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Christopher J Patrick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Handbook of Psychopathy
2007Co-Authors: Christopher J PatrickAbstract:Part I: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations. Lykken, Psychopathic Personality: The Scope of the Problem. Fowles, Dindo, A Dual-Deficit Model of Psychopathy. Blackburn, Other Theoretical Models of Psychopathy. Hare, Neumann, The PCL-R Assessment of Psychopathy: Development, Structural Properties, and New Directions. Part II: Issues in Conceptualization and Assessment. Cooke, Michie, Hart, Facets of Clinical Psychopathy: Toward Clearer Measurement. Lilienfeld, Fowler, The Self-Report Assessment of Psychopathy: Problems, Pitfalls, and Promises. Lynam, Derefinko, Psychopathy and Personality. Widiger, Psychopathy and DSM-IV Psychopathology. Poythress, Skeem, Disaggregating Psychopathy: Where and How to Look for Subtypes. Krueger, Perspectives on the Conceptualization of Psychopathy: Toward an Integration. Part III: Etiological Mechanisms. Waldman, Rhee, Genetic and Environmental Influences on Psychopathy and Antisocial Behavior. Farrington, Family Background and Psychopathy. Minzenberg, Siever, Neurochemistry and Pharmacology of Psychopathy and Related Disorders. Raine,Yang, The Neuroanatomical Bases of Psychopathy: A Review of Brain Imaging Findings. Blair, Subcortical Brain Systems in Psychopathy: The Amygdala and Associated Structures. Rogers, The Functional Architecture of the Frontal Lobes: Implications for Research with Psychopathic Offenders. Hiatt, Newman, Understanding Psychopathy: The Cognitive Side. Frick, Marsee, Psychopathy and Developmental Pathways to Antisocial Behavior in Youth. MacDonald III, Iacono, Toward an Integrated Perspective on the Etiology of Psychopathy. Part IV: Psychopathy in Specific Subpopulations. Salekin, Psychopathy in Children and Adolescents. Verona,Vitale, Psychopathy in Women: Assessment, Manifestations, and Etiology. Sullivan, Kosson, Ethnic and Cultural Variations in Psychopathy. Hall, Benning, The "Successful" Psychopath: Adaptive and Subclinical Manifestations of Psychopathy in the General Population. Part V: Clinical and Applied Issues. Porter, Woodworth, Psychopathy and Aggression. Taylor, Lang, Psychopathy and Substance Use Disorders. Knight, Guay, The Role of Psychopathy in Sexual Coercion against Women. Douglas,Vincent, Edens, Risk for Criminal Recidivism: The Role of Psychopathy. Harris, Rice, Treatment of Psychopathy: A Review of Empirical Findings. Edens, Petrila, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Assessment and Treatment of Psychopathy. Seto, Quinsey, Toward the Future: Translating Basic Research into Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Part VI: Conclusions and Future Directions. Patrick, Back to the Future: Cleckley as a Guide to the Next Generation of Psychopathy Research.
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identifying Psychopathy subtypes on the basis of personality structure
Psychological Assessment, 2004Co-Authors: Brian M Hicks, Christopher J Patrick, Kristian E Markon, Robert F Krueger, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:The authors used model-based cluster analysis to identify subtypes of criminal psychopaths on the basis of differences in personality structure. Participants included 96 male prisoners diagnosed as psychopathic, using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL–R; R. D. Hare, 1991). Personality was assessed using the brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ–BF; C. J. Patrick, J. J. Curtin, & A. Tellegen, 2002). The best-fitting model yielded two clusters. Emotionally stable psychopaths were characterized by low Stress Reaction and high Agency. Aggressive psychopaths were characterized by high Negative Emotionality, low Constraint, and low Communion. These results suggest that psychopaths as defined by the PCL–R includes distinct subtypes, distinguishable in terms of personality structure, that may reflect different etiologies.
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aversive pavlovian conditioning in psychopaths peripheral and central correlates
Psychophysiology, 2002Co-Authors: Herta Flor, Niels Birbaumer, Christiane Hermann, Silvio Ziegler, Christopher J PatrickAbstract:Differential aversive Pavlovian conditioning with a foul odor as unconditioned stimulus (US) and neutral faces as conditioned stimuli (CS) was compared between 9 noncriminal psychopaths as defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised and 12 healthy controls. Event-related potentials (ERP), heart rate, skin conductance response, corrugator EMG, and startle response potentiation as well as valence, arousal, and contingency of the CS were assessed. Whereas the healthy controls (HC) showed significant CS+/CS− differentiation, the psychopaths (PP) failed to exhibit a conditioned response although unconditioned responses were comparable between the groups. N100, P200, and P300 to the CSs revealed that psychopaths were not deficient in information processing and showed even better anticipatory responding than the HC group indicated by the terminal contingent negative variation (tCNV), that lacked, however, CS+ and CS− differentiation. These data indicate a deficit in association formation in psychopaths that may be related to deficient interaction of limbic-subcortical and cortical structures.
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Emotional Processes in Psychopathy
Violence and Psychopathy, 2001Co-Authors: Christopher J PatrickAbstract:Emotion is important to understanding aggression and violence because it is the force that drives behavior. Individuals who behave violently usually do so because they are moved to do so by strong emotions. However, empirical research indicates that psychopaths are highly aggressive, but also detached and unemotional. To resolve this apparent contradiction, it is necessary to consider that there may be different forms of aggression and different aspects of Psychopathy. This paper outlines a theoretical model of emotion, and a methodology (the startle-probe technique), for investigating basic emotional processes in normal and abnormal individuals. Recent research of this kind in criminal offender populations suggests that the detached, predatory style of the “true” psychopath is related to a weakness in the defensive system of the brain that governs negative emotional response. In turn, this emotional weakness is related to a particular set of temperament traits, and specific forms of aggressive behavior.
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emotion and Psychopathy startling new insights
Psychophysiology, 1994Co-Authors: Christopher J PatrickAbstract:Abnormal affective response in psychopaths is conceptualized within a broad theory of emotion that emphasizes reciprocal appetitive and defensive motivational systems. The startle response is proposed as a specific measure of the directional component of emotional activation. I review the literature that indicates that criminal psychopaths do not show the expected potentiation of the startle reflex that normally occurs during processing of aversive stimuli such as unpleasant photographs or punishment cues. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that this deviant response pattern is specific to individuals who display the classic affective symptoms of Psychopathy. The core emotional deviation in Psychopathy could be a deficit in fear response, which is defined as a failure of aversive cues to prime normal defensive actions. This emotional deficit may represent an extreme variant of normal temperament.
Joseph P. Newman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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economic decision making in Psychopathy a comparison with ventromedial prefrontal lesion patients
Neuropsychologia, 2010Co-Authors: Michael Koenigs, Michael Kruepke, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:Abstract Psychopathy, which is characterized by a constellation of antisocial behavioral traits, may be subdivided on the basis of etiology: “primary” (low-anxious) Psychopathy is viewed as a direct consequence of some core intrinsic deficit, whereas “secondary” (high-anxious) Psychopathy is viewed as an indirect consequence of environmental factors or other psychopathology. Theories on the neurobiology of Psychopathy have targeted dysfunction within ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a putative mechanism, yet the relationship between vmPFC function and Psychopathy subtype has not been fully explored. In this study, we administered two laboratory decision-making tasks (the Ultimatum Game and the Dictator Game) to a group of prisoners (n = 47) to determine whether the different subtypes of Psychopathy (primary vs. secondary) are associated with characteristic patterns of economic decision-making, and furthermore, whether either subtype exhibits similar performance to patients with vmPFC lesions. Comparing primary psychopaths (n = 6) to secondary psychopaths (n = 6) and non-psychopaths (n = 22), we found that primary Psychopathy was associated with significantly lower acceptance rates of unfair Ultimatum offers and lower offer amounts in the Dictator Game. Moreover, primary psychopaths were quantitatively similar to vmPFC lesion patients in their response patterns. These results support the purported connection between Psychopathy and vmPFC dysfunction, bolster the distinction between primary and secondary Psychopathy, and demonstrate the utility of laboratory economic decision-making tests in differentiating clinical subgroups.
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mapping gray s bis and bas constructs onto factor 1 and factor 2 of hare s Psychopathy checklist revised
Personality and Individual Differences, 2009Co-Authors: John Wallace, Melanie B Malterer, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:Abstract Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST; Gray, 1987; Gray & McNaughton, 2000) has proven to be a valuable tool for understanding Psychopathy (e.g., Fowles, 1980, 1988; Newman & Malterer, 2009; Poythress et al., 2008). Recent research has linked two RST constructs, the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the Behavioral Activation System (BAS), to individuals with primary Psychopathy and secondary Psychopathy (Lykken, 1995; Newman, MacCoon, Vaughn, & Sadeh, 2005): Primary psychopaths manifest low BIS reactivity and secondary psychopaths manifest high BAS reactivity. In the present study, we examine the relationships between the BIS/BAS constructs and Factors 1 and 2 of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R) in a sample of 472 incarcerated male offenders. Paralleling their relationships with primary and secondary Psychopathy, the BIS/BAS constructs were differentially related to the two PCL-R factors. Specifically, the influence of the BIS was found to be more prominent than the influence of the BAS for Factor 1, and the influence of the BAS was more prominent than that of the BIS for Factor 2.
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identifying Psychopathy subtypes on the basis of personality structure
Psychological Assessment, 2004Co-Authors: Brian M Hicks, Christopher J Patrick, Kristian E Markon, Robert F Krueger, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:The authors used model-based cluster analysis to identify subtypes of criminal psychopaths on the basis of differences in personality structure. Participants included 96 male prisoners diagnosed as psychopathic, using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL–R; R. D. Hare, 1991). Personality was assessed using the brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ–BF; C. J. Patrick, J. J. Curtin, & A. Tellegen, 2002). The best-fitting model yielded two clusters. Emotionally stable psychopaths were characterized by low Stress Reaction and high Agency. Aggressive psychopaths were characterized by high Negative Emotionality, low Constraint, and low Communion. These results suggest that psychopaths as defined by the PCL–R includes distinct subtypes, distinguishable in terms of personality structure, that may reflect different etiologies.
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assessment of emotion and language processing in psychopathic offenders results from a dichotic listening task
Personality and Individual Differences, 2002Co-Authors: Kristina D Hiatt, Amanda R. Lorenz, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that psychopaths exhibit abnormal language lateralization, and it has been proposed that psychopaths may be characterized by abnormal processing asymmetries in other domains as well [ Hare, (1998). Psychopathy, affect, and behavior. In D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forth, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: theory, research and implications for society (pp. 105–137). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ]. The present study employed Bryden and MacRae's [Bryden, M. P., & MacRae, L. (1988). Dichotic laterality effects obtained with emotional words. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 1, 171–176] dichotic listening task to investigate language and emotion lateralization among criminal psychopaths. Contrary to expectations, psychopaths demonstrated a normal right-ear advantage for word targets. However, psychopaths did show a reduced left-ear advantage for emotion targets, which was driven by high right-ear accuracy. We propose that psychopaths’ abnormal processing asymmetries are evident primarily on complex tasks and may be related to poor interhemispheric integration.
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Emotion among women with Psychopathy during picture perception.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Steven K. Sutton, Jennifer E. Vitale, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:Emotional reactions in women with Psychopathy were examined in a mixed-picture paradigm using psychophysiological measures. Startle probes were presented at 2.0 or 4.5 s following onset of a 6-s picture presentation. At 2.0 s, nonpsychopaths exhibited the typical pattern of eyeblink reflex magnitude: unpleasant > neutral > pleasant. Psychopaths with high general levels of anxiety also exhibited this pattern. Psychopaths with lower anxiety exhibited attenuated reflex magnitudes during unpleasant pictures. Similarly, when focusing on Psychopathy components, only individuals expressing high antisocial behavior and high emotional detachment exhibited smaller reflex magnitudes during unpleasant pictures. At 4.5 s, all groups exhibited normal, potentiated reflex magnitudes during unpleasant pictures. Group differences were not observed for other measures.
Scott O Lilienfeld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psychopathic not psychopath taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of Psychopathy
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: John F Edens, Scott O Lilienfeld, David K Marcus, Norman G. PoythressAbstract:Although Psychopathy is frequently regarded as qualitatively distinct from other conditions, relatively little research has examined whether psychopaths represent a distinct class of individuals. Using a sample of 876 prison inmates and court-ordered substance abuse patients who were administered the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (R. D. Hare, 2003), the authors examined the latent structure of Psychopathy using several taxometric procedures developed by Meehl and colleagues (P. E. Meehl & L. J. Yonce, 1994; N. G. Waller & P. E. Meehl, 1998). The results across these procedures offer no compelling support for the contention that Psychopathy is a taxonic construct and contradict previous reports that Psychopathy is underpinned by a latent taxon. The authors discuss the theoretical, public policy, and practice-level implications of these findings.
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what every forensic psychologist should know about psychopathic personality
Handbook of Forensic Psychology#R##N#Resource for Mental Health and Legal Professionals, 2004Co-Authors: Ellison M Cale, Scott O LilienfeldAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter discusses what every forensic psychologist should know about psychopathic personality. Several researchers have suggested that Psychopathy, as measured by modifications of adult Psychopathy instruments, can be meaningfully assessed in children and adolescents. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is a reliable and construct valid measure of Psychopathy. Before administering the PCL-R in prison and forensic settings, a licensed clinician should possess an advanced degree in the social or behavioral sciences, have experience with criminal assessment, and receive formal training in PCL-R administration. Many researchers have examined the use of self-report inventories for assessing Psychopathy. Because the PCL-R and cognate measures are time and labor intensive, such inventories represent appealing alternatives to interview-based indices. Some clinicians have argued that Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment, a corrections-based community program in which inmates are encouraged to learn to take responsibility for their behaviors, is helpful in treating psychopaths. There is no convincing evidence that psychopaths are better than non-psychopaths at either malingering or faking good on psychological measures, and there is relatively little evidence bearing on psychopaths' proclivity toward engaging in these response styles.
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criterion related validity of the psychopathic personality inventory in a prison sample
Psychological Assessment, 1998Co-Authors: Norman G. Poythress, John F Edens, Scott O LilienfeldAbstract:The Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; S. O. Lilienfeld & B. P. Andrews, 1996), a self-report measure of psychopathic personality features, and R. D. Hare's (1991) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) were administered to adult youthful offender prison inmates (N = 50). As hypothesized, PPI scores were significantly correlated with scores on the PCL-R, providing evidence of concurrent validity for the PPI. Moreover, unlike existing self-report Psychopathy measures, the PPI showed a moderate and positive correlation with PCL-R Factor 1 (i.e., the core personality traits of Psychopathy). Discriminant function analysis using the optimal PPI total score value to predict PCL-R classifications of psychopath (n = 10) and nonpsychopath (n = 40) resulted in accurate classification of 86% of the cases (sensitivity =.50, specificity =.95). Results are discussed in terms of the relative merits of these 2 measures of Psychopathy and the validation of the PPI for clinical use.
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Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of Psychopathy
Behaviour research and therapy, 1998Co-Authors: Scott O LilienfeldAbstract:The last decade has witnessed a number of significant methodological advances and developments in the assessment of Psychopathy. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the two-factor model of Psychopathy have facilitated the assessment of Psychopathy and clarified the differential correlates of the personality- and behavior-based operationalizations of this syndrome. Although preliminary evidence suggests that certain features of Psychopathy may be underpinned by a latent taxon, the categorical versus dimensional status of Psychopathy requires clarification. Researchers have accorded increasing attention to the assessment of Psychopathy in non-criminal samples, although the construct of subclinical Psychopathy remains controversial. Other recent methodological developments include: (a) the extension of the Five-Factor Model and other higher-order personality taxonomies to Psychopathy; (b) development of a Q-sort methodology to permit the assessment of Psychopathy by observers; (c) standardized assessment of psychopaths' interpersonal behaviors; (d) assessment of Psychopathy in children; and (e) examination of gender, ethnic, and cross-cultural differences in Psychopathy.
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Conceptual problems in the assessment of Psychopathy
Clinical Psychology Review, 1994Co-Authors: Scott O LilienfeldAbstract:Abstract Research on Psychopathy has been hindered by a lack of consensus concerning which measures to employ, as well as low levels of agreement among these measures. These problems appear to stem largely from a fundamental disagreement regarding the conceptualization of the syndrome itself. Two approaches to the conceptualization of Psychopathy, personality-based (“open”) and behavior-based (“closed”), are compared. Although some evidence suggests that the behavior-based approach is both under-and overinclusive, this evidence is based upon relatively few studies, some of which suffer from methodological inadequacies. The two-factor model provides a potentially important vehicle for the conceptualization and assessment of Psychopathy, although it leaves several important questions unanswered. Comparative construct validity studies of the two approaches will be essential for resolving the debate concerning the conceptualization of Psychopathy. Other unresolved conceptual issues in the assessment of Psychopathy include (a) the role of negative affectivity, (b) the distinction between fearfulness and anxiety, (c) the dimensional versus categorical nature of Psychopathy, (d) the covariation between Psychopathy and other personality disorders, and (e) the validity of psychopaths' self-reports. Researchers will need to develop measures of the personality-based approach that are uncontaminated by antisocial behaviors, and to make the nomological network surrounding the behavior-based approach explicit.
Norman G. Poythress - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Psychopathy and impulsivity reconsidered
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2011Co-Authors: Norman G. Poythress, Jason R. HallAbstract:Abstract Extant models and measures for assessing Psychopathy include impulsivity as a key feature of this disorder. In this article, we review literature that demonstrates how Psychopathy-and-impulsivity relations differ as a function of manifestations of Psychopathy in both person-oriented studies (i.e., mean impulsivity scores among Psychopathy subtypes) and variable-oriented studies (i.e., correlations with Psychopathy measures' factor scores). Also, emerging models of Psychopathy within Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) challenge the notion that impulsivity is the primary personality trait associated with increased Behavioral Approach System (BAS) function that is associated with some RST models of Psychopathy. Finally, recent studies with student and community samples challenge the notion that the more dysfunctional forms of impulsivity may be appropriate markers of “successful Psychopathy.” We conclude that the blunt assertion that “psychopaths are impulsive” is no longer defensible, and that future models of Psychopathy need to consider more complex associations among the various manifestations of these two constructs.
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psychopathic not psychopath taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of Psychopathy
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: John F Edens, Scott O Lilienfeld, David K Marcus, Norman G. PoythressAbstract:Although Psychopathy is frequently regarded as qualitatively distinct from other conditions, relatively little research has examined whether psychopaths represent a distinct class of individuals. Using a sample of 876 prison inmates and court-ordered substance abuse patients who were administered the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (R. D. Hare, 2003), the authors examined the latent structure of Psychopathy using several taxometric procedures developed by Meehl and colleagues (P. E. Meehl & L. J. Yonce, 1994; N. G. Waller & P. E. Meehl, 1998). The results across these procedures offer no compelling support for the contention that Psychopathy is a taxonic construct and contradict previous reports that Psychopathy is underpinned by a latent taxon. The authors discuss the theoretical, public policy, and practice-level implications of these findings.
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criterion related validity of the psychopathic personality inventory in a prison sample
Psychological Assessment, 1998Co-Authors: Norman G. Poythress, John F Edens, Scott O LilienfeldAbstract:The Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; S. O. Lilienfeld & B. P. Andrews, 1996), a self-report measure of psychopathic personality features, and R. D. Hare's (1991) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) were administered to adult youthful offender prison inmates (N = 50). As hypothesized, PPI scores were significantly correlated with scores on the PCL-R, providing evidence of concurrent validity for the PPI. Moreover, unlike existing self-report Psychopathy measures, the PPI showed a moderate and positive correlation with PCL-R Factor 1 (i.e., the core personality traits of Psychopathy). Discriminant function analysis using the optimal PPI total score value to predict PCL-R classifications of psychopath (n = 10) and nonpsychopath (n = 40) resulted in accurate classification of 86% of the cases (sensitivity =.50, specificity =.95). Results are discussed in terms of the relative merits of these 2 measures of Psychopathy and the validation of the PPI for clinical use.
Catherine A. Cormier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An evaluation of a maximum security therapeutic community for psychopaths and other mentally disordered offenders
Law and Human Behavior, 1992Co-Authors: Marnie E. Rice, Grant T. Harris, Catherine A. CormierAbstract:Psychopaths present serious problems for the criminal justice system because they are responsible for many serious crimes and appear to be very resistant to treatment. The present study was a retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of a maximum security therapeutic community program in reducing recidivism among mentally disordered offenders, some of whom were psychopaths. The study employed a matched group, quasiexperimental design. The results showed that, compared to no program (in most cases prison), treatment was associated with lower recidivism (especially violent recidivism) for nonpsychopaths and higher violent recidivism for psychopaths. The clinical and research utility of Hare's Psychopathy Checklist was strongly supported.
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Psychopathy and violent recidivism
Law and Human Behavior, 1991Co-Authors: Grant T. Harris, Marnie E. Rice, Catherine A. CormierAbstract:The violent recidivism rates of 169 adult male mentally disordered offenders released from a maximum security psychiatric hospital were compared over an average 10-year follow-up period. Forty percent of the total and 77% of the psychopaths (as defined by the Psychopathy Checklist) committed a violent offense. It was possible to predict outcome with considerable accuracy using combinations of childhood history, adult history, index offense, and institutional or program variables. However, the Psychopathy Checklist alone performed at least as well as any combination of variables and also improved upon the prediction based on criminal history variables. Psychopaths continued to recidivate at a higher rate than nonpsychopaths even beyond age 40.
