3. “MISSION ACCOMPLISHED”: GEOGRAPHY’S AMBIVALENT MISSIONARY RESEARCH CONNECTION (c. 1893-1919) 305 3.1. GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES AS MISSIONARY HERITAGE PROTECTORS 311 3.2. GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETIES AS MISSIONARY HERITAGE OPPONENTS 323 Part IV. GEOGRAPHY’S TWISTED MUSCLE IN THE MISSIONARY FACE 329 1. THE PITFALL IN MISSIONARY REFLECTION ON PHYSICAL AND HUMAN ANATOMIES OF THE FIELD 333 1.1. “LOST IN SPACE”: THE MISSIONARY PARADOX OF A PHYSICAL (UN)INTELLIGIBILITY 336 1.2. “LOST IN MEANING”: THE MISSIONARY PARADOX OF HUMAN (UN)INTELLIGIBILITY 357 2. INSULATING GEOGRAPHY’S GAP: MISSIONARY SCIENCE AND ACTION STRATEGIES IN A PHYSICAL AND HUMAN SYNTHESIS 380 2.1. DESCENDING THROUGH THE RECORDS: EVANGELISTS AS METEOROLOGISTS, GEOLOGISTS AND ETHNOGRAPHERS 381 2.2. ASCENDING THE ROCKS: MISSIONARY SPORTSMEN AND “THEIR RECORDS” OF HUMAN ASCENT 401 3. “PATCHING” GEOGRAPHY’S GAP: MISSIONARY PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNICAL MITIGATION 408 3.1. MAKING THE FLOCK’S ENDS MEET: EVANGELISTS AS AGRICULTURAL, COMMERCIAL, TRANSPORT AND INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHERS 409 3.2. BANDAGING THE FLOCK: EVANGELISTS AS GEOGRAPHERS OF MEDICINE (AND MEDICS) 420 CONCLUDING REMARKS: GEOGRAPHY FOR MISSIONARIES – A NOAH'S ARK OR A TROJAN HORSE? 428 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 437nrpages: 489status: publishe