The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ben Lopman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theoretical framework for Retrospective Studies of the effectiveness of sars cov 2 vaccines
Epidemiology, 2021Co-Authors: Joseph A Lewnard, Nicholas P Jewell, Miwako Kobayashi, M Tenforde, Natalie E Dean, B J Cowling, Manish M Patel, Jennifer R Verani, Ben LopmanAbstract:Observational Studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. Such Studies are now underway amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. Although traditional case-control and test-negative design Studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such Studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here, we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under traditional case-control and test-negative design frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, nonspecific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The traditional case-control design may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The test-negative design reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance, if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe illness. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages.
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theoretical framework for Retrospective Studies of the effectiveness of sars cov 2 vaccines
medRxiv, 2021Co-Authors: Joseph A Lewnard, Manish Patel, Nicholas P Jewell, Miwako Kobayashi, M Tenforde, Natalie E Dean, B J Cowling, Ben LopmanAbstract:Observational Studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. These are now in planning amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. While traditional case-control (TCC) and test-negative design (TND) Studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such Studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under TCC and TND frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, non-specific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The TCC may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The TND reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe infection. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages.
Simon Mallal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prospective genetic screening decreases the incidence of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions in the western australian hiv cohort study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2006Co-Authors: Andri Rauch, David Nolan, E Mckinnon, C. Almeida, A. Martin, Simon MallalAbstract:Abacavir therapy is associated with significant drug hypersensitivity in ∼8% of recipients, with Retrospective Studies indicating a strong genetic association with the HLA-B*5701 allelle. In this prospective study, involving 260 abacavir-naive individuals (7.7% of whom were positive for HLA-B*5701), we confirm the usefulness of genetic risk stratification, with no cases of abacavir hypersensitivity among 148 HLA-B*5701–negative recipients.
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prospective genetic screening decreases the incidence of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions in the western australian hiv cohort study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2006Co-Authors: Andri Rauch, David Nolan, E Mckinnon, C. Almeida, A. Martin, Simon MallalAbstract:Abacavir therapy is associated with significant drug hypersensitivity in approximately 8% of recipients, with Retrospective Studies indicating a strong genetic association with the HLA-B*5701 allele. In this prospective study, involving 260 abacavir-naive individuals (7.7% of whom were positive for HLA-B*5701), we confirm the usefulness of genetic risk stratification, with no cases of abacavir hypersensitivity among 148 HLA-B*5701-negative recipients.
Joseph A Lewnard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theoretical framework for Retrospective Studies of the effectiveness of sars cov 2 vaccines
Epidemiology, 2021Co-Authors: Joseph A Lewnard, Nicholas P Jewell, Miwako Kobayashi, M Tenforde, Natalie E Dean, B J Cowling, Manish M Patel, Jennifer R Verani, Ben LopmanAbstract:Observational Studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. Such Studies are now underway amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. Although traditional case-control and test-negative design Studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such Studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here, we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under traditional case-control and test-negative design frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, nonspecific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The traditional case-control design may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The test-negative design reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance, if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe illness. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages.
-
theoretical framework for Retrospective Studies of the effectiveness of sars cov 2 vaccines
medRxiv, 2021Co-Authors: Joseph A Lewnard, Manish Patel, Nicholas P Jewell, Miwako Kobayashi, M Tenforde, Natalie E Dean, B J Cowling, Ben LopmanAbstract:Observational Studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. These are now in planning amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. While traditional case-control (TCC) and test-negative design (TND) Studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such Studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under TCC and TND frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, non-specific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The TCC may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The TND reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe infection. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages.
Andri Rauch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prospective genetic screening decreases the incidence of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions in the western australian hiv cohort study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2006Co-Authors: Andri Rauch, David Nolan, E Mckinnon, C. Almeida, A. Martin, Simon MallalAbstract:Abacavir therapy is associated with significant drug hypersensitivity in ∼8% of recipients, with Retrospective Studies indicating a strong genetic association with the HLA-B*5701 allelle. In this prospective study, involving 260 abacavir-naive individuals (7.7% of whom were positive for HLA-B*5701), we confirm the usefulness of genetic risk stratification, with no cases of abacavir hypersensitivity among 148 HLA-B*5701–negative recipients.
-
prospective genetic screening decreases the incidence of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions in the western australian hiv cohort study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2006Co-Authors: Andri Rauch, David Nolan, E Mckinnon, C. Almeida, A. Martin, Simon MallalAbstract:Abacavir therapy is associated with significant drug hypersensitivity in approximately 8% of recipients, with Retrospective Studies indicating a strong genetic association with the HLA-B*5701 allele. In this prospective study, involving 260 abacavir-naive individuals (7.7% of whom were positive for HLA-B*5701), we confirm the usefulness of genetic risk stratification, with no cases of abacavir hypersensitivity among 148 HLA-B*5701-negative recipients.
Miwako Kobayashi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theoretical framework for Retrospective Studies of the effectiveness of sars cov 2 vaccines
Epidemiology, 2021Co-Authors: Joseph A Lewnard, Nicholas P Jewell, Miwako Kobayashi, M Tenforde, Natalie E Dean, B J Cowling, Manish M Patel, Jennifer R Verani, Ben LopmanAbstract:Observational Studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. Such Studies are now underway amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. Although traditional case-control and test-negative design Studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such Studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here, we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under traditional case-control and test-negative design frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, nonspecific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The traditional case-control design may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The test-negative design reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance, if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe illness. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages.
-
theoretical framework for Retrospective Studies of the effectiveness of sars cov 2 vaccines
medRxiv, 2021Co-Authors: Joseph A Lewnard, Manish Patel, Nicholas P Jewell, Miwako Kobayashi, M Tenforde, Natalie E Dean, B J Cowling, Ben LopmanAbstract:Observational Studies of the effectiveness of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are needed to inform real-world use. These are now in planning amid the ongoing rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines globally. While traditional case-control (TCC) and test-negative design (TND) Studies feature prominently among strategies used to assess vaccine effectiveness, such Studies may encounter important threats to validity. Here we review the theoretical basis for estimation of vaccine direct effects under TCC and TND frameworks, addressing specific natural history parameters of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 relevant to these designs. Bias may be introduced by misclassification of cases and controls, particularly when clinical case criteria include common, non-specific indicators of COVID-19. When using diagnostic assays with high analytical sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, individuals testing positive may be counted as cases even if their symptoms are due to other causes. The TCC may be particularly prone to confounding due to associations of vaccination with healthcare-seeking behavior or risk of infection. The TND reduces but may not eliminate this confounding, for instance if individuals who receive vaccination seek care or testing for less-severe infection. These circumstances indicate the two study designs cannot be applied naively to datasets gathered through public health surveillance or administrative sources. We suggest practical strategies to reduce bias in vaccine effectiveness estimates at the study design and analysis stages.
