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Claude Amoros - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Restoration Ecology of riverine wetlands a 5 year post operation survey on the rhone river france
Ecological Engineering, 2002Co-Authors: Christophe P. Henry, Claude Amoros, Nicolas RosetAbstract:Abstract Bibliographical study of articles published in scientific journals over the last 10 years, and of books published over the last 20 years, reveals a clear increase in the number of publications dealing with ecological engineering, particularly on aquatic ecosystems, which today are becoming a major topic. The concept of ecological Restoration must be clearly defined scientifically and include adequate pre- and post-Restoration monitoring of various performance indicators, to allow for Restoration, evaluation and increase its success. A Restoration experiment was carried out in a former channel of the Rhone River according to a scientifically based decision framework. Long-term monitoring of aquatic vegetation (17 years of data) on two former channels (reference and restored ecosystem) clearly demonstrated human impacts on aquatic ecosystems. A channel exhibiting rapid terrestrialization and eutrophication processes after completion of a hydroelectric scheme construction was restored. In keeping with the hypothesis, the increase in groundwater supply led the restored ecosystem to return to a less advanced and self-sustainable successional stage, whereas vegetation monitoring in the reference channel did not show significant changes over this 17-year of period, supporting long-term studies to determine the effects of Restoration on the biota.
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Restoration Ecology of riverine wetlands: I. A scientific base
Environmental Management, 1995Co-Authors: Christophe P. Henry, Claude AmorosAbstract:Ecological Restoration is a recent discipline that should be conducted scientifically and rigorously to move from a trial-and-error process to a predictive science to increase its success and the self-sustainability of restored ecosystems. The recent research developments in ecosystem dynamics allow scientists to provide a strong theoretical base for Restoration Ecology. Most large rivers have been degraded and managed by various agencies, but riverine wetlands are now recognized as providing numerous valuable functions. Numerous opportunities are available to ecologically restore wetlands disappearing through terrestrialization. After a brief description and discussion of several Restoration projects carried out in riverine wetlands, we propose precise recommendations for future Restoration projects, which should include the following essential steps: (1) increase Restoration legitimacy with a team of interdisciplinary scientists working on the project—it can thus be conducted on a strong theoretical base derived from recent ecological concepts; (2) define precise and correct Restoration mission, goals, and objectives, and appropriate performance indicators of Restoration success or failure; and (3) monitor ecosystem changes both before and after the Restoration, and compare these changes with changes observed in reference ecosystems.
Christophe P. Henry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Restoration Ecology of riverine wetlands a 5 year post operation survey on the rhone river france
Ecological Engineering, 2002Co-Authors: Christophe P. Henry, Claude Amoros, Nicolas RosetAbstract:Abstract Bibliographical study of articles published in scientific journals over the last 10 years, and of books published over the last 20 years, reveals a clear increase in the number of publications dealing with ecological engineering, particularly on aquatic ecosystems, which today are becoming a major topic. The concept of ecological Restoration must be clearly defined scientifically and include adequate pre- and post-Restoration monitoring of various performance indicators, to allow for Restoration, evaluation and increase its success. A Restoration experiment was carried out in a former channel of the Rhone River according to a scientifically based decision framework. Long-term monitoring of aquatic vegetation (17 years of data) on two former channels (reference and restored ecosystem) clearly demonstrated human impacts on aquatic ecosystems. A channel exhibiting rapid terrestrialization and eutrophication processes after completion of a hydroelectric scheme construction was restored. In keeping with the hypothesis, the increase in groundwater supply led the restored ecosystem to return to a less advanced and self-sustainable successional stage, whereas vegetation monitoring in the reference channel did not show significant changes over this 17-year of period, supporting long-term studies to determine the effects of Restoration on the biota.
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Restoration Ecology of riverine wetlands: I. A scientific base
Environmental Management, 1995Co-Authors: Christophe P. Henry, Claude AmorosAbstract:Ecological Restoration is a recent discipline that should be conducted scientifically and rigorously to move from a trial-and-error process to a predictive science to increase its success and the self-sustainability of restored ecosystems. The recent research developments in ecosystem dynamics allow scientists to provide a strong theoretical base for Restoration Ecology. Most large rivers have been degraded and managed by various agencies, but riverine wetlands are now recognized as providing numerous valuable functions. Numerous opportunities are available to ecologically restore wetlands disappearing through terrestrialization. After a brief description and discussion of several Restoration projects carried out in riverine wetlands, we propose precise recommendations for future Restoration projects, which should include the following essential steps: (1) increase Restoration legitimacy with a team of interdisciplinary scientists working on the project—it can thus be conducted on a strong theoretical base derived from recent ecological concepts; (2) define precise and correct Restoration mission, goals, and objectives, and appropriate performance indicators of Restoration success or failure; and (3) monitor ecosystem changes both before and after the Restoration, and compare these changes with changes observed in reference ecosystems.
Richard J Hobbs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the changing role of history in Restoration Ecology
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Eric Higgs, Donald A Falk, Anita Guerrini, Marcus Hall, James A Harris, Richard J Hobbs, Stephen T Jackson, Jeanine M Rhemtulla, William ThroopAbstract:In the face of rapid environmental and cultural change, orthodox concepts in Restoration Ecology such as historical fidelity are being challenged. Here we re-examine the diverse roles played by historical knowledge in Restoration, and argue that these roles remain vitally important. As such, historical knowledge will be critical in shaping Restoration Ecology in the future. Perhaps the most crucial role in shifting from the present version of Restoration Ecology (“v1.0”) to a newer formulation (“v2.0”) is the value of historical knowledge in guiding scientific interpretation, recognizing key ecological legacies, and influencing the choices available to practitioners of ecosystem intervention under conditions of open-ended and rapid change.
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Restoration Ecology interventionist approaches for restoring and maintaining ecosystem function in the face of rapid environmental change
Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2008Co-Authors: Richard J Hobbs, Viki A CramerAbstract:Restoration Ecology provides the conceptual and practical frameworks to guide management interventions aimed at repairing environmental damage. Restoration activities range from local to regional and from volunteer efforts to large-scale multiagency activities. Interventions vary from a "do nothing" approach to a variety of abiotic and biotic interventions aimed at speeding up or altering the course of ecosystem recovery. Revised understanding of ecosystem dynamics, the place of humans in historic ecosystems, and changed environmental settings owing to rapid environmental change all impact on decisions concerning which interventions are appropriate. Key issues relating to ecosystem Restoration in a rapidly changing world include understanding how potentially synergistic global change drivers interact to alter the dynamics and Restoration of ecosystems and how novel ecosystems without a historic analogue should be managed.
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assembly rules and Restoration Ecology bridging the gap between theory and practice
Assembly rules and restoration ecology: bridging the gap between theory and practice., 2004Co-Authors: Vicky M Temperton, Richard J Hobbs, Tim Nuttle, Stefan HalleAbstract:Assembly rules refer to the ecological principles that guide the 'assembly' of ecosystems. They offer guidance on planning which species should be restored first, and then which should be added in which order. This work explores the concepts and theories relating to assembly rules.
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Restoration Ecology repairing the earth s ecosystems in the new millennium
Restoration Ecology, 2001Co-Authors: Richard J Hobbs, James A HarrisAbstract:The extent of human-induced change and damage to Earth's ecosystems renders ecosystem repair an essential part of our future survival strategy, and this demands that Restoration Ecology provide effective conceptual and practical tools for this task. We argue that Restoration Ecology has to be an integral component of land management in today's world, and to be broadly applicable, has to have a clearly articulated conceptual basis. This needs to recognize that most ecosystems are dynamic and hence Restoration goals cannot be based on static attributes. Setting clear and achievable goals is essential, and these should focus on the desired characteristics for the system in the future, rather than in relation to what these were in the past. Goal setting requires that there is a clear understanding of the Restoration options available (and the relative costs of different options). The concept of Restoration thresholds suggests that options are determined by the current state of the system in relation to biotic and abiotic thresholds. A further important task is the development of effective and easily measured success criteria. Many parameters could be considered for inclusion in Restoration success criteria, but these are often ambiguous or hard to measure. Success criteria need to relate clearly back to specific Restoration goals. If Restoration Ecology is to be successfully practiced as part of humanity's response to continued ecosystem change and degradation, Restoration ecologists need to rise to the challenges of meshing science, practice and policy. Restoration Ecology is likely to be one of the most important fields of the coming century.
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towards a conceptual framework for Restoration Ecology
Restoration Ecology, 1996Co-Authors: Richard J Hobbs, David A NortonAbstract:Heightening human impacts on the Earth result in widespread losses of production and conservation values and make large-scale ecosystem Restoration increasingly urgent. Tackling this problem requires the development of general guiding principles for Restoration so that we can move away from the ad hoc, site- and situation-specific approach that now prevails. A continuum of Restoration efforts can be recognized, ranging from Restoration of localized highly degraded sites to Restoration of entire landscapes for production and/or conservation reasons. We emphasize the importance of developing Restoration methodologies that are applicable at the landscape scale. Key processes in Restoration include identifying and dealing with the processes leading to degradation in the first place, determining realistic goals and measures of success, developing methods for implementing the goals and incorporating them into land-management and planning strategies, and monitoring the Restoration and assessing its success. Few of these procedures are currently incorporated in many Restoration projects. The concept that many ecosystems are likely to exist in alternative stable states, depending on their history, is relevant to the setting of Restoration goals. A range of measures, such as those being developed to measure ecosystem health, could be used to develop “scorecards” for Restoration efforts. Generalizable guidelines for Restoration on individual sites could be based on the concepts of designed disturbance, controlled colonization, and controlled species performance. Fewer explicit guidelines are available at the landscape scale, beyond nonquantitative generalities about size and connectivity. Development of these guidelines is an important priority so that urgent large-scale Restoration can be planned and implemented effectively.
Krystyna M Urbanska - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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environmental conservation and Restoration Ecology two facets of the same problem
Web Ecology, 2000Co-Authors: Krystyna M UrbanskaAbstract:Abstract. Restoration Ecology has often been regarded as a subordinate component of conservation biology and yet the two disciplines differ from each other. Conservation aims at staving off extinction, i.e. preserving ecological structures and services which still exist, however endangered they may be. On the other hand, the principal objective of Restoration is re-building ecological structures and services that have been destroyed. The most distinct focus of conservation is on population response to exploitation, whereas Restoration is principally concerned with over-exploited sites and landscapes in which communities/ecosystems are to be re-built. Conservation aims at preserving as many species as possible; on the other hand, the biodiversity approach in Restoration may be addressed on three levels viz. 1) initial species diversity, 2) post-Restoration increase of diversity via spontaneous species immigration, and 3) age-state diversity of developing plant cover. The conceptual framework in conservation biology differs from that in Restoration Ecology. The two basic paradigms used in conservation biology are 1) small-population paradigm and 2) declining-population paradigm, and one of its useful concepts is population viability assessment (PVA). The two principal paradigms used in Restoration Ecology are 1) nature-in-balance paradigm and 2) nature-in-flux paradigm. Interfaces between conservation and Restoration may be recognized when e.g., recovery strategies for threatened species include habitat/ecosystem Restoration, or when population processes in non-threatened species are studied to verify their usefulness as Restoration material. Integration of species and ecosystem approaches is already recognizable in Ecology. It is to be hoped that in future conservation and Restoration become integrated components of ecosystem management, but for the time being they remain two different facets of the same problem which is the negative human impact upon environment.
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Restoration Ecology and sustainable development
Restoration ecology and sustainable development., 1997Co-Authors: Krystyna M Urbanska, Nigel R Webb, Peter J EdwardsAbstract:Foreword Pehr Enckell Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Why Restoration? Krystyna M. Urbanska, Nigel R. Webb and Peter J. Edwards 2. What do we mean by Restoration? Anthony D. Bradshaw Part I. Ecological Basis of Restoration: 3. Restoration as an ecosystem process: implications of the modern ecological paradigm V. Thomas Parker and Steward T. A. Pickett 4. Importance of soil Ecology in Restoration science A. D. Bradshaw 5. Soil microorganisms, mycorrhiza and Restoration Ecology Kurt Haselwandter 6. Safe sites - interface of plant population Ecology and Restoration Ecology Krystyna M. Urbanska 7. The role of plant-animal mutualism in the design and Restoration of natural communities Steven N. Handel 8. The development of criteria for ecological Restoration Nigel R. Webb Part II. The Implementation and Assessment of Restoration Schemes: 9. Restoring alpine ecosystems in the United States: environmental constraints, disturbance characteristics and Restoration success Jeanne C. Chambers 10. Restoration of eroded areas in Iceland Sigurdur H. Marnusson 11. Invertebrates assist the Restoration process: an Australian perspective Jonathan D. Majer 12. Terrestrial arthropods as ecological indicators of habitat Restoration in southwestern North America K. S. Williams 13. Tidal wetland Restoration and creation along the east coast of North America William A. Niering 14. Options for Restoration and management of coastal salt marshes in Europe Jan P. Bakker, Peter Esselink, Rene van der Wal and Kees S. Dijkema Part III. Ecological Restoration, Economics and Sustainability: 15. Ecological engineering and sustainable development Peter J. Edwards, and Cyrus Abivardi 16. Ecological Restoration - the magnitude of the challenge: an outsider's view Michael Clark Part IV. Conclusions: 17. Restoration Ecology: science, technology and society Peter J. Edwards, Nigel R. Webb, Krystyna M. Urbanska and Reinhard Bornkamm Taxonomic index Subject index.
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Restoration Ecology research above the timberline colonization of safety islands on a machine graded alpine ski run
Biodiversity and Conservation, 1997Co-Authors: Krystyna M UrbanskaAbstract:Colonization was studied in safety islands installed on a machine-graded downhill ski run (ca 2500m asl) and respectively aged 7, 8, and 9 years. For comparison, the neighbouring non-restored plots were investigated. The study included assessment of species richness (alpha diversity), size and spatial structure of the immigrant populations, and the nearest possible diaspore sources. The number of colonizing species recorded in the safety islands totalled 44 whereas only 25 species were found in the non-restored ski run plots close by. The mean species number per whole plot, per 1m2 and per 0.1m2 was significantly higher in the safety islands than in the non-restored ski run plots. Population founders and small populations represented more than half of all immigrant species in the safety islands, but medium-sized and large populations were also present. The overall distribution of plants was patchy but the number of individuals per 1m2 was significantly higher in the safety islands than in the ski run. Travelling distances separating the safety islands from the nearest possible diaspore source were often exceedingly short and ranged between 0.10m and 1m in 47.7% of all populations studied. It seems that the diaspore sources were mostly secondary i.e. plants scattered over the non-restored ski run, and those previously used in Restoration trials, served as diaspore donors. The results of the study clearly demonstrate that successful colonization of machine-graded alpine ski runs in the study area is ultimately limited by safe-site availability and not by deficiencies in seed rain or remote diaspore sources. The colonization process in the safety islands is apparently well-advanced.
Brenton-rule, Evan C. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The origins of global invasions of the German wasp (Vespula germanica) and its infection with four honey bee viruses
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2018Co-Authors: Brenton-rule, Evan C., Masciocchi Maité, Dvorak Libor, Dobelmann Jana, Baty, James W., Brown, Robert L., Grangier Julien, Mcgrannachan Chris, Shortall, Chris R., Schmack JuliaAbstract:A successful control or eradication programme using biological control or genetically-mediated methods requires knowledge of the origin and the extent of wasp genetic diversity. Mitochondrial DNA variation in the native and invaded range of the social wasp Vespula germanica was used to examine intraspecific genetic variation and invasive source populations. We also examined wasps for the presence of four viruses found in honey bees: Acute bee paralysis virus, Deformed wing virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus and Kashmir bee virus. German wasps showed reduced genetic diversity in the invaded range compared to that of their native range. Populations in the introduced range are likely to have arrived from different source populations. All four viral honey bee pathogens were found in V. germanica, although they varied in their distribution and strain. Multiple introductions of German wasps have occurred for most invaded regions, though some populations are genetically homogenous. The differing locations of origin will guide researchers searching for biocontrol agents and the reduced genetic diversity may make these wasps a potentially viable target for control via gene drives.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Forestal. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de InsectosFil: Brenton-Rule, Evan C. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Dobelmann, Jana. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Baty, James W. University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva Zelanda. Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Nueva ZelandaFil: Brown, Robert L. Landcare Research; Nueva ZelandaFil: Dvorak, Libor. Mestske Museum Marianske Lazne; República ChecaFil: Grangier, Julien. Universite´ Lyon. Ecologie des Hydrosyste`mes Naturels et Anthropise´s; FranciaFil: Masciocchi, Maite. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Forestal. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos; ArgentinaFil: McGrannachan, Chris. Monash University. School of Biological Sciences; AustraliaFil: Shortall, Chris R. Rothamsted Research. Rothamsted Insect Survey; Reino UnidoFil: Schmack, Julia. University of Auckland. School of Biological Sciences. Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity; Nueva ZelandaFil: van Zyl, Carolien. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Kirstenbosch Research Centre; Sudáfrica. Stellenbosch University. Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; SudáfricaFil: Veldtman, Ruan. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Kirstenbosch Research Centre; Sudáfrica. Stellenbosch University. Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; SudáfricaFil: Lester, Philip J. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva Zeland
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The origins of global invasions of the German wasp (Vespula germanica) and its infection with four honey bee viruses
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2018Co-Authors: Brenton-rule, Evan C., Masciocchi Maité, Dvorak Libor, Dobelmann Jana, Baty, James W., Brown, Robert L., Grangier Julien, Mcgrannachan Chris, Shortall, Chris R., Schmack JuliaAbstract:A successful control or eradication programme using biological control or genetically-mediated methods requires knowledge of the origin and the extent of wasp genetic diversity. Mitochondrial DNA variation in the native and invaded range of the social wasp Vespula germanica was used to examine intraspecific genetic variation and invasive source populations.We also examined wasps for the presence of four viruses found in honey bees: Acute bee paralysis virus, Deformed wing virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus and Kashmir bee virus. German wasps showed reduced genetic diversity in the invaded range compared to that of their native range. Populations in the introduced range are likely to have arrived from different source populations. All four viral honey bee pathogens were found in V. germanica, although they varied in their distribution and strain. Multiple introductions of German wasps have occurred for most invaded regions, though some populations are genetically homogenous. The differing locations of origin will guide researchers searching for biocontrol agents andthe reduced genetic diversity may make these wasps a potentially viable target for control via gene drives.Fil: Brenton Rule, Evan C.. Centre For Biodiversity And Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Dobelmann, Jana. Centre For Biodiversity And Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Baty, James W.. Malaghan Institute Of Medical Research; Nueva ZelandaFil: Brown, Robert L.. Crown Research Institutes. Landcare Research; Nueva ZelandaFil: Dvorak, Libor. Mestske Museum Marianske Lazne; República ChecaFil: Grangier, Julien. Universite Lyon 2; FranciaFil: Masciocchi, Maité. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecología de Insectos; ArgentinaFil: McGrannachan, Chris. Monash University; AustraliaFil: Shortall, Chris R.. Rothamsted Insect Survey; Reino UnidoFil: Schmack, Julia. Centre For Biodiversity And Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: van Zyl, Carolien. Centre For Biodiversity And Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Veldtman, Ruan. Centre For Biodiversity And Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Lester, Philip J.. Centre For Biodiversity And Restoration Ecology; Nueva Zeland
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No evidence of enemy release in pathogen and microbial communities of comnon wasps [Vespula vulgaris] in their native and introduced range
'Public Library of Science (PLoS)', 2015Co-Authors: Lester, Philip J., Gruber, Mónica A.m., Brenton-rule, Evan C., Archer Michael, Peng Lifeng, Buchanan Joe, Bosch, Peter J., Kapp, Eugene A., Stanislawek, Wlodek L., Corley, Juan CarlosAbstract:When invasive species move to new environments they typically experience population bottlenecks that limit the probability that pathogens and parasites are also moved. The invasive species may thus be released from biotic interactions that can be a major source of densitydependent mortality, referred to as enemy release. We examined for evidence of enemy release in populations of the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), which attains high densities and represents a major threat to biodiversity in its invaded range. Mass spectrometry proteomic methods were used to compare the microbial communities in wasp populations in the native (Belgium and England) and invaded range (Argentina and New Zealand). We found no evidence of enemy release, as the number of microbial taxa was similar in both the introduced and native range. However, some evidence of distinctiveness in the microbial communities was observed between countries. The pathogens observed were similar to a variety of taxa observed in honey bees. These taxa included Nosema, Paenibacillus, and Yersina spp. Genomic methods confirmed a diversity of Nosema spp., Actinobacteria, and the Deformed wing and Kashmir bee viruses. We also analysed published records of bacteria, viruses, nematodes and fungi from both V. vulgaris and the related invader V. germanica. Thirty-three different microorganism taxa have been associated with wasps including Kashmir bee virus and entomophagous fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. There was no evidence that the presence or absence of these microorganisms was dependent on region of wasp samples (i.e. their native or invaded range). Given the similarity of the wasp pathogen fauna to that from honey bees, the lack of enemy release in wasp populations is probablyrelated to spill-over or spill-back from bees and other social insects. Social insects appear to form a reservoir of generalist parasites and pathogens, which makes the management of wasp and bee disease difficult.Fil: Lester, Philip J. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Bosch, Peter J. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiscovery; Nueva Zelanda. University of Iowa. Department of Biology; Estados UnidosFil: Gruber, Mónica A. M. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Kapp, Eugene A. University of Melbourne. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; AustraliaFil: Peng, Lifeng Victoria. University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiscovery; Nueva ZelandaFil: Brenton-Rule, Evan C. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Buchanan, Joe. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Stanislawek, Wlodek L. Ministry for Primary Industries Investigation. Diagnostic Centre—Wallaceville; Nueva ZelandaFil: Archer, Michael. York St. John University; InglaterraFil: Corley, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Departmento de Ecología; ArgentinaFil: Masciocchi, Maite. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Van Oystaeyen, Annette. University of Leuven. Laboratory of Socio-Ecology and Social Evolution; BélgicaFil: Wenseleers, Tom. University of Leuven. Laboratory of Socio-Ecology and Social Evolution; Bélgic
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Determining the origin of invasions and demonstrating a lack of enemy release from microsporidian pathogens in the common wasps (Vespula vulgaris)
'Wiley', 2014Co-Authors: Lester, Philip J., Masciocchi Maité, Corley, Juan Carlos, Gruber, Mónica A.m., Brenton-rule, Evan C., Archer Michael, Dvorak Libor, Van Oystaeyen AnnetteAbstract:La comprensión del papel de la liberación de enemigo en las invasiones biológicas requiere una evaluación del área de distribución del invasor, el número de eventos de invasión y la prevalencia del enemigo. La avispa común (Vespula vulgaris) es un invasor generalizada. Hemos tratado de determinar el origen euroasiático de esta avispa y examinamos las poblaciones mundiales de infecciones por patógenos microsporidian para investigar la liberación enemigo.Aim: Understanding the role of enemy release in biological invasions requires an assessment of the invader's home range, the number of invasion events and enemy prevalence. The common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) is a widespread invader. We sought to determine the Eurasian origin of this wasp and examined world-wide populations for microsporidian pathogen infections to investigate enemy release. Location: Argentina, Eurasia, New Zealand. Methods: A haplotype network and phylogenetic tree were constructed from combined wasp COI and cytb mitochondrial markers. A morphometric study using canonical discriminant analysis was conducted on wing venation patterns. Microsporidian pathogens prevalence was also examined using small subunit rRNA microsporidia-specific primers. Results: Our spatially structured haplotype network from the native range suggested a longitudinal cline of wasp haplotypes along an east to west gradient. Six haplotypes were detected from New Zealand, and two from Argentina. The populations from the introduced range were genetically similar to the western European, United Kingdom and Ireland. The morphometric analysis showed significant morphological variation between countries and supported the Western European origin for New Zealand populations, although not for Argentine samples. Microsporidian infection rates were highest in New Zealand samples (54%), but no significant differences in infection rates were observed between the invaded and native range. Nosema species included matches to N. apis (a pathogen from honey bees) and N. bombi (from bumble bees). Main conclusions: Multiple introductions of the common wasp have occurred in the invaded range. A high microsporidian infection rate within the native range, combined with multiple introductions and a reservoir of pathogens in other social insects such as bees, likely contributes to the high microsporidian infection rates in the invaded range. Enemy release is likely to be more frequent when pathogens are rare in the home range, or are host specific and rare in reservoir populations of the introduced range.EEA BarilocheFil: Lester, P.J. University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Gruber, M.A. Victoria University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Brenton-Rule, E.C. University of Wellington. Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology; Nueva ZelandaFil: Archer, M. York St. John University; Gran BretañaFil: Corley, Juan Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos; ArgentinaFil: Dvorak, Libor. Mestske Muzeum Marianske Lazne; República ChecaFil: Masciocchi, Maite. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos; ArgentinaFil: Van Oystaeyen, A. K.U.Leuven. Laboratory of SocioEcology and Social Evolution; Bélgic
