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Patrick Lemaire - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aging, Rule-Violation checking strategies, and strategy combination: An EEG study in arithmetic
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Patrick LemaireAbstract:Abstract In arithmetic, Rule-Violation checking strategies are used while participants solve problems that violate arithmetic Rules, like the five Rule (i.e., products of problems including five as an operand end with either five or zero; e.g., 5 × 14 = 70) or the parity Rule (i.e., when at least one of the two operands is even, the product is also even; otherwise the product is odd; e.g., 4 × 13 = 52). When problems violate both Rules, participants use strategy combination and have better performance on both-Rule than on one-Rule Violation problems (i.e., five or parity Rule). Aging studies found that older adults efficiently use one-Rule Violation checking strategies but have difficulties to combine two strategies. To better understand these aging effects, we used EEG and found important age-related changes while participants used Rule-Violation checking strategies. We compared participants' performance while they verified arithmetic problems that differ in number and type of violated Rule. More specifically, both-Rule Violation problems elicited larger negativity than one-Rule Violation problems between 600 and 800 ms. Five-Rule Violation problems differed from parity-Rule Violation problems between 1100 and 1200 ms. Moreover, Rule-Violation checking strategies and strategy combination involved delta, theta, and lower alpha frequencies. Age-related changes in ERPs and frequency were associated with less efficient strategy combination. Moreover, efficient use of one-Rule Violation checking strategies in older adults was associated with changes in ERPs and frequency. These findings contribute to further our understanding of age-related changes and invariance in arithmetic strategies, and in combination of arithmetic strategies.
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What does EEG tell us about arithmetic strategies? A review
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2016Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Patrick LemaireAbstract:Arithmetic strategies refer to the set of procedures used to solve arithmetic problems. Previous studies revealed that participants can solve arithmetic problems by using several arithmetic strategies. In this review, we discuss the added value of using electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate such strategies. Indeed, this technique enables to delineate different aspects of information processing, and can further our understanding of arithmetic strategies. The investigation of processes involved within arithmetic strategies with event-related potentials (ERPs) and frequency analyses allows to discover how participants solve different types of problems by enabling to distinguish arithmetic strategies on the bases of their electrophysiological signatures. Moreover, this technique is fruitful to investigate the time course of arithmetic strategy selection and execution. EEG can also help to investigate the role of general cognitive processes during execution of arithmetic strategies. Finally, EEG is also a powerful tool to specify how strategy use differs between groups of different skills or ages. Overall, by addressing these ends, EEG further our understanding of variations in participants' arithmetic performance as a function of different characteristics, such as participants' (e.g., age, skills), problems' (e.g., problem or split size, Rule Violation), or situations' (e.g., strategy execution on previous problems, correctness of proposed answers) characteristics. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Age-Related Differences in Plausibility-Checking Strategies During Arithmetic Problem Verification Tasks
Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Kerensa Tiberghien, Patrick LemaireAbstract:We examined whether older adults use plausibility-checking strategies while verifying arithmetic problems. We also tested trial-to-trial modulations of plausibility-checking strategies, and aging effects on these sequential modulations. We asked young and older adults to verify arithmetic problems that violated or respected arithmetic Rules (i.e., 5x16 = 87. True/False?). Both young and older adults solved problems violating parity Rule and five Rule more quickly than problems violating no Rule. We also found that both age groups had better performance when both five Rule and parity Rule are violated than when only one or no Rules are violated. These results suggest age invariance in using Rule-Violation checking strategies and a smaller, but still efficient, strategy combination in older adults. Finally, for young adults only, strategy combination was larger following problems violating Rules than after problems respecting Rules. These findings have important implications regarding mechanisms underlying age-related differences in using Rule-Violation checking strategies to verify arithmetic problems and in combining two strategies into a single, more efficient one.
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Age-related differences in sequential modulations of problem-size and Rule-Violation effects during arithmetic problem verification tasks
Memory & cognition, 2015Co-Authors: Patrick Lemaire, Fleur BrunAbstract:Young and older adults were asked to verify true (e.g., 5 × 61 = 305) and false (5 × 61 = 315) arithmetic problems. Half the problems were small (e.g., 5 × 17 = 85) and half were large problems (e.g., 5 × 93 = 465). Half the false problems respected the five Rule (i.e., the product of an operand multiplied by five ends with either 5 or 0), and half violated this Rule (e.g., 21 × 5 = 115 vs. 21 × 5 = 113). Both young and older adults showed problem-size effects (i.e., they verified small problems more quickly than large problems) and five-Rule Violation effects (i.e., they verified problem violating five Rule more quickly than problems respecting five Rule). Moreover, we found sequential modulations of these problem-size and five-Rule effects. Problem-size effects were larger on current problems following large problems than after small problems, and five-Rule Violation effects were larger after problems violating the five Rule than after no-Rule Violation problems. Finally, sequential modulations of problem-size effects were larger in older adults than in young adults, and there were no age-related differences in sequential modulations of five-Rule Violation effects. These findings speak to the determiners of arithmetic performance, as to how well arithmetic calculation and non-calculation strategies are executed and selected on current problems depends on strategies used with preceding problems.
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Strategy combination in human cognition: a behavioral and ERP study in arithmetic.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2014Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Stéphane Dufau, Patrick LemaireAbstract:It is well known that people use several strategies to accomplish most cognitive tasks. Unknown is whether they can combine two strategies. The present study found that such strategy combination can occur and improves participants’ performance. Participants verified complex multiplication problems that violated the five Rule (5 × 32 = 164), parity Rule (5 × 12 = 65), both parity and five Rules (5 × 31 = 158), or no Rule (5 × 26 = 140). Participants obtained better performance on problems violating both five and parity Rules than on problems violating either (or no) Rule. Moreover, we found event-related potential (ERP) differences between two-Rule and one-Rule Violation problems between 550 ms and 850 ms post-stimulus presentation, and ERP differences between parity-Rule and five-Rule Violation problems between 850 ms and 1,400 ms. These findings have important implications to further our understanding of strategic variations in human cognition and suggest that strategy combination may occur in a wide variety of cognitive domains.
Thomas Hinault - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aging, Rule-Violation checking strategies, and strategy combination: An EEG study in arithmetic
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Patrick LemaireAbstract:Abstract In arithmetic, Rule-Violation checking strategies are used while participants solve problems that violate arithmetic Rules, like the five Rule (i.e., products of problems including five as an operand end with either five or zero; e.g., 5 × 14 = 70) or the parity Rule (i.e., when at least one of the two operands is even, the product is also even; otherwise the product is odd; e.g., 4 × 13 = 52). When problems violate both Rules, participants use strategy combination and have better performance on both-Rule than on one-Rule Violation problems (i.e., five or parity Rule). Aging studies found that older adults efficiently use one-Rule Violation checking strategies but have difficulties to combine two strategies. To better understand these aging effects, we used EEG and found important age-related changes while participants used Rule-Violation checking strategies. We compared participants' performance while they verified arithmetic problems that differ in number and type of violated Rule. More specifically, both-Rule Violation problems elicited larger negativity than one-Rule Violation problems between 600 and 800 ms. Five-Rule Violation problems differed from parity-Rule Violation problems between 1100 and 1200 ms. Moreover, Rule-Violation checking strategies and strategy combination involved delta, theta, and lower alpha frequencies. Age-related changes in ERPs and frequency were associated with less efficient strategy combination. Moreover, efficient use of one-Rule Violation checking strategies in older adults was associated with changes in ERPs and frequency. These findings contribute to further our understanding of age-related changes and invariance in arithmetic strategies, and in combination of arithmetic strategies.
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What does EEG tell us about arithmetic strategies? A review
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2016Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Patrick LemaireAbstract:Arithmetic strategies refer to the set of procedures used to solve arithmetic problems. Previous studies revealed that participants can solve arithmetic problems by using several arithmetic strategies. In this review, we discuss the added value of using electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate such strategies. Indeed, this technique enables to delineate different aspects of information processing, and can further our understanding of arithmetic strategies. The investigation of processes involved within arithmetic strategies with event-related potentials (ERPs) and frequency analyses allows to discover how participants solve different types of problems by enabling to distinguish arithmetic strategies on the bases of their electrophysiological signatures. Moreover, this technique is fruitful to investigate the time course of arithmetic strategy selection and execution. EEG can also help to investigate the role of general cognitive processes during execution of arithmetic strategies. Finally, EEG is also a powerful tool to specify how strategy use differs between groups of different skills or ages. Overall, by addressing these ends, EEG further our understanding of variations in participants' arithmetic performance as a function of different characteristics, such as participants' (e.g., age, skills), problems' (e.g., problem or split size, Rule Violation), or situations' (e.g., strategy execution on previous problems, correctness of proposed answers) characteristics. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Age-Related Differences in Plausibility-Checking Strategies During Arithmetic Problem Verification Tasks
Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Kerensa Tiberghien, Patrick LemaireAbstract:We examined whether older adults use plausibility-checking strategies while verifying arithmetic problems. We also tested trial-to-trial modulations of plausibility-checking strategies, and aging effects on these sequential modulations. We asked young and older adults to verify arithmetic problems that violated or respected arithmetic Rules (i.e., 5x16 = 87. True/False?). Both young and older adults solved problems violating parity Rule and five Rule more quickly than problems violating no Rule. We also found that both age groups had better performance when both five Rule and parity Rule are violated than when only one or no Rules are violated. These results suggest age invariance in using Rule-Violation checking strategies and a smaller, but still efficient, strategy combination in older adults. Finally, for young adults only, strategy combination was larger following problems violating Rules than after problems respecting Rules. These findings have important implications regarding mechanisms underlying age-related differences in using Rule-Violation checking strategies to verify arithmetic problems and in combining two strategies into a single, more efficient one.
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Strategy combination in human cognition: a behavioral and ERP study in arithmetic.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2014Co-Authors: Thomas Hinault, Stéphane Dufau, Patrick LemaireAbstract:It is well known that people use several strategies to accomplish most cognitive tasks. Unknown is whether they can combine two strategies. The present study found that such strategy combination can occur and improves participants’ performance. Participants verified complex multiplication problems that violated the five Rule (5 × 32 = 164), parity Rule (5 × 12 = 65), both parity and five Rules (5 × 31 = 158), or no Rule (5 × 26 = 140). Participants obtained better performance on problems violating both five and parity Rules than on problems violating either (or no) Rule. Moreover, we found event-related potential (ERP) differences between two-Rule and one-Rule Violation problems between 550 ms and 850 ms post-stimulus presentation, and ERP differences between parity-Rule and five-Rule Violation problems between 850 ms and 1,400 ms. These findings have important implications to further our understanding of strategic variations in human cognition and suggest that strategy combination may occur in a wide variety of cognitive domains.
Kevin A. Pelphrey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Enhanced Neural Responses to Rule Violation in Children with Autism: A Comparison to Social Exclusion
Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Danielle Z. Bolling, Naomi B. Pitskel, Ben Deen, Michael J. Crowley, James C. Mcpartland, Martha D. Kaiser, Brent C. Vander Wyk, Linda C. Mayes, Kevin A. PelphreyAbstract:Abstract The present study aimed to explore the neural correlates of two characteristic deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs): social impairment and restricted, repetitive behavior patterns. To this end, we used comparable experiences of social exclusion and Rule Violation to probe potentially atypical neural networks in ASD. In children and adolescents with and without ASD, we used the interactive ball-toss game (Cyberball) to elicit social exclusion and a comparable game (Cybershape) to elicit a non-exclusive Rule Violation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we identified group differences in brain responses to social exclusion and Rule Violation. Though both groups reported equal distress following exclusion, the right insula and ventral anterior cingulate cortex were hypoactive during exclusion in children with ASD. In Rule Violation, right insula and dorsal prefrontal cortex were hyperactive in ASD. Right insula showed a dissociation in activation; it was hypoactive to social exclusion and hyperactive to Rule Violation in the ASD group. Further probed, different regions of right insula were modulated in each game, highlighting differences in regional specificity for which subsequent analyses revealed differences in patterns of functional connectivity. These results demonstrate neurobiological differences in processing social exclusion and Rule Violation in children with ASD.
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Dissociable Brain Mechanisms for Processing Social Exclusion and Rule Violation
NeuroImage, 2010Co-Authors: Danielle Z. Bolling, Naomi B. Pitskel, Ben Deen, Michael J. Crowley, James C. Mcpartland, Linda C. Mayes, Kevin A. PelphreyAbstract:Abstract Social exclusion inherently involves an element of expectancy Violation, in that we expect other people to follow the unwritten Rule to include us in social interactions. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we employed a unique modification of an interactive virtual ball-tossing game called “Cyberball” (Williams et al., 2000) and a novel paradigm called “Cybershape,” in which Rules are broken in the absence of social exclusion, to dissociate brain regions that process social exclusion from Rule Violations more generally. Our Cyberball game employed an alternating block design and removed evoked responses to events when the participant was throwing the ball in inclusion to make this condition comparable to exclusion, where participants did not throw. With these modifications, we replicated prior findings of ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), insula, and posterior cingulate cortex activity evoked by social exclusion relative to inclusion. We also identified exclusion-evoked activity in the hippocampi, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and left middle temporal gyrus. Comparing social exclusion and Rule Violation revealed a functional dissociation in the active neural systems as well as differential functional connectivity with vACC. Some overlap was observed in regions differentially modulated by social exclusion and Rule Violation, including the vACC and lateral parietal cortex. These overlapping brain regions showed different activation during social exclusion compared to Rule Violation, each relative to fair play. Comparing activation patterns to social exclusion and Rule Violation allowed for the dissociation of brain regions involved in the experience of exclusion versus expectancy Violation.
Qiang Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Charmonium Hadronic Decays and the OZI Rule Violation Effects
International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2006Co-Authors: Qiang ZhaoAbstract:We discuss the scalar meson mixing scenario and present an OZI Rule Violation mechanism for understanding the scalar productions in charmoium hadronic decays. We stress that the OZI Violation could play a key role in disentangling the structure of the scalars: f0(1370), f0(1500) and f0(1710).
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A study of the Okubo–Zweig–Iizuka Rule Violations in ηc→VV
Physics Letters B, 2006Co-Authors: Qiang ZhaoAbstract:We discuss the Okubo-Zweig-lizuka (OZI) Rule Violation effects in eta(c) -> VV in light of the new data from BES Collaboration. In particular, a possible non-vanishing branching ratio for eta(c) -> omega phi provides a hint of the degrees of OZI Violations based on a recent factorization proposed for charmonium hadronic decays. The Violation mechanism is studied via an intermediate meson exchange model. The results are consistent with the experimental observations. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Glueball-QQ mixing and Okuba-Zweig-Iizuka Rule Violation in the hadronic decays of heavy quarkonia
Physics Letters B, 2005Co-Authors: Qiang Zhao, Bing-song ZouAbstract:We investigate the correlations between the scalar meson configurations and Okuba-Zweig-Iizuka (OZI) Rule Violations in the hadronic decays of heavy quarkonia, e.g., J/psi and Y, into isoscalar vector meson (phi and omega) and scalar mesons (f(0)(1710), f(0)(1500), and f(0)(1370)). It shows that the dramatic change of the values of the branching ratio fraction of phi f(0)/omega f(0) from low (e.g., in J/psi decays) to high energies (e.g., in Y decays) will not only test the glueball-Q Q mixings, but also provide important information about the mysterious OZI-Rule Violations within the scalars. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
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Glueball- mixing and Okuba–Zweig–Iizuka Rule Violation in the hadronic decays of heavy quarkonia
Physics Letters B, 2005Co-Authors: Qiang Zhao, Bing-song ZouAbstract:We investigate the correlations between the scalar meson configurations and Okuba-Zweig-Iizuka (OZI) Rule Violations in the hadronic decays of heavy quarkonia, e.g. $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$, into isoscalar vector meson ($\phi$ and $\omega$) and scalar mesons ($f_0(1710)$, $f_0(1500)$, and $f_0(1370)$). It shows that the dramatic change of the values of the branching ratio fraction of $\phi f_0/\omega f_0$ from low (e.g. in $J/\psi$ decays) to high energies (e.g. in $\Upsilon$ decays) will not only test the glueball-$Q\bar{Q}$ mixings, but also provide important information about the mysterious OZI-Rule Violations within the scalars.Comment: More discussions about the relation between the meson loop and OZI-Rule Violations are included; Revised version to appear in Phys. Lett.
Yeoyie Charng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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okubo zweig iizuka Rule Violation andb η kbranching ratios
Physical Review D, 2008Co-Authors: Jenfeng Hsu, Yeoyie CharngAbstract:We show that the few-percent Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka-Rule violating effects in the quark-flavor basis for the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mixing can enhance the chiral scale associated with the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{q}$ meson a few times. This enhancement is sufficient for accommodating the dramatically different data of the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}K$ and $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}K$ branching ratios. We comment on other proposals for resolving this problem, including flavor-singlet contributions, axial $U(1)$ anomaly, and nonperturbative charming penguins. Discrimination of the above proposals by means of the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{(\ensuremath{'})}\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\nu}$ and ${B}_{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{(\ensuremath{'})}\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\ell}$ data is suggested.
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okubo zweig iizuka Rule Violation and b η k branching ratios
Physical Review D, 2008Co-Authors: Jenfeng Hsu, Yeoyie CharngAbstract:We show that the few-percent Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka-Rule violating effects in the quark-flavor basis for the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mixing can enhance the chiral scale associated with the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{q}$ meson a few times. This enhancement is sufficient for accommodating the dramatically different data of the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}K$ and $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}K$ branching ratios. We comment on other proposals for resolving this problem, including flavor-singlet contributions, axial $U(1)$ anomaly, and nonperturbative charming penguins. Discrimination of the above proposals by means of the $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{(\ensuremath{'})}\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\nu}$ and ${B}_{s}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{(\ensuremath{'})}\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\ell}$ data is suggested.
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okubo zweig iizuka Rule Violation and b to eta prime k branching ratios
Physical Review D, 2007Co-Authors: Jenfeng Hsu, Yeoyie CharngAbstract:We show that few-percent Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka-Rule violating effects in the quark-flavor basis for the $\eta$-$\eta'$ mixing can enhance the chiral scale associated with the $\eta_q$ meson few times. This enhancement is sufficient for accommodating the dramatically different data of the $B\to\eta^{\prime} K$ and $B\to\eta K$ branching ratios. We comment on other proposals for resolving this problem, including flavor-singlet contributions, axial U(1) anomaly, and nonperturbative charming penguins. Discrimination of the above proposals by means of the $B\to\eta^{(\prime)}\ell\nu$ and $B_s\to\eta^{(\prime)}\ell\ell$ data is suggested.
