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Heikki Kallio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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large scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide countercurrent extraction of cloudberry seed oil
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1997Co-Authors: Pekka Manninen, Jussi Pakarinen, Heikki KallioAbstract:Dried press residue of cloudberry [Rubus Chamaemorus (Rosaceae)] was extracted with carbon dioxide at pressures of 90−300 bar and at a temperature of 40 or 60 °C using a pilot-scale or a production-scale plant. The yield of the extract at the highest pressure was approximately 15% less than that obtained with Soxhlet extraction using diethyl ether as solvent. The extracts were either solids or viscous oils depending on the amount of neutral lipids, which increased with increasing pressure. No significant differences in the composition of the major constituent fatty acids in any of the extracts were found. The color of the extracts was clearly dependent on the amount of carotenes, which consisted mainly of β-carotene. The content of carotenes in the extracts did not increase at pressures higher than 150 bar. The amount of tocopherols in the extracts obtained at highest pressure was found to be approximately 3 times less than that at lower pressures. Countercurrent CO2 extraction of the cloudberry oil extra...
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Geographical variations in seed oils from Rubus Chamaemorus and Empetrum nigrum
Phytochemistry, 1997Co-Authors: A. Johansson, Päivi H. Kuusisto, Päivi Laakso, Kirsti Derome, Pentti Sepponen, Jouko Katajisto, Heikki KallioAbstract:Abstract Seeds of cloudberry ( Rubus Chamaemorus ) and crowberry ( Empetrum nigrum ) growing wild in Finland between latitudes 60.5 and 69.5° were studied. Seed size, seed oil content and the composition of seed oil triacylglycerols were determined for berries collected from 14 areas. The weight of 100 seeds varied between 0.6 and 0.9 g in cloudberries and between 0.09 and 0.13 in crowberries. Cloudberry seeds collected in southern Finland were heavier ( P P P r = −0.61). The M r distribution of triacylglycerols showed no differences between cloudberry samples from south and north Finland. The seed oil of crowberry from the north contained more triacylglycerols of 52 acyl carbons (8 mole%) and less of those of 54 acyl carbons (87 mole%) than the corresponding sample from the south (6 and 90 mole%, respectively). The most abundant fatty acids were linoleic, α-linolenic, oleic and palmitic, which constituted over 95% of all fatty acids in both berry species. Latitudinal differences existed in the fatty acid compositions; for example, the proportion of linoleic acid was highest ( P P P P
Inger Martinussen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genetic differentiation of Rubus Chamaemorus populations in the Czech Republic and Norway after the last glacial period.
Ecology and evolution, 2018Co-Authors: Leona Leišová-svobodová, Inger Martinussen, Jade Phillips, Vojtěch HolubecAbstract:The population structure of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.), collected from Krkonose Mountains (the Czech Republic), continental Norway and Spitsbergen, was examined using microsatellite analyses (SSR). Among 184 individuals, 162 different genotypes were identified. The overall unbiased gene diversity was high ( h ^ = 0.463 ). A high level of genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.45; p < .01) indicated restricted gene flow between populations. Using a Bayesian approach, six clusters were found which represented the genetic structure of the studied cloudberry populations. The value of correlation index between genetic and geographical distances (r = .44) indicates that gene flow, even over a long distance, could exist. An exact test of population differentiation showed that Rubus Chamaemorus populations from regions (Krkonose Mountains, continental Norway and Spitsbergen) are differentiated although some individuals within populations share common alleles even among regions. These results were confirmed by AMOVA, where the highest level of diversity was found within populations (70.8%). There was no difference between 87 pairs of populations (18.7%) mostly within cloudberry populations from continental Norway and from Spitsbergen. Based on obtained results, it is possible to conclude that Czech and Norwegian cloudberry populations are undergoing differentiation, which preserves unique allele compositions most likely from original populations during the last glaciation period. This knowledge will be important for the creation and continuation of in situ and ex situ conservation of cloudberry populations within these areas.
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Seasonal and yearly variation of total polyphenols, total anthocyanins and ellagic acid in different clones of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.)
Section Applied Botany of the German Botanical Society German Society for Quality Research on Plant Foods (DGQ), 2018Co-Authors: Anne Linn Hykkerud, Eivind Uleberg, Espen Hansen, Merieke Vervoort, Jørgen Mølmann, Inger MartinussenAbstract:Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) is a wild perennial shrub growing on peatland with a circumpolar distribution. The combined berries have a high polyphenol content comprised primarily of ellagitannins. A few commercial cultivars are available, and pre-breeding trials on clonal material from different geographical origins are in progress. The objective of this study was to investigate how the content of polyphenols of four different cloudberry cultivars were affected by harvesting time and climatic variations during a 3-year-period. Plants were grown outside in plots and berries were harvested when mature. Berries were analyzed for total polyphenols and total anthocyanins by spectrophotometer. Total ellagic acid was identified and quantified using HPLC-MS after hydrolysis of the extracts. Results showed that all measured parameters; total anthocyanins, total polyphenols and ellagic acid are strongly influenced by the genetic background. Although low anthocyanin contents were present in all genotypes, they were highly affected by climatic conditions, being highest at low temperatures. However, the content of ellagic acid was less affected by environmental conditions and showed little response to changing temperatures. In conclusion, ellagitannin content was the most dominating polyphenol group observed in this study and was affected by genetics and is therefore a good breeding criterion for increased health benefit of cloudberry
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Levels of individual anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic derivates in selected clones of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus)
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil & Plant Science, 2013Co-Authors: Kajetan Trost, Eivind Uleberg, Inger MartinussenAbstract:Abstract Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus) is a dioecious perennial shrub growing on peat land. The berries are a combined fruit with a color ranging from yellow to orange and bright red. Berries are highly valued in the Nordic countries and berries with orange to red color are preferred. Cultivation and breeding has started, and four Norwegian varieties are on the market. These clones were selected on the basis of good shoot production (both sexes), good pollinators (males), and big berries (females). Recently, berry quality has been introduced in breeding programs as a trait for selection. In this study we present the variation in levels of individual anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic derivates between different clones of cloudberry. Both levels of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic derivates varied considerably between the different clones. The most abundant anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-glucoside, followed by cyanidin 3-rutinoside. One single clone (AN1372) from Andoya in Northern Norway had the highest levels...
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Evaluation of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) clones for selection of high-quality varieties
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B - Soil & Plant Science, 2011Co-Authors: Eivind Uleberg, Kajetan Trost, Jon Anders Stavang, Gunnlaug Røthe, Inger MartinussenAbstract:Abstract Two female and two male cultivars of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) have previously been released as a result of clone evaluation at the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research. Selection criteria have been number of pistils or stamens per flower, number of flowers and number of shoots per m2. Recently two groups of clones have been evaluated with the aim of finding new cultivars for release. The clones were collected at different locations in Norway, as well as in England and at Svalbard. Results from harvesting in 2005 to 2008 show large genetic variation in all evaluated traits and indicate good production potential for some of the tested clones. Previously released ‘Fjellgull’ and ‘Fjordgull’ are confirmed as stable and high producing. Of the clones evaluated for the first time, especially clone 102 and clone 306 are possible contenders for release. In addition to prior selection criteria based on berry yield, berry contents also have been analysed. The results indi...
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In vitro Propagation of Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus)
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2004Co-Authors: Inger Martinussen, Olavi Junttila, G. Nilsen, L. Svenson, Kåre RappAbstract:The purpose of this study was to establish conditions for micropropagation of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.). Cultures were initiated from meristem cultures. When cultures were subcultured from clusters of 3–5 shoots, approximately 70 and 50 shoots were produced per cluster within 6 weeks at 8.9 µM BAP for the female cv. Fjellgull and the male cv. Apollen, respectively. Addition of 5.5 µM GA3 reduced the number of shoots. Auxins (IBA, NAA) promoted root development in vitro, but inhibited formation of new shoots. However, as much as 85% of shoots rooted without auxin treatment when planted in a peat:sand (80:20 v/v) mixture. Some of the male plants regenerated from shoot tip cultures flowered in the greenhouse within a year after transfer to soil.
Line Lapointe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mineral balance plasticity of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus) in quebec-labrador
2013Co-Authors: Léon Etienne Parent, Serge-étienne Parent, Valérie Hébert-gentile, Kristine Naess, Line LapointeAbstract:Copyright © 2013 Léon Etienne Parent et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Li-cense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The “ionome”, or plant elemental signature, is the elemental composition of an organisms, that may vary with genotypic traits and phenotypic plasticity. Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) is a circumboreal wild berry naturally growing in oligotrophic oceanic bogs of Quebec and Labrador. Our objective was to relate cloudberry stand productivity to the ionomes of female ramets and explore the cause of nutrient imbalance in low-performing stands. We analyzed 13 ele-ments in female ramets collected in 86 natural sites where crop productivity varied widely. We computed orthogonally arranged balances reflecting plant stoichiometric rules and soil biogeochemistry. Balances were expressed as isometric log ratios (ilr) between ad hoc sub-compositions. Balances were synthesized into a Mahalanobis distance optimized based on receiving operating characteristics (ROC). The critical Mahalanobis distance was found to be 5.29 for cutoff berry yield of 3.8 g·m−2 with test performance of 0.88, as measured by the area under the ROC curve. Although past research on cloudberry focused mainly on the N/P ratio, this exploratory mineral balance analysis indicated that imbal-ance in the [P,N | S,C] and [Al | Nutrients] partitions appeared to be the factors limiting the most cloudberry productiv-ity in the bogs. Some highly productive stands showed relatively high C fixation and K use efficiency. Due to the com
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Mineral Balance Plasticity of Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus) in Quebec-Labrador Bogs
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2013Co-Authors: Léon Etienne Parent, Serge-étienne Parent, Valérie Hébert-gentile, Kristine Naess, Line LapointeAbstract:The “ionome”, or plant elemental signature, is the elemental composition of an organisms, that may vary with genotypic traits and phenotypic plasticity. Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) is a circumboreal wild berry naturally growing in oligotrophic oceanic bogs ofQuebecandLabrador. Our objective was to relate cloudberry stand productivity to the ionomes of female ramets and explore the cause of nutrient imbalance in low-performing stands. We analyzed 13 elements in female ramets collected in 86 natural sites where crop productivity varied widely. We computed orthogonally arranged balances reflecting plant stoichiometric rules and soil biogeochemistry. Balances were expressed as isometric log ratios (ilr) between ad hoc sub-compositions. Balances were synthesized into a Mahalanobis distance optimized based on receiving operating characteristics (ROC). The critical Mahalanobis distance was found to be 5.29 for cutoff berry yield of3.8 g.m-2 with test performance of 0.88, as measured by the area under the ROC curve. Although past research on cloudberry focused mainly on the N/P ratio, this exploratory mineral balance analysis indicated that imbalance in the [P,N | S,C] and [Al | Nutrients] partitions appeared to be the factors limiting the most cloudberry productivity in the bogs. Some highly productive stands showed relatively high C fixation and K use efficiency. Due to the complexity of interactions, diagnosis should be conducted computing first a global imbalance index (Mahalanobis distance), then examining in the balance domain binary partitions departing most from reference, and finally appreciating relative shortage, sufficiency or excess of elements in the concentration domain.
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NUTRIENT UPTAKE KINETICS OF CLOUDBERRY
Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2013Co-Authors: Jin Zhou, Yves Desjardins, Line LapointeAbstract:Mineral fertilization of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus) has been inconclusive so far. Nutrient absorption of cloudberry was studied by solution depletion 1) to characterize its nutrient uptake kinetics and 2) to determine its preferred nitrogen (N) form. Two accessions, ‘Fjordgull’ (a female cultivar from Norway) and a local wild clonal selection from ‘Baie-Comeau’ (Canada) were tested. Ammonium (NH4) and phosphorus (P) absorption presented a two-component kinetic while nitrate (NO3), potassium (K), and glycine absorption was better fitted with the Michaelis-Menten equation alone. Cloudberry preferences for nitrogen form were in the order: NH4-N, glycine, NO3-N. ‘Fjordgull’ exhibited much higher Km and Jmax for P uptake than the ‘Baie-Comeau’ accession, but they exhibited similar NH4-N uptake kinetics. However, Km values for all nutrients tested except NH4-N were higher than reported for other species. Cloudberry does not appear to have evolved efficient absorption kinetics to compensate for the overall v...
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Carbon allocation during fruiting in Rubus Chamaemorus.
Annals of botany, 2009Co-Authors: R. Gauci, B. Otrysko, Jean Guy Catford, Line LapointeAbstract:† Background and Aims Rubus Chamaemorus (cloudberry) is a herbaceous clonal peatland plant that produces an extensive underground rhizome system with distant ramets. Most of these ramets are non-floral. The main objectives of this study were to determine: (a) if plant growth was source limited in cloudberry; (b) if the non-floral ramets translocated carbon (C) to the fruit; and (c) if there was competition between fruit, leaves and rhizomes for C during fruit development. † Methods Floral and non-floral ramet activities were monitored during the period of flower and fruit development using three approaches: gas exchange measurements, 14 CO2 labelling and dry mass accumulation in the different organs. Source and sink activity were manipulated by eliminating leaves or flowers or by reducing rhizome length. † Key Results Photosynthetic rates were lower in floral than in deflowered ramets. Autoradiographs and 14 C labelling data clearly indicated that fruit is a very strong sink for the floral ramet, whereas non-floral ramets translocated C toward the rhizome but not toward floral ramets. Nevertheless, rhizomes received some C from the floral ramet throughout the fruiting period. Ramets with shorter rhizomes produced smaller leaves and smaller fruits, and defoliated ramets produced very small fruits. † Conclusions Plant growth appears to be source-limited in cloudberry since a reduction in sink strength did not induce a reduction in photosynthetic activity. Non-floral ramets did not participate directly to fruit development. Developing leaves appear to compete with the developing fruit but the intensity of this competition could vary with the specific timing of the two organs. The rhizome appears to act both as a source but also potentially as a sink during fruit development. Further studies are needed to characterize better the complex role played by the rhizome in fruit C nutrition.
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Rhizome sectioning and fertilization increase the productivity of cloudberry in natural peatlands
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2009Co-Authors: M. Bellemare, Line Rochefort, Line LapointeAbstract:The effects of combining rhizome sectioning and in-depth mineral fertilization on cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) growth and production in a natural peat bog were determined over four growing seasons. Observed enhancements of growth and fruit production included: increases in the density of ramets and leaves from the second year; increased flower density from the third year; and increased fruit density from the fourth year. No effect on fruit size was observed. These results demonstrate that it is possible to stimulate growth and productivity of cloudberry by cultural treatments applied to natural mires.Key words: Wild berry, Rubus Chamaemorus, fruit yield, rhizome sectioning, mineral fertilization, cloudberry
Barbara Thiem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Micropropagation of cloudberry [Rubus Chamaemorus L.] by initiation of axillary shoots
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 2014Co-Authors: Barbara ThiemAbstract:A method for micropropagation of the endangered Rubus Chamaemorus L. ( Rosaceae ) from shoot tips was developed. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with BA and IBA in different concentrations was used for axillary shoot development. The most effective was MS medium containing 0.88 µM BA and 0.49 µM IBA with value of pH = 4.0. Cultures of microshoots (up to 12 shoots from a single explant) developed into regular shoots on the same medium or after transferring them onto MS media with 0.44 µM BA, 0.49 µM IBA and 434 µM SA. The rooting of initiated axillary shoots proved extremely difficult. A two-step procedure for root induction was adopted. Auxin- treated shoots were put to medium devoid of plant growth regulators. Rooted shoots were then transferred to pots and grown in the greenhouse until planted in the ground of the Botanical Garden.
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Comparison of protein patterns after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis from leaves of in vitro cultures and seedlings of Rubus Chamaemorus L.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 2014Co-Authors: Barbara Thiem, Andrzej KalinowskiAbstract:Proteins from leaves of Rubus Chamaemorus propagated in vitro were subjected to miniaturized 2-D electrophoresis. The 2-DE patterns of proteins showed qualitative differences between plants propagated in vitro and control seedlings. More proteins of a high molecular weight were observed in leaves of plants from in vitro culture. A two-dimensional map of proteins from leaves provides detailed data concerning both polymorphism and protein patterns of this species. This makes it possible to start constructing a protein map of R. Chamaemorus . The reasons for qualitative differences are discussed.
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Genome size stability in six medicinal plant species propagated in vitro
Biologia plantarum, 2007Co-Authors: Elwira Sliwinska, Barbara ThiemAbstract:DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry in seedlings and in vitro clones of six species: Oenothera paradoxa, Inula verbascifolia ssp. aschersoniana, Rubus Chamaemorus, Solidago virgaurea, S. graminifolia and Pueraria lobata. With the exception of P. lobata, there was no difference in genome sizes between seedlings and in vitro cultured plants from any species, indicative that they maintain their genetic stability during in vitro culture. This confirms the usefulness of tissue culture for production of certified plant material to obtain herbal medicines.
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Amebicidal plants extracts
Wiadomosci parazytologiczne, 2004Co-Authors: Monika Derda, Edward Hadaś, Barbara Thiem, Anna SułekAbstract:The free-living amoebae from genus Acanthamoeba are the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), a chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system; amebic keratitis (AK), a chronic eye infection; amebic pneumitis (AP), a chronic lung infection, and skin infection. Chemotherapy of Acanthamoeba infection is problematic. The majority of infections have been fatal. Only a few cases are reported to have been treated successfully with very highly toxic drugs. The therapy might be succeed, if the diagnosis and therapy is made at very early stage of infection. In our experiments we used the following plant extracts: Solidago virgaurea, Solidago graminifolia, Rubus Chamaemorus, Pueraria lobata, and natural plants products as ellagic acid and puerarin. Those therapeutic agents and plants extracts have been tested in vitro for amebicidal or amebostatic activity against pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp. Our results showed that methanol extracts obtained from plants are active against axenic pathogenic Acanthamoeba sp. trophozoites in vitro at concentration below 0.1 mg/ml. Further studies are needed to investigate whether these extracts are also effective in vivo in animal model of infection with Acanthamoeba sp.
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Antimicrobial activity of Rubus Chamaemorus leaves.
Fitoterapia, 2004Co-Authors: Barbara Thiem, Olga GoślińskaAbstract:The antibacterial activity of Rubus Chamaemorus leaf butanolic fraction of the methanol extract and ellagic acid was evaluated against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antimycotic activity was assayed against Candida albicans. MICs and MBCs were determined by broth dilution test and by disc diffusion method.
Martinussen Inger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genetic differentiation of Rubus Chamaemorus populations in the Czech Republic and Norway after the last glacial period
'Wiley', 2018Co-Authors: Leišová‐svobodová Leona, Phillips Jade, Martinussen Inger, Holubec VojtěchAbstract:The population structure of cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.), collected from Krkonose Mountains (the Czech Republic), continental Norway and Spitsbergen, was examined using microsatellite analyses (SSR). Among 184 individuals, 162 different genotypes were identified. The overall unbiased gene diversity was high (urn:x-wiley:20457758:media:ece34101:ece34101-math-0001). A high level of genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.45; p < .01) indicated restricted gene flow between populations. Using a Bayesian approach, six clusters were found which represented the genetic structure of the studied cloudberry populations. The value of correlation index between genetic and geographical distances (r = .44) indicates that gene flow, even over a long distance, could exist. An exact test of population differentiation showed that Rubus Chamaemorus populations from regions (Krkonose Mountains, continental Norway and Spitsbergen) are differentiated although some individuals within populations share common alleles even among regions. These results were confirmed by AMOVA, where the highest level of diversity was found within populations (70.8%). There was no difference between 87 pairs of populations (18.7%) mostly within cloudberry populations from continental Norway and from Spitsbergen. Based on obtained results, it is possible to conclude that Czech and Norwegian cloudberry populations are undergoing differentiation, which preserves unique allele compositions most likely from original populations during the last glaciation period. This knowledge will be important for the creation and continuation of in situ and ex situ conservation of cloudberry populations within these areas.publishedVersio
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Seasonal and yearly variation of total polyphenols, total anthocyanins and ellagic acid in different clones of cloudberries (Rubus Chamaemorus L.)
Julius Kühn-Institut, 2018Co-Authors: Hykkerud, Anne Linn, Uleberg Eivind, Hansen Espen, Vervoort Marieke, Mølmann Jørgen, Martinussen IngerAbstract:Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) is a wild perennial shrub growing on peatland with a circumpolar distribution. The combined berries have a high polyphenol content comprised primarily of ellagitannins. A few commercial cultivars are available, and pre-breeding trials on clonal material from different geographical origins are in progress. The objective of this study was to investigate how the content of polyphenols of four different cloudberry cultivars were affected by harvesting time and climatic variations during a 3-year-period. Plants were grown outside in plots and berries were harvested when mature. Berries were analyzed for total polyphenols and total anthocyanins by spectrophotometer. Total ellagic acid was identified and quantified using HPLC-MS after hydrolysis of the extracts. Results showed that all measured parameters; total anthocyanins, total polyphenols and ellagic acid are strongly influenced by the genetic background. Although low anthocyanin contents were present in all genotypes, they were highly affected by climatic conditions, being highest at low temperatures. However, the content of ellagic acid was less affected by environmental conditions and showed little response to changing temperatures. In conclusion, ellagitannin content was the most dominating polyphenol group observed in this study and was affected by genetics and is therefore a good breeding criterion for increased health benefit of cloudberry.publishedVersio
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Seasonal and yearly variation of total polyphenols, total anthocyanins and ellagic acid in different clones of cloudberries (Rubus Chamaemorus L.)
Julius Kühn-Institut - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, 2018Co-Authors: Hykkerud, Anne Linn, Uleberg Eivind, Hansen Espen, Vervoort Marieke, Mølmann Jørgen, Martinussen IngerAbstract:Source at https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2018.091.013. Accepted manuscript version, licensed CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.) is a wild perennial shrub growing on peatland with a circumpolar distribution. The combined berries have a high polyphenol content comprised primarily of ellagitannins. A few commercial cultivars are available, and pre-breeding trials on clonal material from different geographical origins are in progress. The objective of this study was to investigate how the content of polyphenols of four different cloudberry cultivars were affected by harvesting time and climatic variations during a 3-year-period. Plants were grown outside in plots and berries were harvested when mature. Berries were analyzed for total polyphenols and total anthocyanins by spectrophotometer. Total ellagic acid was identified and quantified using HPLC-MS after hydrolysis of the extracts. Results showed that all measured parameters; total anthocyanins, total polyphenols and ellagic acid are strongly influenced by the genetic background. Although low anthocyanin contents were present in all genotypes, they were highly affected by climatic conditions, being highest at low temperatures. However, the content of ellagic acid was less affected by environmental conditions and showed little response to changing temperatures. In conclusion, ellagitannin content was the most dominating polyphenol group observed in this study and was affected by genetics and is therefore a good breeding criterion for increased health benefit of cloudberry
