The Experts below are selected from a list of 315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Hongxun Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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transition from non commercial to commercial Energy in Rural china insights from the accessibility and affordability
Energy Policy, 2019Co-Authors: Chang Chen, Hongxun LiuAbstract:Abstract Rural components are integral parts of China's economy, and hundreds of millions of China's residents still live in Rural areas. Rural residents heavily depend on non-commercial Energy due to the inaccessibility and unaffordability of commercial Energy. Conventional use of solid biomass fuels threatens public health as well as environmental and ecological sustainability. Thus, Rural Energy transition must be promoted. By using a new dataset, we show China's Rural Energy transition to gain insights on where, how, and why this transition occurs in Rural households. Unlike previous views, we find that after considering non-commercial Energy, the per capita consumption of Rural residential Energy is considerably larger than that of urban counterparts. Moreover, migrations from Rural to urban areas decrease rather than increase residential Energy consumption. Furthermore, Rural Energy transition from low to high quality depresses Energy consumption. Our results demonstrate how accessibility and affordability affect the fuel preferences of Rural residents, thereby enabling us to identify the mechanisms of Rural Energy transition. We provide some insights and policy implications on the routes of China's Rural Energy transition, which may be further extended to other emerging and developing countries due to their similar Rural Energy use.
Eric Martinot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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world bank Energy projects in china influences on environmental protection
Energy Policy, 2001Co-Authors: Eric MartinotAbstract:Abstract A study of the World Bank's Energy-related project portfolio in China reveals several areas where World Bank assistance has clearly influenced broader trends in Energy and environmental protection in China. This paper reviews the World Bank's 36 Energy-related projects approved from 1984 to 1999 in the context of these broader trends. Projects helped accelerate development of large-scale efficient coal power plants, hydropower, state-of-the-art technologies for controlling power-plant emissions, and international-best-practice environmental assessments of Energy projects. The World Bank has just begun to fund several promising initiatives for Energy efficiency and renewable Energy. At the same time, some opportunities for the Chinese government and the World Bank to jointly promote environmentally sounder Energy development are only just now being addressed, such as natural gas distribution and utilization, Rural Energy and development, wind power, Energy efficiency of heat supply and buildings, Energy efficiency in industry through performance contracting, and greater support for clean Energy options within ongoing electric power sector reform.
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Renewable Energy investment by the World Bank
Energy Policy, 2001Co-Authors: Eric MartinotAbstract:World Bank Group lending for renewable Energy accelerated in the 1990s and resulted in 17 approved projects with $700 million in Bank loans and $230 million in grants by the Global Environment Facility. The Bank's 1999 Energy-sector strategy Fuel for Thought charted new directions for renewable Energy investment. The present paper considers the implementation challenges of Fuel for Thought strategies and the opportunities for carrying them out. The paper distinguishes between agendas in the Energy and Rural-development sectors, and reviews limitations to implementing these agendas. Lessons from projects are just emerging, but suggest five areas of support for renewable Energy by the Bank in the future: renewable Energy financing, electric power policy frameworks, Rural Energy enterprises, regulated Rural Energy concessions, and domestic technology manufacturing. Interviews with the private sector suggest additional forms of support: assist with business plans, finance pre-feasibility studies, reduce commercial risks, support joint ventures, build market volume and stability, and pilot and test innovative business models. The effectiveness of the Bank in following through on its ambitious agenda fundamentally rests on the willingness and commitment of developing countries to pursue these strategies and the degree to which renewable Energy applications are seen to serve countries' development priorities. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Daniel M Kammen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Driving Rural Energy access: a second-life application for electric-vehicle batteries
Environmental Research Letters, 2014Co-Authors: Hanjiro Ambrose, Dimitry Gershenson, Alexander Gershenson, Daniel M KammenAbstract:Building Rural Energy infrastructure in developing countries remains a significant financial, policy and technological challenge. The growth of the electric vehicle (EV) industry will rapidly expand the resource of partially degraded, ‘retired’, but still usable batteries in 2016 and beyond. These batteries can become the storage hubs for community-scale grids in the developing world. We model the resource and performance potential and the technological and economic aspects of the utilization of retired EV batteries in Rural and decentralized mini- and micro-grids. We develop and explore four economic scenarios across three battery chemistries to examine the impacts on transport and recycling logistics. We find that EVs sold through 2020 will produce 120–549 GWh in retired storage potential by 2028. Outlining two use scenarios for decentralized systems, we discuss the possible impacts on global electrification rates. We find that used EV batteries can provide a cost-effective and lower environmental impact alternative to existing lead-acid storage systems in these applications.
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the delivery of low cost low carbon Rural Energy services
Energy Policy, 2011Co-Authors: Christian E Casillas, Daniel M KammenAbstract:The provision of both electrical and mechanical Energy services can play a critical role in poverty alleviation for the almost two billion Rural users who currently lack access to electricity. Distributed generation using diesel generators remains a common means of electricity provision for Rural communities throughout the world. Due to rising fuel costs, the need to address poverty, and consequences of global warming, it is necessary to develop cost efficient means of reducing fossil fuel consumption in isolated diesel microgrids. Based on a case study in Nicaragua, a set of demand and supply side measures are ordered by their annualized costs in order to approximate an Energy supply curve. The curve highlights significant opportunities for reducing the costs of delivering Energy services while also transitioning to a carbon-free electrical system. In particular, the study demonstrates the significant cost savings resulting from the implementation of conventional metering, efficient residential lighting, and electricity generation using renewable Energy sources.
P Balachandra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modern Energy access to all in Rural india an integrated implementation strategy
Energy Policy, 2011Co-Authors: P BalachandraAbstract:Abstract Expanding Energy access to the Rural population of India presents a critical challenge for its government. The presence of 364 million people without access to electricity and 726 million who rely on biomass for cooking indicate both the failure of past policies and programs, and the need for a radical redesign of the current system. We propose an integrated implementation framework with recommendations for adopting business principles with innovative institutional, regulatory, financing and delivery mechanisms. The framework entails establishment of Rural Energy access authorities and Energy access funds, both at the national and regional levels, to be empowered with enabling regulatory policies, capital resources and the support of multi-stakeholder partnership. These institutions are expected to design, lead, manage and monitor the Rural Energy interventions. At the other end, trained entrepreneurs would be expected to establish bioEnergy-based micro-enterprises that will produce and distribute Energy carriers to Rural households at an affordable cost. The ESCOs will function as intermediaries between these enterprises and the international carbon market both in aggregating carbon credits and in trading them under CDM. If implemented, such a program could address the challenges of Rural Energy empowerment by creating access to modern Energy carriers and climate change mitigation.
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dynamics of Rural Energy access in india an assessment
Energy, 2011Co-Authors: P BalachandraAbstract:Abstract India’s Rural Energy challenges are formidable with the presence of majority Energy poor. In 2005, out of a Rural population of 809 million, 364 million lacked access to electricity and 726 million to modern cooking fuels. This indicates low effectiveness of government policies and programs of the past, and need for a more effective approach to bridge this gap. However, before the government can address this challenge, it is essential that it gain a deeper insight into prevailing status of Energy access and reasons for such outcomes. Toward this, we perform a critical analysis of the dynamics of Energy access status with respect to time, income and regions, and present the results as possible indicators of effectiveness of policies/programmes. Results indicate that Energy deprivations are highest for poorest households with 93% depending on biomass for cooking and 62% lacking access to electricity. The annual growth rates in expansion in Energy access are gradually declining from double digit growth rates experienced 10 years back to just around 4% in recent years. Regional variations indicate, on an average, cooking access levels were 5.3 times higher in top five states compared to bottom five states whereas this ratio was 3.4 for electricity access.
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sustainable bioEnergy for india technical economic and policy analysis
Energy, 2009Co-Authors: N H Ravindranath, P BalachandraAbstract:India's Energy challenges are multi-pronged. They are manifested through growing demand for modern Energy carriers, a fossil fuel dominated Energy system facing a severe resource crunch, the need for creating access to quality Energy for the large section of deprived population, vulnerable Energy security, local and global pollution regimes and the need for sustaining economic development. Renewable Energy is considered as one of the most promising alternatives. Recognizing this potential, India has been implementing one of the largest renewable Energy programmes in the world. Among the renewable Energy technologies. bioEnergy has a large diverse portfolio including efficient biomass stoves, biogas, biomass combustion and gasification and process heat and liquid fuels. India has also formulated and implemented a number of innovative policies and programmes to promote bioEnergy technologies. However, according to some preliminary studies, the success rate is marginal compared to the potential available. This limited success is a clear indicator of the need for a serious reassessment of the bioEnergy programme. Further, a realization of the need for adopting a sustainable Energy path to address the above challenges will be the guiding force in this reassessment. In this paper an attempt is made to consider the potential of bioEnergy to meet the Rural Energy needs: (I) biomass combustion and gasification for electricity; (2) biomethanation for cooking Energy (gas) and electricity; and (3) efficient wood-burning devices for cooking. The paper focuses on analysing the effectiveness of bioEnergy in creating this Rural Energy access and its sustainability in the long run through assessing: the demand for bioEnergy and potential that could be created; technologies, status of commercialization and technology transfer and dissemination in India; economic and environmental performance and impacts: bioEnergy policies, regulatory measures and barrier analysis. The whole assessment aims at presenting bioEnergy as an integral part of a sustainable Energy strategy for India. The results show that bioEnergy technology (BET) alternatives compare favourably with the conventional ones. The cost comparisons show that the unit costs of BET alternatives are in the range of 15-187% of the conventional alternatives. The climate change benefits in terms of carbon emission reductions are to the tune of 110 T C per year provided the available potential of BETs are utilized.
Na Duan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analysis of Rural household Energy consumption and renewable Energy systems in zhangziying town of beijing
Ecological Modelling, 2015Co-Authors: Cong Lin, Yang Wang, Lingying Zhao, Na DuanAbstract:Rural Energy consumption significantly affects the economy of a country and plays a vital role in the Rural residents’ lives. This paper analyzed the association of the Rural household Energy consumption with their demands on renewable Energy systems and contributions to the reduction of CO2, TSP (total suspended particulate), and PM2.5 emissions in Zhangziying town of Daxing district of Beijing. This system analysis aimed to evaluate the sustainability of Energy supply and economic development in Rural area of Beijing by taking Zhangziying town as an example. Specifically, in this paper Energy consumed by the Rural households was investigated in terms of Energy sources (coal, biogas, straw gas, LPG, electricity and firewood), utilization, choices, costs and systems. The results show that coal is still the major Energy source for heating during winter, which constitutes that largest portion of the household Energy consumption. With the development of renewable Energy, the utilization of coal, LPG and firewood for cooking has been replaced by renewable Energy such as biogas and straw gas, which are coupled with a higher heating value and lower price. Meanwhile, this study also suggests that the renewable Energy generated in the surveyed villages is equivalent to 32,863.68kgce and could annually reduce 81,929.15kgCO2 emissions, 22,347.30kg TSP, and 8938.92kg PM2.5 emissions. The structure of Rural household Energy consumption of Zhangziying town is sustainable and environmentally sound. The structure of Rural household Energy consumption is undergoing a transformation from traditional low-efficiency biomass domination to integrated consumption of traditional and renewable Energy sources. Renewable Energy is not only a solution to the Energy shortage problem in Rural areas, but also helps conserve fossil resources and protect the environment.
