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Joseph P. Newman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Smith and Lilienfeld’s meta-analysis of the Response Modulation hypothesis: Important theoretical and quantitative clarifications.
Psychological bulletin, 2016Co-Authors: Joseph P. Newman, Arielle R. Baskin-sommersAbstract:In the first meta-analytic review of the Response Modulation hypothesis (RMH), an attention-based model for understanding the etiology of psychopathy, Smith and Lilienfeld (2015) report that the average effect size for Response Modulation deficits in psychopathic individuals fell in the small to medium range (r = .20; p < .001, d = .41). Moreover, support for the RMH extended to both psychopathy dimensions, applied across diverse assessments and settings, and spanned child, adult, female, and male samples. The analysis also revealed good empirical support for a central tenet of the RMH, namely that Response Modulation deficits are not limited to the processing of threat or other emotion stimuli. Unfortunately, the Smith and Lilienfeld meta-analysis contains several theoretical and quantitative problems, including failing to distinguish adequately between the tasks used to evaluate RMH predictions and the theory itself, confusion regarding the evolution of the RMH and its impact on effect sizes, misinterpretations of RMH predictions and evidence regarding dominant Response sets, passive avoidance, and primary task performance, and biased statements promoting the low fear model over the RMH. In this Response, we endeavor to reduce misunderstanding by addressing the most salient issues, with the hope that increasing clarity will sharpen the focus of future research and result in more valid assessments of the RMH. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Abnormal Selective Attention in Psychopathic Female Offenders
Neuropsychology, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer E. Vitale, Chad A. Brinkley, Kristina D. Hiatt, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:Research on psychopathy in women has generated equivocal laboratory findings. This study examined the performance of psychopathic women in 2 laboratory tasks designed to assess abnormal selective attention associated with Response Modulation deficits: a computerized picture-word (PW) task, and a picture-word Stroop (PW Stroop) task. Consistent with data from psychopathic men, women receiving high scores on the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (Hare, 1991) displayed reduced Stroop interference on the PW and PW Stroop tasks. Results suggest that despite some differences in the expression of psychopathy across gender, psychopathic women are characterized by selective attention abnormalities predicted by the Response Modulation hypothesis and similar to those exhibited by psychopathic men.
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The Interactive Influences of Friend Deviance and Reward Dominance on the Development of Externalizing Behavior During Middle Adolescence
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Jackson A. Goodnight, Joseph P. Newman, John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. PettitAbstract:This study investigated the interactive effects of friend deviance and reward dominance on the development of externalizing behavior of adolescents in the Child Development Project. Reward dominance was assessed at age 16 by performance on a computer-presented card-playing game in which participants had the choice of either continuing or discontinuing the game as the likelihood of reward decreased and the likelihood of punishment increased. At ages 14 and 16, friend deviance and externalizing behavior were assessed through self-report. As expected, based on motivational balance and Response Modulation theories, path analysis revealed that age 14 friend deviance predicted age 16 externalizing behavior controlling for age 14 externalizing behavior. Reward dominance was a significant moderator of the relationship between friend deviance and externalizing behavior. The contributions of deviant friends to the development of externalizing behavior were enhanced by adolescents' reward dominance.
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Deficient Behavioral Inhibition and Anomalous Selective Attention in a Community Sample of Adolescents with Psychopathic Traits and Low-Anxiety Traits
Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Jennifer E. Vitale, Joseph P. Newman, John E. Bates, Jackson A. Goodnight, Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. PettitAbstract:Socialization is the important process by which individuals learn and then effectively apply the rules of appropriate societal behavior. Response Modulation is a psychobiological process theorized to aid in socialization by allowing individuals to utilize contextual information to modify ongoing behavior appropriately. Using Hare's (1991) Psychopathy Checklist and the Welsh (1956) anxiety scale, researchers have identified a relatively specific form of a Response Modulation deficit in low-anxious, Caucasian psychopaths. Preliminary evidence suggests that the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Frick & Hare, 2001) may be used to identify children with a similar vulnerability. Using a representative community sample of 308 16-year-olds from the Child Development Project (Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 1990), we tested and corroborated the hypotheses that participants with relatively low anxiety and high APSD scores would display poorer passive avoidance learning and less interference on a spatially separated, picture-word Stroop task than controls. Consistent with hypotheses, the expected group differences in picture-word Stroop interference were found with male and female participants, whereas predicted differences in passive avoidance were specific to male participants. To the extent that Response Modulation deficits contributing to poor socialization among psychopathic adult offenders also characterize a subgroup of adolescents with mild conduct problems, clarification of the developmental processes that moderate the expression of this vulnerability could inform early interventions.
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Deficient Response Modulation and emotion processing in low-anxious caucasian psychopathic offenders : Results from a lexical decision task
Emotion (Washington D.C.), 2002Co-Authors: Amanda R. Lorenz, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:The clinical and research literatures on psychopathy have identified an emotion paradox: Psychopaths display normal appraisal but impaired use of emotion cues. Using R. D. Hare's (1991) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the G. S. Welsh Anxiety Scale (1956), the authors identified low-anxious psychopaths and controls and examined predictions concerning their performance on a lexical-decision task. Results supported all the predictions: (a) low-anxious psychopaths appraised emotion cues as well as controls; (b) their lexical decisions were relatively unaffected by emotion cues; (c) their lexical decisions were relatively unaffected by affectively neutral word-frequency cues; and (d) their performance deficits were specific to conditions involving right-handed Responses. The authors propose that deficient Response Modulation may underlie both the emotional and cognitive deficits associated with low-anxious psychopaths.
Scott O. Lilienfeld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The perils of unitary models of the etiology of mental disorders-The Response Modulation hypothesis of psychopathy as a case example: Rejoinder to Newman and Baskin-Sommers (2016).
Psychological bulletin, 2016Co-Authors: Scott O. Lilienfeld, Sarah Francis Smith, Ashley L. WattsAbstract:We respond to Newman and Baskin-Sommers's (2016) criticisms of our meta-analytic and narrative synthesis of the Response Modulation hypothesis (RMH) of psychopathy (Smith & Lilienfeld, 2015). We concur with Newman and Baskin-Sommers that our results offer modest support for the RMH and that several of our arguments apply with equal force to rival etiological models of psychopathy. Nevertheless, we contend that Newman and Baskin-Sommers' criticisms of our findings and conclusions are unconvincing, and that the research support for the RMH is considerably more mixed than implied by Newman and Baskin-Sommers. We address a number of conceptual and methodological concerns regarding the RMH literature, especially (a) the ambiguous operationalization of a dominant Response set, (b) selective and inconsistent interpretation of findings, (c) the failure of successive modifications in the RMH to bolster the model's predictive power, (d) the hazards of ex juvantibus logic (reasoning backward from what works), (e) reliance on a positive test strategy in theory testing, and (f) the questionable assumption that psychopathy is a monolithic entity, rendering it unlikely that the RMH provides a comprehensive causal account of psychopathy. We conclude with a discussion of broader lessons for the psychopathy field imparted by the RMH debate, with particular emphasis on the problematic track record of models of specific etiology in the field of psychopathology at large. (PsycINFO Database Record
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The Response Modulation hypothesis of psychopathy: A meta-analytic and narrative analysis.
Psychological bulletin, 2015Co-Authors: Sarah Francis Smith, Scott O. LilienfeldAbstract:The causes of psychopathy, a condition characterized by interpersonal (e.g., superficial charm), affective (e.g., lack of empathy), and behavioral (e.g., impulsive actions) features, remain contested. The present review examines 1 of the most influential etiological models of psychopathy, the Response Modulation hypothesis (RMH), which proposes that psychopathic individuals exhibit difficulties in adjusting their behavior in the presence of a dominant Response set. We conduct a meta-analysis and narrative literature review to examine the RMH quantitatively and qualitatively, estimate the statistical effects of Response Modulation (RM) deficits in psychopathic individuals, and ascertain the boundary conditions of the RMH. Ninety-four samples from published and unpublished studies involving 7,340 participants were identified for inclusion. Overall results provided some support for the RMH, revealing a small to medium relationship between psychopathy and RM deficits (r = .20, p < .001, d = .41) that extended to both psychopathy dimensions. Moreover, as predicted by the RMH, RM deficits were observed for both affectively neutral and affectively laden tasks. A number of moderators, such as anxiety, laboratory task, dependent measure, psychopathy measure, and race, contributed to significant variability in effect sizes; we also found evidence for potential publication bias using 2 methods, raising questions concerning the robustness of RM findings. An ancillary narrative review revealed that the RMH is inconsistent with a number of replicated findings in the psychopathy literature, suggesting that the RMH, at least in its present form, is unlikely to provide a comprehensive etiological account of psychopathy. Nevertheless, more recent attentional versions of the RMH may hold promise with respect to intervention. Further fruitful directions for research on the RMH, including the use of multiple dependent measures of RM and latent variable approaches, are delineated.
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Histrionic Personality Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder: Sex-Differentiated Manifestations of Psychopathy?
Journal of Personality Disorders, 2002Co-Authors: Ellison M. Cale, Scott O. LilienfeldAbstract:Little is known about the etiology of histrionic personality disorder (HPD) or its relation to other personality disorders. In this study, we examined whether HPD is etiologically related to psychopathy and more specifically whether HPD and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are sex-typed alternative manifestations of psychopathy. In addition, based on Newman's (1987) Response Modulation hypothesis of psychopathy, we examined the associations between psychopathic, HPD, and ASPD features and performance on laboratory measures of passive avoidance errors and interference effects. Seventy-five live theater actors completed self-report questionnaires and two laboratory measures of Response Modulation, and peers completed questionnaires concerning the participants' personality disorder features. The results provided weak and inconsistent support for the hypotheses that HPD is a female-typed variant of psychopathy and that ASPD is a male-typed variant of psychopathy. Contrary to previous findings, scores on Response Modulation tasks were not significantly related to psychopathy, or to either HPD or ASPD. The limitations of this study and possibilities for future research in this area are outlined.
Steven M. Southwick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stress Response Modulation Underlying the Psychobiology of Resilience.
Current psychiatry reports, 2018Co-Authors: Lynnette A. Averill, Christopher L. Averill, Benjamin Kelmendi, Chadi G. Abdallah, Steven M. SouthwickAbstract:This review focuses on the relationship between resilience and the ability to effectively modulate the stress Response. Neurobiological and behavioral Responses to stress are highly variable. Exposure to a similar stressor can lead to heterogeneous outcomes-manifesting psychopathology in one individual, but having minimal effect, or even enhancing resilience, in another. We highlight aspects of stress Response Modulation related to early life development and epigenetics, selected neurobiological and neurochemical systems, and a number of emotional, cognitive, psychosocial, and behavioral factors important in resilience. We also briefly discuss interventions with potential to build and promote resilience. Throughout this review, we include evidence from recent preclinical and clinical studies relevant to the psychobiology of resilient stress Response Modulation. Effective Modulation of the stress Response is an essential component of resilience and is dependent on a complex interplay of neurobiological and behavioral factors.
John H. Reynolds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differential attention dependent Response Modulation across cell classes in macaque visual area v4
Neuron, 2007Co-Authors: Jude F. Mitchell, Kristy A. Sundberg, John H. ReynoldsAbstract:The cortex contains multiple cell types, but studies of attention have not distinguished between them, limiting understanding of the local circuits that transform attentional feedback into improved visual processing. Parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons can be distinguished from pyramidal neurons based on their briefer action potential durations. We recorded neurons in area V4 as monkeys performed an attention-demanding task. We find that the distribution of action potential durations is strongly bimodal. Neurons with narrow action potentials have higher firing rates and larger attention-dependent increases in absolute firing rate than neurons with broad action potentials. The percentage increase in Response is similar across the two classes. We also find evidence that attention increases the reliability of the neuronal Response. This Modulation is more than two-fold stronger among putative interneurons. These findings lead to the surprising conclusion that the strongest attentional Modulation occurs among local interneurons that do not transmit signals between areas.
David C. Van Essen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Comparative Study of Shape Representation in Macaque Visual Areas V2 and V4
Cerebral cortex (New York N.Y. : 1991), 2006Co-Authors: Jay Hegdé, David C. Van EssenAbstract:We compared aspects of shape representation in extrastriate visual areas V2 and V4, which are both implicated in shape processing and belong to different hierarchical levels. We recorded Responses of cells in awake, fixating monkeys to matched sets of contour and grating stimuli of low or intermediate complexity. These included simple stimuli (bars and sinusoids) and more complex stimuli (angles, intersections, arcs, and non-Cartesian gratings), all scaled to receptive field size. The Responses of cells within each area were substantially modulated by each shape characteristic tested, with substantial overlap between areas by many Response measures. Our analyses revealed many clear and reliable differences between areas in terms of the effectiveness of, and Response Modulation by, various shape characteristics. Grating stimuli were on average more effective than contour stimuli in V2 and V4, but the difference was more pronounced in V4. As a population, V4 showed greater Response Modulation by some shape characteristics (including simple shape characteristics) and V2 showed greater Response Modulation by many others (including complex shape characteristics). Recordings from area V1 demonstrated complex shape selectivity in some cells and relatively modest population differences in comparison with V2. Altogether, the representation of 2-dimensional shape characteristics revealed by this analysis varies substantially among the 3 areas. But surprisingly, the differences revealed by our analyses, individually or collectively, do not parallel the stepwise organization of the anatomical hierarchy. Commonalities of visual shape representation across hierarchical levels may reflect the replication of neural circuits used in generating complex shape representations at multiple spatial scales.
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Response Modulation by texture surround in primate area V1: correlates of "popout" under anesthesia.
Visual neuroscience, 1999Co-Authors: Hans-christoph Nothdurft, Jack L. Gallant, David C. Van EssenAbstract:We studied the effects of contextual Modulation in area V1 of anesthetized macaque monkeys. In 146 cells, Responses to a single line over the center of the receptive field were compared with those to full texture patterns in which the center line was surrounded by similar lines at either the same orientation (uniform texture) or the orthogonal orientation (orientation contrast). On average, the Responses to single lines were reduced by 42% when texture was presented in the surround. Uniform textures often produced stronger suppression (7% more, on average) so that lines with orientation contrast on average evoked larger Responses than lines in uniform texture fields. This difference is correlated with perceptual differences between such stimuli, suggesting that physiological mechanisms contributing to the saliency ("popout") of textural stimuli operate, at least to some degree, even under anesthesia. Significant Response Modulation by the texture surround was seen in 112 cells (77%). Fifty-three cells (36%) responded differently to the two texture patterns; Response preferences for orientation contrast (35 cells; 24%) were seen more often than preferences for uniform textures (18 cells; 12%). The remaining 59 cells (40%) were similarly suppressed by both texture surrounds. Detailed analysis of texture Modulation revealed two major components of surround effects: (1) fast nonspecific ("general") suppression that occurred at about the same latency as excitatory Responses and was found in all layers of striate cortex; and (2) differential Response Modulation that began about 60-70 ms after stimulus onset (about 15-20 ms after the onset of the excitatory Response) and was less homogeneously distributed over cortical layers.