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Robert C Cloninger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cloninger s temperament and character dimensions of personality in patients with major depressive disorder
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Feryal Cam Celikel, Samet Kose, Birgul Elbozan Cumurcu, Unal Erkorkmaz, Kemal Sayar, Jeffrey J Borckardt, Robert C CloningerAbstract:In this present study, we examined the relationship between the Cloninger's dimensional psychobiologic model of personality and depression in an outpatient population with major depressive disorder. Eighty-one depressed outpatients (67 women, 14 men) and 51 healthy controls (35 women, 16 men) filled out the Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Depression severity was evaluated by using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory. Depressed patients exhibited statistically significant higher scores for harm avoidance and lower scores for self-directedness compared to healthy controls. Sentimentality (RD1) and Dependence (RD4) subscale scores of Reward Dependence and spiritual acceptance (ST3) subscale of self-transcendence were significantly higher; attachment (RD3) subscale of Reward Dependence, responsibility (SD1), purposefulness (SD2), resourcefulness (SD3), and congruent second nature (SD5) subscales of self-directedness were significantly lower in the depressed group. In the depressed patient group, main effects of sex were significant for Reward Dependence and cooperativeness; the scores of both dimensions were higher for women. The Beck Inventory was positively correlated with harm avoidance and negatively correlated with novelty seeking and self-directedness dimensions (P < .05). The duration of depression (16.33 +/- 20.18 months) or the mean onset age of depression (28.68 +/- 8.11 years) did not show significant correlations with TCI scales. This study confirms the relationship between harm avoidance and depression and suggests a relationship between self-directedness and depression.
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assessment of personality dimensions in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder using the junior temperament and character inventory
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2009Co-Authors: Rene L Olvera, Robert C Cloninger, John P Hatch, Mark Nicoletti, Manoela Fonseca, Sheila C Caetano, Kristina Hunter, Steven R Pliszka, Jair C SoaresAbstract:Abstract Objective: We compared temperament and character traits in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BP) and healthy control (HC) subjects. Method: Sixty nine subjects (38 BP and 31 HC), 8–17 years old, were assessed with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Present and Lifetime. Temperament and character traits were measured with parent and child versions of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory. Results: BP subjects scored higher on novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and fantasy subscales, and lower on Reward Dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness compared to HC (all p < 0.007), by child and parent reports. These findings were consistent in both children and adolescents. Higher parent-rated novelty seeking, lower self-directedness, and lower cooperativeness were associated with co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Lower parent-rated Reward Dependence was associated with co-morbid conduct disorder, and higher ch...
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Reliability and validity of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 2001Co-Authors: Klaus Schmeck, Kirstin Goth, Fritz Poustka, Robert C CloningerAbstract:The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) was developed to assess the temperament (‘novelty seeking’, ‘harm avoidance’, ‘Reward Dependence’, ‘persistence’) and character (‘self-directedness’, ‘cooperativeness’, ‘self-transcendence’) dimensions of Cloninger's biosocial model of personality in children and adolescents. The psychometric properties of the JTCI are presented. We used the German version of JTCI in a clinical sample of 188 adolescent psychiatric patients (aged 12 to 18 years) and in a non-referred sample of 706 German adolescents of the same age range. Aspects of reliability and validity are discussed. We subjected the JTCI to confirmatory factor analysis and were able to replicate the temperament and character scales of the original TCI. The internal consistency of the scales was satisfactory with the exception of ‘Reward Dependence’ and ‘persistence’. Construct validity was supported by good correspondence of JTCI dimensions with related constructs. Psychometric properties of the German version of JTCI are very promising. Results yield strong support for Cloninger's psychobiological theory. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
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exploring the tpq as a possible predictor of antidepressant response to nefazodone in a large multi site study
Journal of Affective Disorders, 1997Co-Authors: Elliot C Nelson, Robert C CloningerAbstract:Abstract Subjects in the midst of a major depressive episode completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) prior to beginning an open trial of nefazodone. A multiple regression analysis was used to further examine the finding of Joyce et al. (1994; Temperament predicts clomipramine and desipramine response in major depression, J. Affect. Disord. 30 (1994) 35–46) that a model involving TPQ Reward Dependence and Harm Avoidance scores, and their interaction, significantly predicted treatment response. The model was found to have significant predictive value ( R 2 =0.011, P =0.0053), but to account for a trivial 1.1% of the variance. Individuals with high Reward Dependence scores had a significantly lower response rate when response was defined as a 60% reduction from baseline HAM-D score. Although the clinical utility of the present findings is uncertain, this line of investigation attempting to link temperament to pharmacological response represents a potentially useful future strategy.
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the tridimensional personality questionnaire as a predictor of response to nefazodone treatment of depression
Journal of Affective Disorders, 1995Co-Authors: Elliot C Nelson, Robert C CloningerAbstract:Personality traits have emerged as the strongest identified predictors of response to antidepressant treatment of major depressive disorder (Peselow et al., 1992; Joyce et al., 1994). 18 subjects in the midst of a major depressive episode were treated with nefazodone in an open trial. All subjects completed Cloninger's tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ) before beginning treatment. A multiple regression analysis was performed in an attempt to replicate Joyce et al.'s (1994) finding that temperament type, as assessed by the TPQ, is a strong predictor of antidepressant response. A model involving TPQ Reward Dependence and harm avoidance scores, and their interaction, was found to significantly predict the response to nefazodone (r2 = 0.47, P < 0.027). When response was defined as a 50% decrease in HAM-D score at last visit, high Reward Dependence score alone significantly separated responders from nonresponders (Fisher's exact P = 0.050, df = 1). These results raise the intriguing possibility that TPQ scores may have direct clinical applications.
Kenji Hashimoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Low Openness on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory as a Risk Factor for Treatment-Resistant Depression
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Michio Takahashi, Yukihiko Shirayama, Katsumasa Muneoka, Masatoshi Suzuki, Koichi Sato, Kenji HashimotoAbstract:Background Recently, we reported that low Reward Dependence, and to a lesser extent, low cooperativeness in the Temperature and Character Inventory (TCI) may be risk factors for treatment-resistant depression. Here, we analyzed additional psychological traits in these patients.
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Personality Traits as Risk Factors for Treatment-Resistant Depression
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Michio Takahashi, Yukihiko Shirayama, Katsumasa Muneoka, Masatoshi Suzuki, Koichi Sato, Kenji HashimotoAbstract:Background The clinical outcome of antidepressant treatment in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to be associated with personality traits. A number of studies suggest that depressed patients show high harm avoidance, low self-directedness and cooperativeness, as measured on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). However, the psychology of these patients is not well documented. Methods Psychological evaluation using Cloninger’s TCI, was performed on treatment-resistant MDD patients (n = 35), remission MDD patients (n = 31), and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 174). Results Treatment-resistant patients demonstrated high scores for harm avoidance, and low scores for Reward Dependence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness using the TCI, compared with healthy controls and remission patients. Interestingly, patients in remission continued to show significantly high scores for harm avoidance, but not other traits in the TCI compared with controls. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between Reward Dependence and harm avoidance in the treatment-resistant depression cohort, which was absent in the control and remitted depression groups. Conclusions This study suggests that low Reward Dependence and to a lesser extent, low cooperativeness in the TCI may be risk factors for treatment-resistant depression.
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Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor 196 G/A polymorphism and personality traits in healthy subjects.
American journal of medical genetics. Part B Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 2004Co-Authors: Kanako Itoh, Kenji Hashimoto, Chikara Kumakiri, Eiji Shimizu, Masaomi IyoAbstract:Several lines of evidence suggest that a certain type of personality or temperament is at risk for developing neuropsychiatric diseases, and that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) might be involved in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as mood disorders. Considering the role of BDNF and personality traits in the neuropsychiatric diseases, it is of interest to examine the association between BDNF gene polymorphism and personality test scores. In this study, we examined the association between 196 G/A the polymorphism in the coding region of the BDNF gene and personality traits scores (temperament and character inventory (TCI) and NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI)) in Japanese healthy subjects. We found that female, but not male, subjects with BDNF genotype A/A have high scores in Reward Dependence on TCI and high scores in extraversion on NEO-PI as compared with other genotypes (G/A or G/G), suggesting an association between Reward Dependence (or extraversion) personality traits and BDNF genotype in female subjects. Our findings suggest that BDNF 196 A/G polymorphism might be associated with personality traits in female, but not male, healthy subjects.
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Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor 196 G/A polymorphism and personality traits in healthy subjects
American Journal of Medical Genetics, 2003Co-Authors: Kanako Itoh, Kenji Hashimoto, Chikara Kumakiri, Eiji Shimizu, Masaomi IyoAbstract:Several lines of evidence suggest that a certain type of personality or temperament is at risk for developing neuropsychiatric diseases, and that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) might be involved in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases such as mood disorders. Considering the role of BDNF and personality traits in the neuropsychiatric diseases, it is of interest to examine the association between BDNF gene polymorphism and personality test scores. In this study, we examined the association between 196 G/A the polymorphism in the coding region of the BDNF gene and personality traits scores (temperament and character inventory (TCI) and NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI)) in Japanese healthy subjects. We found that female, but not male, subjects with BDNF genotype A/A have high scores in Reward Dependence on TCI and high scores in extraversion on NEO-PI as compared with other genotypes (G/A or G/G), suggesting an association between Reward Dependence (or extraversion) personality traits and BDNF genotype in female subjects. Our findings suggest that BDNF 196 A/G polymorphism might be associated with personality traits in female, but not male, healthy subjects. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toshinori Kitamura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The factor structure of the Chinese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory: Factorial robustness and association with age and gender
Comprehensive psychiatry, 2012Co-Authors: Zi Chen, Toshinori KitamuraAbstract:Abstract Objective To examine the factor structure of the 144-item Chinese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and its association with age and gender in a large non-clinical population. Method We recruited 1966 non-clinical participants in China who completed the TCI Chinese version. They were randomly divided into two independent samples. One sample (n = 983) was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the other (n = 983) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results An EFA suggested a four-factor structure for temperament domains and a three-factor structure for character domains. This was confirmed by a CFA. Women showed significantly higher scores on harm avoidance, Reward Dependence, co-operativeness, and self-transcendence than men. Age affected every subscale expect for Reward Dependence. Conclusion The factor structure of the Chinese TCI was similar to the original factor structure, with some differences reflecting the culture of a Chinese population.
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The Relationship of Temperament and Character Dimensions to Perceived Parenting Styles in Childhood: A Study of a Japanese University Student Population
The Open Family Studies Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Mika S. Takeuchi, Hitoshi Miyaoka, Masao Suzuki, Atsuko Tomoda, Akiko I. Yokoo, Risa Tsutsumida, Toshinori KitamuraAbstract:To examine the association between perceived parenting styles in childhood and temperament and character dimensions in adolescence and early adulthood, 836 college students in Japan were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Parental Bonding Questionnaire (PBI). A path analysis revealed that Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance were associated with low Self-Directedness and low Cooperativeness; Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence were associated with Self-Transcendence; and Reward Dependence was associated with Cooperativeness. It also showed that Perceived Parenting (parents' high Care and low Overprotection) was associated with low Harm Avoidance and high Persistence, and was directly associated with Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and low Self-Transcendence. These findings suggest that perceived parenting styles are more associated with character dimensions than temperament dimensions. This link was direct or indirect via temperament dimensions.
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Validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory: A study of university and college students
Comprehensive psychiatry, 2010Co-Authors: Mika Takeuchi, Masao Suzuki, Hitoshi Miyaoka, Atsuko Tomoda, Toshinori KitamuraAbstract:Objective: The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a widely used self-report measure of adult personality. Method: We studied 586 Japanese university and college students with the 125-item version of the Japanese TCI. Results: The factor structure of the TCI scales was similar to that reported in other languages. Depression was positively correlated with Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance but inversely correlated with Persistence, Self-Directedness, and Cooperativeness. Good Self-Image in the framework of adult attachment was correlated positively with Self-Directedness but inversely with Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence. Good Other-Image in the framework of adult attachment was positively correlated with Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness. The scores of the TCI scales were stable over a time span of 1.5 to 2 months. Conclusion: The Japanese version of the TCI may be a valid and reliable measure of temperament and character, at least among the adolescent and young adult population. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Do Parents Rear their Children as they were Reared Themselves?Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Styles (Warmth and Control)and Possible Mediation by Personality Traits
The Open Family Studies Journal, 2010Co-Authors: Mio Tanaka, Toshinori Kitamura, Zi Chen, Mikihiko Murakami, Yoshitaka GotoAbstract:In order to examine the intergenerational transmission of reported parenting styles (warmth and control) and their mediation by personality traits, a cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted of 396 fathers and 733 mothers of children from less tan 1 to 10 years of age. The participants used the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to measure their own and their partner's current rearing styles as well as to assess their perception of the parenting they had received before age 16. Parents' personality traits were measured using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). in both fathers and mothers, the correlation of the grandparents' perceived parenting styles were correlated with the current parenting styles reported by parents themselves greater than with the current parenting styles reported by spouse. Thus, we speculated the shared observer bias and used the spouse-report for further analyses. In the fathers, (1) paternal Care was correlated with the grandmothers' Care and grandparents' low Overprotection; and paternal Overprotection was correlated with the grandfathers' Overprotection; (2) Novelty Seeking was correlated with the grandparents' Overprotection and low Care; Harm Avoidance was correlated with the grandparents' Overprotection; Reward Dependence, Self-directedness, and Co-operativeness were correlated with the grandparents' Care and low Overprotection; and Persistence was correlated with the grandparents' Care; (3) Overprotection was correlated with Harm Avoidance and low Self-directedness. In the mothers, (1) maternal Care was correlated with the grandmothers' Care; (2) Novelty Seeking was correlated with the grandmothers' low Care; Harm Avoidance was correlated with the grandfathers' low Care and the grandparents' Overprotection; Reward Dependence, Self-directedness, and Co-operativeness were correlated with the grandparents' Care and low Overprotection; and Self-transcendence was correlated with the grandfathers' Care; (3) maternal Care was correlated with Reward Dependence, Persistence, and Co-operativeness; and maternal Overprotection was correlated with low Self-directedness. The transmission of Overprotection of fathers and Care of mothers from the grandparent generations was found to be mediated by personality traits.
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Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) as predictors of depression among Japanese college students
Journal of clinical psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Mayumi Naito, Nobuhiko Kijima, Toshinori KitamuraAbstract:To examine the predictive power of Cloninger's psychobiology model of depression, 167 Japanese college students were studied on two occasions, with an interval of approximately three months. At Time 1 (T1), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were distributed. At Time 2 (T2), the SDS was distributed again. The T2 SDS score was positively correlated with Harm Avoidance and negatively correlated with Reward Dependence and Self-directedness at T1. However, after controlling for the T1 SDS score, the T2 SDS score was predicted only by T1 Self-directedness. These data suggest that lower Self-directedness can be predictive of depression, whereas higher Harm Avoidance and lower Reward Dependence are state-dependent.
Michio Takahashi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Low Openness on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory as a Risk Factor for Treatment-Resistant Depression
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Michio Takahashi, Yukihiko Shirayama, Katsumasa Muneoka, Masatoshi Suzuki, Koichi Sato, Kenji HashimotoAbstract:Background Recently, we reported that low Reward Dependence, and to a lesser extent, low cooperativeness in the Temperature and Character Inventory (TCI) may be risk factors for treatment-resistant depression. Here, we analyzed additional psychological traits in these patients.
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Personality Traits as Risk Factors for Treatment-Resistant Depression
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Michio Takahashi, Yukihiko Shirayama, Katsumasa Muneoka, Masatoshi Suzuki, Koichi Sato, Kenji HashimotoAbstract:Background The clinical outcome of antidepressant treatment in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to be associated with personality traits. A number of studies suggest that depressed patients show high harm avoidance, low self-directedness and cooperativeness, as measured on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). However, the psychology of these patients is not well documented. Methods Psychological evaluation using Cloninger’s TCI, was performed on treatment-resistant MDD patients (n = 35), remission MDD patients (n = 31), and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (n = 174). Results Treatment-resistant patients demonstrated high scores for harm avoidance, and low scores for Reward Dependence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness using the TCI, compared with healthy controls and remission patients. Interestingly, patients in remission continued to show significantly high scores for harm avoidance, but not other traits in the TCI compared with controls. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between Reward Dependence and harm avoidance in the treatment-resistant depression cohort, which was absent in the control and remitted depression groups. Conclusions This study suggests that low Reward Dependence and to a lesser extent, low cooperativeness in the TCI may be risk factors for treatment-resistant depression.
Samet Kose - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cloninger s temperament and character dimensions of personality in patients with major depressive disorder
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2009Co-Authors: Feryal Cam Celikel, Samet Kose, Birgul Elbozan Cumurcu, Unal Erkorkmaz, Kemal Sayar, Jeffrey J Borckardt, Robert C CloningerAbstract:In this present study, we examined the relationship between the Cloninger's dimensional psychobiologic model of personality and depression in an outpatient population with major depressive disorder. Eighty-one depressed outpatients (67 women, 14 men) and 51 healthy controls (35 women, 16 men) filled out the Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Depression severity was evaluated by using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory. Depressed patients exhibited statistically significant higher scores for harm avoidance and lower scores for self-directedness compared to healthy controls. Sentimentality (RD1) and Dependence (RD4) subscale scores of Reward Dependence and spiritual acceptance (ST3) subscale of self-transcendence were significantly higher; attachment (RD3) subscale of Reward Dependence, responsibility (SD1), purposefulness (SD2), resourcefulness (SD3), and congruent second nature (SD5) subscales of self-directedness were significantly lower in the depressed group. In the depressed patient group, main effects of sex were significant for Reward Dependence and cooperativeness; the scores of both dimensions were higher for women. The Beck Inventory was positively correlated with harm avoidance and negatively correlated with novelty seeking and self-directedness dimensions (P < .05). The duration of depression (16.33 +/- 20.18 months) or the mean onset age of depression (28.68 +/- 8.11 years) did not show significant correlations with TCI scales. This study confirms the relationship between harm avoidance and depression and suggests a relationship between self-directedness and depression.
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Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory
Comprehensive psychiatry, 2008Co-Authors: Samet Kose, Feryal Cam Celikel, Kemal Sayar, Ulgen Kalelioglu, Nazan Aydin, Hüseyin Güleç, Ismet Kirpinar, C. Robert CloningerAbstract:Cloninger's dimensional psychobiological model of personality accounts for both normal and abnormal variation in 2 major personality components: temperament and character. Here, we examined the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in a healthy Turkish population, obtaining normative data for the Turkish TCI. The study was conducted in healthy volunteers at both Karadeniz Technical University School of Medicine and Ataturk University School of Medicine (n = 683). The Turkish sample had significantly lower mean scores on Novelty Seeking and Reward Dependence and higher mean scores on Harm Avoidance than the American sample. The Turkish sample had significantly lower scores on Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence. Self-Directedness and Harm Avoidance, Cooperativeness and Reward Dependence, and Cooperativeness and Self-Directedness were intercorrelated. The Cronbach coeficients were between 0.60 and 0.85 on temperament dimensions, and between 0.82 and 0.83 on character dimensions. The lowest Cronbach coefficients were found in Reward Dependence (0.60) and Persistence (0.62). A principal axis factor analysis with a 4-factor solution revealed the highest loadings on Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance and relatively weaker loadings on Reward Dependence and Persistence. A 3-factor solution for character subscales indicated the highest loadings on Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. The factorial structure was consistent with Cloninger's 7-factor model of personality, and test-retest indicated a good stability of scores over time. The reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version of the TCI are therefore supported.
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Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): reliability, validity, and factorial structure
Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni-bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2004Co-Authors: Samet Kose, Thomas R. Przybeck, Kemal Sayar, Ulgen Kalelioglu, Nazan Aydin, Ismet Kirpinar, Robert A. Reeves, C. Robert CloningerAbstract:Objective: Cloninger has developed a dimensional psychobiological model of personality that accounts for both normal and abnormal variation of two major components of personality: temperament and character. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a 240-item self-administered questionnaire constructed to assess four temperament (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and three character dimensions (Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence). In this study, we aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the TCI in a healthy Turkish population and obtain normative data for the Turkish TCI. Methods: The study was conducted in both Karadeniz Technical University School of Medicine and Ataturk University School of Medicine using a sample of 683 healthy volunteers. Participants were administered a short version of Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Turkish TCI that was translated by Kose and Sayar and officially approved by Cloninger to be used in this validation study. Results: Turkish sample had significantly lower mean scores on Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence and higher mean scores on Harm Avoidance than the American sample. On character dimensions, the Turkish sample had significantly lower scores on Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence. Self-Directedness and Harm Avoidance, Cooperativeness and Reward Dependence, and Cooperativeness and Self-Directedness were intercorrelated. The Cronbach?s coefficients were between .60 and .85 on temperament dimensions, and were between .82 and .83 on character dimensions. The lowest Cronbach?s coefficients were found in Reward Dependence (.60) and Persistence (.62). A principal axis factor analysis with a four-factor solution by Oblimin rotation reproduced highest loadings on Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance and relatively weaker loadings on Reward Dependence and Persistence. A three-factor solution for character subscales reproduced highest loadings on Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. Conclusions: The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the TCI were supported by its reliable psychometric properties and construct validity. The Turkish version of the TCI successfully confirmed Cloninger's seven-factor model of personality. This pioneering work suggests that the Turkish TCI can be applied in clinical populations as well as in neurobiological and neuroimaging investigations.