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Kornelius Kupczik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a three dimensional analysis of tooth Root Morphology in living bears and implications for feeding behaviour in the extinct cave bear
Historical Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Alejandro Perezramos, Kornelius Kupczik, Gernot Rabeder, Anneke H Van Heteren, Aurora Grandaldanglade, Francisco Pastor, Francisco Serrano, Borja FigueiridoAbstract:ABSTRACTThe Morphology of both crowns and tooth-Roots reflects dietary specialisation in mammalian carnivores. In this article, we analyse the tooth-Root Morphology of maxillary teeth from CT scans...
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A three-dimensional analysis of tooth-Root Morphology in living bears and implications for feeding behaviour in the extinct cave bear
2018Co-Authors: Alejandro Pérez-ramos, Kornelius Kupczik, Gernot Rabeder, Anneke H. Van Heteren, Aurora Grandal-d’anglade, Francisco J. Pastor, Francisco J. Serrano, Borja FigueiridoAbstract:The Morphology of both crowns and tooth-Roots reflects dietary specialisation in mammalian carnivores. In this article, we analyse the tooth-Root Morphology of maxillary teeth from CT scans of living bears (Ursus arctos, Ursus americanus, Ursus maritimus, Ursus thibetanus, Melursus ursinus, Helarctos malayanus, Tremarctos ornatus and Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in order to make inferences about the diet and feeding behaviour of the extinct cave bear (Ursus spelaeus sensu lato). Specifically, we investigate two major mitochondrial clades of extinct cave bears recognized by previous authors: Ursus ingressus and Ursus spelaeus (U. spelaeus spelaeus, U. spelaeus ladinicus, U. spelaeus eremus). Our results indicate a close association between tooth-Root surface area and feeding behaviour in all living bear species. Tooth-Root surface area values of cave bears suggest that they relied more on vegetative matter than living brown bears (Ursus arctos) but subtle differences between these species/subspecies could also indicate different feeding strategies among the members of cave bear complex.
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tooth Root Morphology as an indicator for dietary specialization in carnivores mammalia carnivora
Biological Journal of The Linnean Society, 2012Co-Authors: Kornelius Kupczik, Deano D StynderAbstract:The Carnivora occupy a wide range of feeding niches in concordance with the enormous diversity in their skull and dental form. It is well established that differences in crown Morphology are linked to variations in the material properties of the foods ingested and masticated. However, how tooth Root form is related to dietary specialization is less well known. In the present study, we investigate the relationship between tooth Root Morphology and dietary specialization in terrestrial carnivores (canids, felids, hyaenids, and ursids). We specifically address the question of how variation in tooth Root surface area is related to bite force potentials as one of the crucial masticatory performance parameters in feeding ecology. We applied computed tomography imaging to reconstruct and quantify dental Root surface area in 17 extant carnivore species. Moreover, we computed maximal bite force at several tooth positions based on a dry skull model and assessed the relationship of Root surface area to skull size, maximal bite force, food properties, and prey size. We found that postcanine tooth Root surface areas corrected for skull size serve as a proxy for bite force potentials and, by extension, dietary specialization in carnivores. Irrespective of taxonomic affinity, species that feed on hard food objects have larger tooth Roots than those that eat soft or tough foods. Moreover, carnivores that prey on large animals have larger tooth Root surface areas. Our results show that tooth Root Morphology is a useful indicator of bite force production and allows inferences to be made about dietary ecology in both extant and extinct mammals. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 456–471.
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mandibular molar Root Morphology in neanderthals and late pleistocene and recent homo sapiens
Journal of Human Evolution, 2010Co-Authors: Kornelius KupczikAbstract:Abstract Neanderthals have a distinctive suite of dental features, including large anterior crown and Root dimensions and molars with enlarged pulp cavities. Yet, there is little known about variation in molar Root Morphology in Neanderthals and other recent and fossil members of Homo . Here, we provide the first comprehensive metric analysis of permanent mandibular molar Root Morphology in Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo neanderthalensis , and Late Pleistocene (Aterian) and recent Homo sapiens . We specifically address the question of whether Root form can be used to distinguish between these groups and assess whether any variation in Root form can be related to differences in tooth function. We apply a microtomographic imaging approach to visualise and quantify the external and internal dental morphologies of both isolated molars and molars embedded in the mandible ( n = 127). Univariate and multivariate analyses reveal both similarities (Root length and pulp volume) and differences (occurrence of pyramidal Roots and dental tissue volume proportion) in molar Root Morphology among penecontemporaneous Neanderthals and Aterian H. sapiens . In contrast, the molars of recent H. sapiens are markedly smaller than both Pleistocene H. sapiens and Neanderthals, but share with the former the dentine volume reduction and a smaller Root-to-crown volume compared with Neanderthals. Furthermore, we found the first molar to have the largest average Root surface area in recent H. sapiens and Neanderthals, although in the latter the difference between M 1 and M 2 is small. In contrast, Aterian H. sapiens Root surface areas peak at M 2 . Since Root surface area is linked to masticatory function, this suggests a distinct occlusal loading regime in Neanderthals compared with both recent and Pleistocene H. sapiens .
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comparative observations on the tooth Root Morphology of gigantopithecus blacki
Journal of Human Evolution, 2008Co-Authors: Kornelius Kupczik, Christopher M DeanAbstract:Abstract The extinct great ape Gigantopithecus blacki from the middle Pleistocene of China and Vietnam is known only from dental and mandibular remains, and its dietary specializations remain contentious. Here, for the first time, we describe the Root Morphology in G. blacki using computed tomography and three-dimensional image processing. We quantify the tooth Root lengths and surface areas of the female G. blacki mandible No. 1 from the Liucheng Cave and compare it to a sample of extant great apes and humans, as well as the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the American black bear (Ursus americanus). The results show that, in G. blacki, the pattern of mandibular Root numbers—particularly that of the premolars—corresponds with that of Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo pygmaeus. However, G. blacki can be distinguished from the extant hominids by having relatively higher values for postcanine Root length and surface area, both absolutely and relative to mandibular size (except for premolar Root lengths of humans). The relatively large postcanine Root surface areas, which are most similar to A. melanoleuca, suggest that the dentition of G. blacki was adapted to sustaining relatively large occlusal forces needed to fracture mechanically resistant foods such as bamboo.
Hu Rongdang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Root Morphology and development of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study
Mosby, 2014Co-Authors: Sun Hao, Yi Wang, Sun Chaofan, Ye Qingsong, Dai Weiwei, Wang Xiuying, Xu Qingchao, Pan Sisi, Hu RongdangAbstract:Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze 3-dimensional data of Root Morphology and development in labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 41 patients with impacted incisors were divided into early and late dental age groups according to their dental age. Sagittal slices in which the labiolingual width of the tooth was the widest in the axial view were evaluated. The inverse angle, the dilaceration angle, and the length of both impacted and homonym teeth were evaluated with SimPlant Pro software (version 13.0; Materialise Dental NV, Leuven, Belgium). Results: The Student t test indicated that the lengths of the impacted teeth were significantly shorter than those of the homonym teeth (P < 0.05), and the Root lengths of the early dental age group were significantly shorter than those of the late dental age group. The results from chi-square tests indicated that the incidence of dilacerations was significantly higher in the late dental age group when compared with the early dental age group. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the independent variables for Root length of the impacted teeth were dental age (beta 5 0.958; P < 0.001) and length of the nondilacerated part of the Root (beta = 0.435; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dilaceration was more common in the late dental age group. The Roots of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors continue developing, but their potential is limited
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Root Morphology and development of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study
'Elsevier BV', 2014Co-Authors: Sun Hao, Yi Wang, Sun Chaofan, Ye Qingsong, Dai Weiwei, Wang Xiuying, Xu Qingchao, Pan Sisi, Hu RongdangAbstract:Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze 3-dimensional data of Root Morphology and development in labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 41 patients with impacted incisors were divided into early and late dental age groups according to their dental age. Sagittal slices in which the labiolingual width of the tooth was the widest in the axial view were evaluated. The inverse angle, the dilaceration angle, and the length of both impacted and homonym teeth were evaluated with SimPlant Pro software (version 13.0; Materialise Dental NV, Leuven, Belgium). Results: The Student t test indicated that the lengths of the impacted teeth were significantly shorter than those of the homonym teeth (
Christoph Leuschner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Root exudation of mature beech forests across a nutrient availability gradient the role of Root Morphology and fungal activity
New Phytologist, 2020Co-Authors: Ina C Meier, Timo Tuckmantel, Sebastian Preusser, Ellen Kandeler, Julian Heitkotter, Karolin Muller, Thomas J Wrobel, Bernd Marschner, Christoph LeuschnerAbstract:Root exudation is a key plant function with a large influence on soil organic matter dynamics and plant-soil feedbacks in forest ecosystems. Yet despite its importance, the main ecological drivers of Root exudation in mature forest trees remain to be identified. During two growing seasons, we analyzed the dependence of in situ collected Root exudates on Root Morphology, soil chemistry and nutrient availability in six mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests on a broad range of bedrock types. Root Morphology was a major driver of Root exudation across the nutrient availability gradient. A doubling of specific Root length exponentially increased exudation rates of mature trees by c. 5-fold. Root exudation was also closely negatively related to soil pH and nitrogen (N) availability. At acidic and N-poor sites, where fungal biomass was reduced, exudation rates were c. 3-fold higher than at N- and base-richer sites and correlated negatively with the activity of enzymes degrading less bioavailable carbon (C) and N in the bulk soil. We conclude that Root exudation increases on highly acidic, N-poor soils, in which fungal activity is reduced and a greater portion of the assimilated plant C is shifted to the external ecosystem C cycle.
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Root exudation patterns in a beech forest dependence on soil depth Root Morphology and environment
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Timo Tuckmantel, Christoph Leuschner, Sebastian Preusser, Ellen Kandeler, Gerrit Angst, Carsten W Mueller, Ina C MeierAbstract:Abstract Forest subsoils may represent an important C sink in a warming world, but rhizodeposition as the key biogeochemical process determining the C sink strength of mature forests has not yet been quantified in subsoils. According to studies conducted in topsoil or laboratory experiments, soil C inputs by Root exudation are increasing with increasing temperature and decreasing nutrient availability. We examined whether these relationships apply to forest subsoil by analyzing the response of Root exudation to increasing soil depth up to 130 cm in a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest. In two subsequent growing seasons differing in temperature and precipitation, we investigated in situ Root exudation with a cuvette-based method and analyzed Root Morphology, microbial biomass, and soil nutrient availability. We proved that Root exudation greatly decreases with soil depth as a consequence of a significant decrease in Root-mass specific exudation activity to nearly a fifth of topsoil activity. The decrease in specific metabolic activity from 312 mg C g−1 yr−1 in the topsoil to 80 mg C g−1 yr−1 at 130 cm depth was amplified by an exponential decrease in Root biomass per soil volume, leading to a relative decrease in Root exudation per volume in the deep subsoil to 2% of topsoil Root exudation (1 g C 10 cm−1 m−2 yr−1 at 130 cm depth). Specific Root area decreased and mean fine Root diameter and Root tissue density increased with soil depth, indicating a shift in primary Root functionality from fibrous Roots in the topsoil to pioneer Roots in the subsoil. The decrease in Root exudation was accompanied by decreases in soil microbial biomass, extractable organic C (EOC), and N and P availability and increases in the aromatic C portion in SOM, but it did not relate to seasonal differences in climatic conditions. More specifically, it responded positively to an increase in EOC and ETN in the topsoil, but remained at its minimum rate in the SOC-poor subsoil, probably due to a lower organic N and higher mineral N content. The vertical pattern of beech Root exudation is in accordance with a strategy to maximize whole-tree carbon-use efficiency, as it reduces C loss by exudation in soil spots where positive priming effects are unlikely, but enhances C exudation where microbes can mine less bioavailable SOM. The exudation patterns further suggest that increased C allocation to Root systems as a likely tree response to elevated atmospheric [CO2] may not lead to enhanced soil C input by Root exudation to subsoils poor in SOM.
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genotypic variation in drought response of silver birch betula pendula roth leaf and Root Morphology and carbon partitioning
Trees-structure and Function, 2006Co-Authors: Stella Aspelmeier, Christoph LeuschnerAbstract:This study investigates the drought response of four genotypes of Betula pendula with a focus on leaf and Root morphological traits, leaf phenology and carbon partitioning between shoot and Root. Potted one-year-old clonal plants of four genotypes from regions with low to high annual rainfall (550–1270 mm year−1) were subjected to drought periods of 12–14 weeks in two subsequent years. Well-watered control plants of the four genotypes differed significantly with respect to total leaf area per plant (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA), whereas differences in total fine Root surface area (RA), Root specific area (SRA), and the fine Root:leaf mass ratio (FR:LM) were not significant. Highest LA and SLA were found in the clone originating from the driest environment. In complementary physiological investigations this clone was found to have the highest water use as well which was interpreted as competitive superiority in terms of water consumption. Drought resulted in an increase in SLA in all genotypes, and a decrease in LA. Leaf area reduction was more pronounced in the genotypes from high than in those from low rainfall origin. The ratio of total Root to leaf surfaces remained more or less constant after drought application despite an increase in FR:LM. This is explained by a decrease in SRA resulting from a reduced abundance of very small fine Rootlets (diameter <0.2 mm) in the drought-treated plants. The loss in total Root surface area due to a reduction in finest Root mass was compensated for by a relative increase in total Root dry mass per plant. Comparison of results from the first and second drought period indicated a marked influence of timing of drought, Root system size, and putative Root limitation on plant drought response. We conclude that leaf and Root Morphology, the total leaf and Root surfaces, and the morphological response to drought in birch are to a large extent under genetic control.
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stand fine Root biomass and fine Root Morphology in old growth beech forests as a function of precipitation and soil fertility
Plant and Soil, 2004Co-Authors: Christoph Leuschner, Dietrich Hertel, Iris Schmid, Oliver Koch, Annette Muhs, Dirk HolscherAbstract:Only very limited information exists on the plasticity in size and structure of fine Root systems, and fine Root Morphology of mature trees as a function of environmental variation. Six northwest German old-growth beech forests (Fagus sylvatica L.) differing in precipitation (520 – 1030 mm year−1) and soil acidity/fertility (acidic infertile to basic fertile) were studied by soil coring for stand totals of fine Root biomass (0–40 cm plus organic horizons), vertical and horizontal Root distribution patterns, the fine Root necromass/biomass ratio, and fine Root Morphology (Root specific surface area, Root tip frequency, and degree of mycorrhizal infection). Stand total of fine Root biomass, and vertical and horizontal fine Root distribution patterns were similar in beech stands on acidic infertile and basic fertile soils. In five of six stands, stand fine Root biomass ranged between 320 and 470 g m−2; fine Root density showed an exponential decrease with soil depth in all profiles irrespective of soil type. An exceptionally small stand fine Root biomass (<150 g m−2) was found in the driest stand with 520 mm year−1 of rainfall. In all stands, fine Root morphological parameters changed markedly from the topsoil to the lower profile; differences in fine Root Morphology among the six stands, however, were remarkably small. Two parameters, the necromass/biomass ratio and fine Root tip density (tips per soil volume), however, were both much higher in acidic than basic soils. We conclude that variation in soil acidity and fertility only weakly influences fine Root system size and Morphology of F. sylvatica, but affects Root system structure and, probably, fine Root mortality. It is hypothesized that high Root tip densities in acidic infertile soils compensate for low nutrient supply rates, and large necromasses are a consequence of adverse soil chemical conditions. Data from a literature survey support the view that rainfall is another major environmental factor that influences the stand fine Root biomass of F. sylvatica.
Yi Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Root Morphology and development of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition a retrospective cone beam computed tomography study
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2014Co-Authors: Hao Sun, Yi Wang, Chaofan Sun, Weiwei Dai, Xiuying Wang, Sisi PanAbstract:Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze 3-dimensional data of Root Morphology and development in labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 41 patients with impacted incisors were divided into early and late dental age groups according to their dental age. Sagittal slices in which the labiolingual width of the tooth was the widest in the axial view were evaluated. The inverse angle, the dilaceration angle, and the length of both impacted and homonym teeth were evaluated with SimPlant Pro software (version 13.0; Materialise Dental NV, Leuven, Belgium). Results: The Student t test indicated that the lengths of the impacted teeth were significantly shorter than those of the homonym teeth (P<0.05), and the Root lengths of the early dental age group were significantly shorter than those of the late dental age group. The results from chi-square tests indicated that the incidence of dilacerations was significantly higher in the late dental age group when compared with the early dental age group. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the independent variables for Root length of the impacted teeth were dental age (s 5 0.958; P <0.001) and length of the nondilacerated part of the Root (s 5 0.435; P <0.001). Conclusions: Dilaceration was more common in the late dental age group. The Roots of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors continue developing, but their potential is limited. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014;146:709-16)
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Root Morphology and development of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study
Mosby, 2014Co-Authors: Sun Hao, Yi Wang, Sun Chaofan, Ye Qingsong, Dai Weiwei, Wang Xiuying, Xu Qingchao, Pan Sisi, Hu RongdangAbstract:Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze 3-dimensional data of Root Morphology and development in labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 41 patients with impacted incisors were divided into early and late dental age groups according to their dental age. Sagittal slices in which the labiolingual width of the tooth was the widest in the axial view were evaluated. The inverse angle, the dilaceration angle, and the length of both impacted and homonym teeth were evaluated with SimPlant Pro software (version 13.0; Materialise Dental NV, Leuven, Belgium). Results: The Student t test indicated that the lengths of the impacted teeth were significantly shorter than those of the homonym teeth (P < 0.05), and the Root lengths of the early dental age group were significantly shorter than those of the late dental age group. The results from chi-square tests indicated that the incidence of dilacerations was significantly higher in the late dental age group when compared with the early dental age group. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the independent variables for Root length of the impacted teeth were dental age (beta 5 0.958; P < 0.001) and length of the nondilacerated part of the Root (beta = 0.435; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dilaceration was more common in the late dental age group. The Roots of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors continue developing, but their potential is limited
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Root Morphology and development of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study
'Elsevier BV', 2014Co-Authors: Sun Hao, Yi Wang, Sun Chaofan, Ye Qingsong, Dai Weiwei, Wang Xiuying, Xu Qingchao, Pan Sisi, Hu RongdangAbstract:Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze 3-dimensional data of Root Morphology and development in labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 41 patients with impacted incisors were divided into early and late dental age groups according to their dental age. Sagittal slices in which the labiolingual width of the tooth was the widest in the axial view were evaluated. The inverse angle, the dilaceration angle, and the length of both impacted and homonym teeth were evaluated with SimPlant Pro software (version 13.0; Materialise Dental NV, Leuven, Belgium). Results: The Student t test indicated that the lengths of the impacted teeth were significantly shorter than those of the homonym teeth (
Sun Hao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Root Morphology and development of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study
Mosby, 2014Co-Authors: Sun Hao, Yi Wang, Sun Chaofan, Ye Qingsong, Dai Weiwei, Wang Xiuying, Xu Qingchao, Pan Sisi, Hu RongdangAbstract:Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze 3-dimensional data of Root Morphology and development in labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 41 patients with impacted incisors were divided into early and late dental age groups according to their dental age. Sagittal slices in which the labiolingual width of the tooth was the widest in the axial view were evaluated. The inverse angle, the dilaceration angle, and the length of both impacted and homonym teeth were evaluated with SimPlant Pro software (version 13.0; Materialise Dental NV, Leuven, Belgium). Results: The Student t test indicated that the lengths of the impacted teeth were significantly shorter than those of the homonym teeth (P < 0.05), and the Root lengths of the early dental age group were significantly shorter than those of the late dental age group. The results from chi-square tests indicated that the incidence of dilacerations was significantly higher in the late dental age group when compared with the early dental age group. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the independent variables for Root length of the impacted teeth were dental age (beta 5 0.958; P < 0.001) and length of the nondilacerated part of the Root (beta = 0.435; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dilaceration was more common in the late dental age group. The Roots of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors continue developing, but their potential is limited
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Root Morphology and development of labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors in the mixed dentition: a retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study
'Elsevier BV', 2014Co-Authors: Sun Hao, Yi Wang, Sun Chaofan, Ye Qingsong, Dai Weiwei, Wang Xiuying, Xu Qingchao, Pan Sisi, Hu RongdangAbstract:Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze 3-dimensional data of Root Morphology and development in labial inversely impacted maxillary central incisors. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images from 41 patients with impacted incisors were divided into early and late dental age groups according to their dental age. Sagittal slices in which the labiolingual width of the tooth was the widest in the axial view were evaluated. The inverse angle, the dilaceration angle, and the length of both impacted and homonym teeth were evaluated with SimPlant Pro software (version 13.0; Materialise Dental NV, Leuven, Belgium). Results: The Student t test indicated that the lengths of the impacted teeth were significantly shorter than those of the homonym teeth (
