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D Isaacs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A comparison of IL-2 levels in nasopharyngeal and endotracheal aspirates of babies with Respiratory syncytial viral bronchiolitis.
    The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 1998
    Co-Authors: P Joshi, A Kakakios, J Jayasekera, D Isaacs
    Abstract:

    Cytokines such as IL-2 are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of Respiratory Tract Inflammation. Cytokine levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) have been used as a measure of Respiratory Inflammation in children with viral infections, but it is unclear whether they reflect levels in the lower Respiratory Tract. We sought to assess the correlation between IL-2 levels in the nasopharyngeal and endotracheal secretions of children intubated with Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-positive bronchiolitis. NPA and endotracheal aspirates were collected concurrently from intubated infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. IL-2 levels were assayed by ELISA, and the results were compared according to collection site. Nine paired specimens were collected. IL-2 levels ranged from 31 pg/mL to 8040 pg/mL. No significant difference was found in the geometric mean IL-2 values from the 2 collection sites. The intraclass correlation coefficient between NPA IL-2 levels and endotracheal aspirate IL-2 levels was 0.83. IL-2 levels in NPAs are comparable with those in the lower Respiratory Tracts of infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. NPA cytokine levels provide a simple and useful means of assessing Respiratory Tract Inflammation.

  • A comparison of IL-2 levels in nasopharyngeal and endotracheal aspirates of babies with Respiratory syncytial viral bronchiolitis
    Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1998
    Co-Authors: P Joshi, A Kakakios, J Jayasekera, D Isaacs
    Abstract:

    AbsTract Background: Cytokines such as IL-2 are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of Respiratory Tract Inflammation. Cytokine levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) have been used as a measure of Respiratory Inflammation in children with viral infections, but it is unclear whether they reflect levels in the lower Respiratory Tract. Objective: We sought to assess the correlation between IL-2 levels in the nasopharyngeal and endotracheal secretions of children intubated with Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–positive bronchiolitis. Methods: NPA and endotracheal aspirates were collected concurrently from intubated infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. IL-2 levels were assayed by ELISA, and the results were compared according to collection site. Results: Nine paired specimens were collected. IL-2 levels ranged from 31 pg/mL to 8040 pg/mL. No significant difference was found in the geometric mean IL-2 values from the 2 collection sites. The intraclass correlation coefficient between NPA IL-2 levels and endotracheal aspirate IL-2 levels was 0.83. Conclusion: IL-2 levels in NPAs are comparable with those in the lower Respiratory Tracts of infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. NPA cytokine levels provide a simple and useful means of assessing Respiratory Tract Inflammation. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:618-20.)

Alison Elder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Equivalent titanium dioxide nanoparticle deposition by intratracheal instillation and whole body inhalation: the effect of dose rate on acute Respiratory Tract Inflammation
    Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Brittany L Baisch, Nancy M Corson, Pamela Wade-mercer, Robert Gelein, Andrea J Kennell, Günter Oberdörster, Alison Elder
    Abstract:

    Background The increased production of nanomaterials has caused a corresponding increase in concern about human exposures in consumer and occupational settings. Studies in rodents have evaluated dose–response relationships following Respiratory Tract (RT) delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) in order to identify potential hazards. However, these studies often use bolus methods that deliver NPs at high dose rates that do not reflect real world exposures and do not measure the actual deposited dose of NPs. We hypothesize that the delivered dose rate is a key determinant of the inflammatory response in the RT when the deposited dose is constant. Methods F-344 rats were exposed to the same deposited doses of titanium dioxide (TiO_2) NPs by single or repeated high dose rate intratracheal instillation or low dose rate whole body aerosol inhalation. Controls were exposed to saline or filtered air. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils, biochemical parameters and inflammatory mediator release were quantified 4, 8, and 24 hr and 7 days after exposure. Results Although the initial lung burdens of TiO_2 were the same between the two methods, instillation resulted in greater short term retention than inhalation. There was a statistically significant increase in BALF neutrophils at 4, 8 and 24 hr after the single high dose TiO_2 instillation compared to saline controls and to TiO_2 inhalation, whereas TiO_2 inhalation resulted in a modest, yet significant, increase in BALF neutrophils 24 hr after exposure. The acute inflammatory response following instillation was driven primarily by monocyte chemoatTractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2, mainly within the lung. Increases in heme oxygenase-1 in the lung were also higher following instillation than inhalation. TiO_2 inhalation resulted in few time dependent changes in the inflammatory mediator release. The single low dose and repeated exposure scenarios had similar BALF cellular and mediator response trends, although the responses for single exposures were more robust. Conclusions High dose rate NP delivery elicits significantly greater Inflammation compared to low dose rate delivery. Although high dose rate methods can be used for quantitative ranking of NP hazards, these data caution against their use for quantitative risk assessment.

  • equivalent titanium dioxide nanoparticle deposition by intratracheal instillation and whole body inhalation the effect of dose rate on acute Respiratory Tract Inflammation
    Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Brittany L Baisch, Robert Gelein, Andrea J Kennell, Günter Oberdörster, Nancy Corson, Pamela Wademercer, Alison Elder
    Abstract:

    Background The increased production of nanomaterials has caused a corresponding increase in concern about human exposures in consumer and occupational settings. Studies in rodents have evaluated dose–response relationships following Respiratory Tract (RT) delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) in order to identify potential hazards. However, these studies often use bolus methods that deliver NPs at high dose rates that do not reflect real world exposures and do not measure the actual deposited dose of NPs. We hypothesize that the delivered dose rate is a key determinant of the inflammatory response in the RT when the deposited dose is constant.

P Joshi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A comparison of IL-2 levels in nasopharyngeal and endotracheal aspirates of babies with Respiratory syncytial viral bronchiolitis.
    The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 1998
    Co-Authors: P Joshi, A Kakakios, J Jayasekera, D Isaacs
    Abstract:

    Cytokines such as IL-2 are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of Respiratory Tract Inflammation. Cytokine levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) have been used as a measure of Respiratory Inflammation in children with viral infections, but it is unclear whether they reflect levels in the lower Respiratory Tract. We sought to assess the correlation between IL-2 levels in the nasopharyngeal and endotracheal secretions of children intubated with Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-positive bronchiolitis. NPA and endotracheal aspirates were collected concurrently from intubated infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. IL-2 levels were assayed by ELISA, and the results were compared according to collection site. Nine paired specimens were collected. IL-2 levels ranged from 31 pg/mL to 8040 pg/mL. No significant difference was found in the geometric mean IL-2 values from the 2 collection sites. The intraclass correlation coefficient between NPA IL-2 levels and endotracheal aspirate IL-2 levels was 0.83. IL-2 levels in NPAs are comparable with those in the lower Respiratory Tracts of infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. NPA cytokine levels provide a simple and useful means of assessing Respiratory Tract Inflammation.

  • A comparison of IL-2 levels in nasopharyngeal and endotracheal aspirates of babies with Respiratory syncytial viral bronchiolitis
    Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1998
    Co-Authors: P Joshi, A Kakakios, J Jayasekera, D Isaacs
    Abstract:

    AbsTract Background: Cytokines such as IL-2 are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of Respiratory Tract Inflammation. Cytokine levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) have been used as a measure of Respiratory Inflammation in children with viral infections, but it is unclear whether they reflect levels in the lower Respiratory Tract. Objective: We sought to assess the correlation between IL-2 levels in the nasopharyngeal and endotracheal secretions of children intubated with Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–positive bronchiolitis. Methods: NPA and endotracheal aspirates were collected concurrently from intubated infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. IL-2 levels were assayed by ELISA, and the results were compared according to collection site. Results: Nine paired specimens were collected. IL-2 levels ranged from 31 pg/mL to 8040 pg/mL. No significant difference was found in the geometric mean IL-2 values from the 2 collection sites. The intraclass correlation coefficient between NPA IL-2 levels and endotracheal aspirate IL-2 levels was 0.83. Conclusion: IL-2 levels in NPAs are comparable with those in the lower Respiratory Tracts of infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. NPA cytokine levels provide a simple and useful means of assessing Respiratory Tract Inflammation. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:618-20.)

Brittany L Baisch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Equivalent titanium dioxide nanoparticle deposition by intratracheal instillation and whole body inhalation: the effect of dose rate on acute Respiratory Tract Inflammation
    Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Brittany L Baisch, Nancy M Corson, Pamela Wade-mercer, Robert Gelein, Andrea J Kennell, Günter Oberdörster, Alison Elder
    Abstract:

    Background The increased production of nanomaterials has caused a corresponding increase in concern about human exposures in consumer and occupational settings. Studies in rodents have evaluated dose–response relationships following Respiratory Tract (RT) delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) in order to identify potential hazards. However, these studies often use bolus methods that deliver NPs at high dose rates that do not reflect real world exposures and do not measure the actual deposited dose of NPs. We hypothesize that the delivered dose rate is a key determinant of the inflammatory response in the RT when the deposited dose is constant. Methods F-344 rats were exposed to the same deposited doses of titanium dioxide (TiO_2) NPs by single or repeated high dose rate intratracheal instillation or low dose rate whole body aerosol inhalation. Controls were exposed to saline or filtered air. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils, biochemical parameters and inflammatory mediator release were quantified 4, 8, and 24 hr and 7 days after exposure. Results Although the initial lung burdens of TiO_2 were the same between the two methods, instillation resulted in greater short term retention than inhalation. There was a statistically significant increase in BALF neutrophils at 4, 8 and 24 hr after the single high dose TiO_2 instillation compared to saline controls and to TiO_2 inhalation, whereas TiO_2 inhalation resulted in a modest, yet significant, increase in BALF neutrophils 24 hr after exposure. The acute inflammatory response following instillation was driven primarily by monocyte chemoatTractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2, mainly within the lung. Increases in heme oxygenase-1 in the lung were also higher following instillation than inhalation. TiO_2 inhalation resulted in few time dependent changes in the inflammatory mediator release. The single low dose and repeated exposure scenarios had similar BALF cellular and mediator response trends, although the responses for single exposures were more robust. Conclusions High dose rate NP delivery elicits significantly greater Inflammation compared to low dose rate delivery. Although high dose rate methods can be used for quantitative ranking of NP hazards, these data caution against their use for quantitative risk assessment.

  • equivalent titanium dioxide nanoparticle deposition by intratracheal instillation and whole body inhalation the effect of dose rate on acute Respiratory Tract Inflammation
    Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Brittany L Baisch, Robert Gelein, Andrea J Kennell, Günter Oberdörster, Nancy Corson, Pamela Wademercer, Alison Elder
    Abstract:

    Background The increased production of nanomaterials has caused a corresponding increase in concern about human exposures in consumer and occupational settings. Studies in rodents have evaluated dose–response relationships following Respiratory Tract (RT) delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) in order to identify potential hazards. However, these studies often use bolus methods that deliver NPs at high dose rates that do not reflect real world exposures and do not measure the actual deposited dose of NPs. We hypothesize that the delivered dose rate is a key determinant of the inflammatory response in the RT when the deposited dose is constant.

James R Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Evaluation of subclinical Respiratory Tract Inflammation in heavy smokers who switch to a cigarette-like nicotine delivery device that primarily heats tobacco
    Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 2002
    Co-Authors: Stephen I Rennard, Tajuddin Millatmal, Lidia S. Manouilova, Fred A. Ullrich, Kashinath D Patil, Takeshi Umino, Debra J Romberger, David M Daughton, Anthony A. Floreani, James R Anderson
    Abstract:

    Cigarette smoking remains a major public health problem. For smokers who cannot or do not wish to quit, few options exist to reduce health risks. A cigarette-like nicotine delivery device that heats rather than burns tobacco might deliver nicotine with fewer toxins. The current study was designed to determine whether asymptomatic heavy smokers who did not wish to quit had improvement in lower Respiratory Tract Inflammation after switching to Eclipse, a cigarette-like nicotine delivery device that primarily heats rather than burns tobacco. Twelve smokers of at least 40 cigarettes daily, asymptomatic and in good health, underwent paired bronchoscopies, bronchoalveolar lavages and endobronchial biopsies before and after 2 months of using Eclipse. Eight normal non-smoking individuals were evaluated on one occasion for comparison. Inflammation was assessed by direct inspection and by cytological parameters. Goblet cell metaplasia was assessed histologically. Compared to non-smokers, smokers had increased visible Inflammation, increased recovery of inflammatory cells and increased percentage of goblet cells. There were significant reductions in all these parameters following a switch to Eclipse use, although the improvement did not reach the normal range. No significant differences were observed in peripheral blood measures. Nicotine levels were generally maintained, and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels trended strongly upward. One individual experienced a transient twofold increase in CO and concurrently experienced transient headaches. Eclipse use may be a strategy to reduce the health risks for heavy smokers unwilling or unable to quit.