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Sam Schulman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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loading dose vs maintenance dose of warfarin for reinitiation after invasive procedures a randomized trial
Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2014Co-Authors: Sam Schulman, Hungyu Hwang, John W Eikelboom, Clive Kearon, J DelaneyAbstract:Summary Background There is uncertainty regarding the optimal dosing regimen for the Resumption of warfarin after interruption for invasive procedures. Aim To determine the efficacy and safety of warfarin Resumption with loading doses or with the most recent maintenance dose. Methods Patients receiving warfarin treatment and planned for invasive procedures with an expected hospital stay of ≤ 1 day were randomized to resume warfarin on the day of the procedure, defined as day 1, with most recent maintenance dose or with 2 initial days of double maintenance dose. Efficacy outcomes were proportion of international normalized ratio (INR) levels ≥ 2.0 on day 5 (primary outcome) and day 10. Safety outcomes were bleeding and thromboembolic events. In addition, D-dimer levels were analyzed on days 5 and 10 in a subset of the population. Results There were 49 patients analyzed in each group. INR of ≥ 2.0 had been achieved by day 5 for 13% in the maintenance-dose group and for 50% in the loading-dose group (relative risk [RR] 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10–0.60) and by day 10 for 68% and 87%, respectively (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65–1.00). There were no thromboembolic events, and there was one major bleed before Resumption of warfarin and one minor bleed, both in the maintenance-dose group. There was no difference between the groups in the proportion of patients with excessive INRs or elevated D-dimer levels or in the median D-dimer level. Conclusion Resumption of warfarin after minor-moderately invasive procedures with two loading doses achieves therapeutic INR faster than does only maintenance dose.
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optimal timing of Resumption of warfarin after intracranial hemorrhage
Stroke, 2010Co-Authors: Ammar Majeed, Robin S Roberts, Margareta Holmstrom, Sam SchulmanAbstract:Background and Purpose—The optimum timing of Resumption of anticoagulation after warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage in patients with indication for continued anticoagulation is uncertain. We performed a large retrospective cohort study to obtain more precise risk estimates. Methods—We reviewed charts of 2869 consecutive patients with objectively verified intracranial hemorrhage over 6 years at 3 tertiary centers. We calculated the daily risk of intracranial hemorrhage or ischemic stroke with and without Resumption of warfarin; we focused on patients who survived the first week and had cardiac indication for anticoagulation or previous stroke. Using a Cox model, we estimated rates for these 2 adverse events in relation to different time points of resumed anticoagulation. The combined risk of either a new intracranial hemorrhage or an ischemic stroke was calculated for a range of warfarin Resumption times. Results—We identified warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage in 234 patients (8.2%), of who...
Raj M. Ratwani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Effect of Interruption Modality on Primary Task Resumption
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2020Co-Authors: Raj M. Ratwani, Alyssa E. Andrews, Jenny D. Sousk, J. Gregory TraftonAbstract:The majority of empirical papers investigating the effect of interruption modality on primary task Resumption have been grounded in Multiple Resource theory; this theory stresses the benefits of cross-modal information presentation. Alternatively, Altmann and Trafton's (2002) Memory for Goals theory suggests that maintaining an association between the suspended primary task goal and relevant environmental cues is critical to the task Resumption process. Using reaction time and eye movement measures, the theoretical predictions of these two frameworks were empirically examined to determine whether interruption modality influences primary task Resumption.
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Spatial Memory Guides Task Resumption
Visual Cognition, 2008Co-Authors: Raj M. Ratwani, J. Gregory TraftonAbstract:Previous research examining how people resume a task following an interruption has focused primarily on pure memory processes. In this paper, we focus on the perceptual processes underlying task Resumption and show that spatial memory guides task Resumption. In Experiment 1, fixation patterns suggest participants were able to resume remarkably close to where they were in the task prior to interruption. In Experiment 2, a spatial interruption disrupted Resumption performance more than a nonspatial interrupting task. Together, these results implicate spatial memory as a mechanism for Resumption.
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A spatial memory mechanism for guiding primary task Resumption
2008Co-Authors: Raj M. RatwaniAbstract:A SPATIAL MEMORY MECHANISM FOR GUIDING TASK Resumption Raj M. Ratwani, Ph.D. George Mason University, 2008 Dissertation Director: Dr. J. Gregory Trafton Theories accounting for the task Resumption process following an interruption have primarily been memory based accounts (Altmann & Trafton, 2002, 2007; Oulasvirta & Sarrlilouma, 2004). The purpose of this study was to examine the Resumption process at the perceptual level to determine whether spatial memory processes are used to resume and to determine whether these processes can be directly integrated with an activationbased theoretical framework of goal memory (Altmann & Trafton, 2002). Based on previous literature two plausible hypotheses, a retrace hypothesis and a spatial memory hypothesis, were examined to account for the perceptual processes used to resume an interrupted task. Six eye movement studies, using two different tasks that varied in task structure, were conducted to distinguish between these two hypotheses. In Experiments 1 and 4, the pattern of eye movements upon Resumption was examined to distinguish between the retrace and spatial memory hypotheses. In Experiments 2 and 5, an interrupting task that required spatial working memory resources was shown to be more disruptive than a non-spatial interrupting task. These results directly implicate spatial memory in the task Resumption process. In Experiments 3 and 6, interruption length was manipulated to determine whether spatial memory remains intact over longer interruption lengths. Together, the results of these experiments provide strong support for a spatial memory mechanism of task Resumption that can be directly integrated with the Altmann and Trafton (2002, 2007) memory for goals theory.
J. Gregory Trafton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Very Brief Interruptions Result in Resumption Cost
2020Co-Authors: Christopher A. Monk, Deborah A. Boehm-davis, J. Gregory TraftonAbstract:Very Brief Interruptions Result in Resumption Cost Christopher A. Monk (cmonk@gmu.edu) Deborah A. Boehm-Davis (dbdavis@gmu.edu) J. Gregory Trafton (trafton@itd.nrl.navy.mil) Naval Research Laboratory, NRL Code 5513 Washington, DC 20375 USA Department of Psychology, George Mason University 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030 USA Recent research suggests that the disruptive effects of interruptions arise from decay of the activation associated with the primary goal while attending to the interrupting task (Altmann & Trafton, 2002; Monk, Boehm-Davis, & Trafton, in press; Trafton et al., 2003). This disruption is seen in the additional time required to resume a task after it has been interrupted; that is, in the reaction time (RT) from the onset of a display after an interruption until the first keypress is made (this RT is called the Resumption l a g ). The purpose of this study was to test this interpretation by looking at the Resumption costs associated with very brief interruptions, where the model predicts minimal goal decay. interruption conditions. Figure 1 shows the mean Resumption lags and confirms a significant main effect of interruption condition, F(3, 33) = 48.88, p < .001, MSE = 7,190. Paired comparisons showed that the 5-second interruption condition (M = 1115 ms, SD = 129) took significantly longer than the other three conditions, and the uninterrupted condition (M = 706 ms, SD = 80) was significantly shorter than each of the interrupted conditions. The Resumption lags for the 1/4 s (M = 974 ms, SD = 79) and 1 s conditions (M = 974 ms, SD = 107) were not reliably different. Resumption Lag (ms) Introduction Method Twelve undergraduates from the George Mason University psychology subject pool participated for course credit. The experiment was a single factor within- subjects design with three interruption lengths (1/4 s, 1 s, and 5 s) and an uninterrupted condition. The dependent measure was the post-interruption Resumption lag, which was the reaction time from the onset of the VCR display (after an interruption) to the first click on a VCR button. The primary task was to program a simulated VCR, which consisted of four subtasks: entering the show’s start-time, end-time, day of week, and channel number. The screen was blank during the interruptions (there was no task) and the participant was required to wait until the VCR was displayed again before resuming the programming task. The target information was posted next to the monitor on a 3x5-index card at all times. The experimenter trained the participants through demonstration and practice of uninterrupted and interrupted trials. Each participant completed 20 experimental trials (five trials for each of four conditions). For each interruption trial, participants began with the VCR task and were interrupted every five seconds until the VCR program entry was completed. Results and Discussion The time between keypresses (lag) was measured every five seconds in the uninterrupted condition to provide a baseline comparison for the Resumption lags in the Uninterrupted 1/4 sec 1 sec 5 sec Interruption Condition Figure 1. Mean Resumption lags. The difference between the interrupted and uninterrupted conditions confirms the prediction from the goal-activation model (Altmann & Trafton, 2002). Further, the presence of a Resumption cost for both the 1/4 s and 1 s interruption conditions shows that goals decay quite rapidly. Even for the briefest interruptions, there is a penalty to be paid when resuming the primary task. Acknowledgements This research was supported in part by grant number 55-8122- 01 from the Office of Naval Research to Greg Trafton. References Altmann, E. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2002). Memory for goals: an activation-based model. Cognitive Science, 26, 39-83. Monk, C. A., Boehm-Davis, D. A., & Trafton, J. G. (in press). Recovery from interruptions: implications for driver distraction research. Human Factors. Trafton, J. G., Altmann, E. M., Brock, D. P., & Mintz, F. (2003). Preparing to resume an interrupted task: effects of prospective goal encoding and retrospective rehearsal. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58, 583-
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The Effect of Interruption Modality on Primary Task Resumption
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2020Co-Authors: Raj M. Ratwani, Alyssa E. Andrews, Jenny D. Sousk, J. Gregory TraftonAbstract:The majority of empirical papers investigating the effect of interruption modality on primary task Resumption have been grounded in Multiple Resource theory; this theory stresses the benefits of cross-modal information presentation. Alternatively, Altmann and Trafton's (2002) Memory for Goals theory suggests that maintaining an association between the suspended primary task goal and relevant environmental cues is critical to the task Resumption process. Using reaction time and eye movement measures, the theoretical predictions of these two frameworks were empirically examined to determine whether interruption modality influences primary task Resumption.
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Spatial Memory Guides Task Resumption
Visual Cognition, 2008Co-Authors: Raj M. Ratwani, J. Gregory TraftonAbstract:Previous research examining how people resume a task following an interruption has focused primarily on pure memory processes. In this paper, we focus on the perceptual processes underlying task Resumption and show that spatial memory guides task Resumption. In Experiment 1, fixation patterns suggest participants were able to resume remarkably close to where they were in the task prior to interruption. In Experiment 2, a spatial interruption disrupted Resumption performance more than a nonspatial interrupting task. Together, these results implicate spatial memory as a mechanism for Resumption.
Jason Kandybowicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On Prosodic Vacuity and Verbal Resumption in Asante Twi
Linguistic Inquiry, 2015Co-Authors: Jason KandybowiczAbstract:I argue that verbal Resumption (the occurrence of an additional default verbal element ye meaning ‘do’) in Asante Twi is prosodically conditioned. Following the MATCH theory of syntactic-prosodic constituency correspondence (Selkirk 2011), I propose that phonosyntactic constituency matching requires, at the minimum, avoidance of phonetically empty transferred syntactic structures (i.e., prosodic vacuity). I show that Twi verbal Resumption is highly constrained and occurs precisely in those contexts where a prosodically vacuous domain would otherwise be mapped from a fully evacuated syntactic Spell- Out domain. As a measure of last resort, a late default-form insertion of the verb root (the ye-form) occurs to evade prosodic vacuity and ensure a matching correspondence between syntactic and prosodic constituents at PF. Because an additional higher copy of the verb root (i.e., the lexical verb) survives as well, Twi verbal Resumption represents an instance of multiple copy Spell-Out. The article thus bears o...
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On Prosodic Vacuity and Verbal Resumption in Asante Twi
Linguistic Inquiry, 2015Co-Authors: Jason KandybowiczAbstract:I argue that verbal Resumption (the occurrence of an additional default verbal element yε meaning ‘do’) in Asante Twi is prosodically conditioned. Following the MATCH theory of syntactic-prosodic constituency correspondence (Selkirk 2011), I propose that phonosyntactic constituency matching requires, at the minimum, avoidance of phonetically empty transferred syntactic structures (i.e., prosodic vacuity). I show that Twi verbal Resumption is highly constrained and occurs precisely in those contexts where a prosodically vacuous domain would otherwise be mapped from a fully evacuated syntactic Spell- Out domain. As a measure of last resort, a late default-form insertion of the verb root (the yε-form) occurs to evade prosodic vacuity and ensure a matching correspondence between syntactic and prosodic constituents at PF. Because an additional higher copy of the verb root (i.e., the lexical verb) survives as well, Twi verbal Resumption represents an instance of multiple copy Spell-Out. The article thus bears on several issues concerning the syntax-phonology interface, among them the nature of prosodic mapping and the conditions regulating multiple copy realization.
Ingmar H. A. Franken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Event-related potentials reflecting smoking cue reactivity and cognitive control as predictors of smoking relapse and Resumption
Psychopharmacology, 2016Co-Authors: Maartje Luijten, Marloes Kleinjan, Ingmar H. A. FrankenAbstract:Rationale Given that most attempts to quit smoking fail, it is critical to increase knowledge about the mechanisms involved in smoking relapse and Resumption (i.e., the increase in smoking over time after a quit attempt). Neurocognitive measures, such as event-related potentials (ERPs), may provide novel insights into smoking relapse and Resumption. Objectives The objective of the present study is to investigate the association between smoking relapse and Resumption and ERPs reflecting smoking cue reactivity (i.e., P300, LPP), inhibitory control (i.e., N2, P3), and error processing (i.e., error-related negativity (ERN), Pe). Methods Seventy-two smokers viewed smoking and neutral pictures and performed a Go-NoGo and an Eriksen Flanker task, while ERPs were measured using electroencephalography. All smokers started a quit attempt in the week following the laboratory visit. Smoking behavior after the quit attempt was measured at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Both relapse (i.e., 7-day point prevalence at 12 weeks) and smoking Resumption (i.e., the number of cigarettes a day at 4, 8, and 12 weeks) were used as outcome measures. Results Logistic regression analyses showed that smaller P3 amplitudes, reflecting brain activation associated with inhibitory control, are related to an increased relapse risk. Latent growth curve analyses showed that reduced post-error slowing, the main behavioral measure reflecting error processing, is associated with stronger smoking Resumption. ERPs reflecting smoking cue reactivity were unrelated to smoking relapse or Resumption. Conclusions The finding that smaller inhibitory control-related P3 amplitudes are associated with increased relapse risks suggests that strategies to increase inhibitory control in smokers are worth further investigation in the search for more effective smoking cessation interventions.
