The Experts below are selected from a list of 270 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Phillip D. Lister - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emerging resistance problems among Respiratory Tract pathogens
American Journal of Managed Care, 2000Co-Authors: Phillip D. ListerAbstract:The number-1 indication for antibiotic prescriptions in the United States is a Respiratory Tract infection. The changing spectrum of pathogens and emerging bacterial resistance are changing the way these infections are managed. The epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia has changed significantly in the past 20 years, with increased diversity of pathogens and mortality. Emerging resistance in Respiratory Tract pathogens, particularly to beta-lactams, is an increasing concern. Of the important gram-negative pathogens, more than a third of Haemophilus influenzae isolates are now resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, as well as virtually all isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis. Of the gram-positive organisms, more than 40% of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates are no longer susceptible to penicillin, and methicillin resistance has been reported in up to half of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in some institutions. Among staphylococci, resistance to the beta-lactam methicillin is often accompanied by resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, particularly the macrolides. Little resistance to fluoroquinolones has been reported among gram-negative Respiratory Tract pathogens and S pneumoniae, although increasing resistance may be seen as these drugs are used with increasing frequency. In contrast, fluoroquinolone resistance can develop rapidly in S aureus and appears to be associated with methicillin resistance. Fortunately, many of the newer fluoroquinolones appear to offer significant activity against methicillin-resistant S aureus isolates and are active against ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of S pneumoniae. Today, to combat Respiratory Tract infections, a broad-based empiric therapy needs to be used and bacterial resistance must be taken into account. New antimicrobial options must be considered, with an emphasis on effective drug use and optimal dosing. Even if a direct relationship between antibiotic resistance and clinical outcomes in the treatment of pneumonia in adults has not been extensively demonstrated, the increasing problem of resistance has changed treatment approaches for Respiratory Tract infections as a whole.
Iyer G Parameswaran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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moraxella catarrhalis a human Respiratory Tract pathogen
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2009Co-Authors: Ellie J C Goldstein, Timothy F Murphy, Iyer G ParameswaranAbstract:: Moraxella catarrhalis is an exclusively human pathogen and is a common cause of otitis media in infants and children, causing 15%-20% of acute otitis media episodes. M. catarrhalis causes an estimated 2-4 million exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults annually in the United States. M. catarrhalis resembles commensal Neisseria species in culture and, thus, may be overlooked in samples from the human Respiratory Tract. The prevalence of colonization of the upper Respiratory Tract is high in infants and children but decreases substantially in adulthood. Most strains produce beta-lactamase and are thus resistant to ampicillin but susceptible to several classes of oral antimicrobial agents. Recent work has elucidated mechanisms of pathogenesis and focused on vaccine development to prevent otitis media in children and Respiratory Tract infections caused by M. catarrhalis in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Edward D Mccoul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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combat zone exposure and Respiratory Tract disease
International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, 2018Co-Authors: Sean M Parsel, Charles A Riley, Edward D MccoulAbstract:BACKGROUND: The impact of deployment to combat zones on the Respiratory and sinonasal health of U.S. soldiers is an emerging public health concern. Retrospective studies have shown a correlation between deployment and development of post-deployment pathology, particularly of the aerodigestive system. Respiratory disease, including sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, are commonly reported in soldiers deployed to the Middle East and Southwest Asia. METHODS: Current literature pertaining to combat zone exposure and development of Respiratory disease was retrieved using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. RESULTS: Several types of combat zone exposures exist that may play an influential role in the development of upper and lower Respiratory Tract diseases. Exposures including foreign dusts, harsh environments, particulate size, and close living quarters may play a causative role. The effect of combat zone exposures has been better examined for lower Respiratory Tract diseases; however, with the theory of the unified airway, the upper Respiratory Tract may also be involved. There is evidence that the upper Respiratory Tract is susceptible, with an increased risk for development of sinusitis and sinonasal disease; however, the quality of evidence of the present literature is generally low. CONCLUSION: More research is necessary to determine a pathophysiologic mechanism between combat zone exposure and the development of sinonasal disease. Practicing otolaryngologists should be aware of the possibility of combat zone exposures that could contribute to rhinologic symptomatology.
Vincent Foulongne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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human bocavirus infection in children with Respiratory Tract disease
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Nathalie Brieu, Michel Segondy, G Guyon, Michel Rodiere, Vincent FoulongneAbstract:Background:Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a ubiquitous, newly described member of the Parvoviridae family frequently detected in the Respiratory Tract of children, but only few reports provide data proving the link between HBoV and Respiratory Tract disease (RTD).Objectives:To evaluate the incidence of H
Ellie J C Goldstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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moraxella catarrhalis a human Respiratory Tract pathogen
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2009Co-Authors: Ellie J C Goldstein, Timothy F Murphy, Iyer G ParameswaranAbstract:: Moraxella catarrhalis is an exclusively human pathogen and is a common cause of otitis media in infants and children, causing 15%-20% of acute otitis media episodes. M. catarrhalis causes an estimated 2-4 million exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults annually in the United States. M. catarrhalis resembles commensal Neisseria species in culture and, thus, may be overlooked in samples from the human Respiratory Tract. The prevalence of colonization of the upper Respiratory Tract is high in infants and children but decreases substantially in adulthood. Most strains produce beta-lactamase and are thus resistant to ampicillin but susceptible to several classes of oral antimicrobial agents. Recent work has elucidated mechanisms of pathogenesis and focused on vaccine development to prevent otitis media in children and Respiratory Tract infections caused by M. catarrhalis in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
