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Y. A. Knirel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structures of the O-polysaccharides of Salmonella enterica O59 and Escherichia coli O15
Carbohydrate Research, 2011Co-Authors: Andrei V. Perepelov, A. S. Shashkov, Y. A. Knirel, Bin Liu, Sof'ya N. Senchenkova, Dan Guo, Lu Feng, Lei WangAbstract:Abstract The O-polysaccharide of Salmonella enterica O59 was studied using sugar analysis and 2D 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, and the following structure of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit was established: →2)-β- d -Gal p -(1→3)-α- d -Glc p NAc-(1→4)-α- l -Rha p -(1→3)-β- d -Glc p NAc-(1→ Accordingly, the O-antigen gene cluster of S. enterica O59 includes all genes necessary for the synthesis of this O-polysaccharide. Earlier, another structure has been reported for the O-polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae ( S. enterica IIIb) O59, which later was found to be identical to that of Citrobacter ( Citrobacter braakii ) O35 and, in this work, also to the O-polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O15.
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Structural and serological studies of lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter O35 and O38 antigenically related to Salmonella
FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 1996Co-Authors: Nina A. Kocharova, Y. A. Knirel, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Czeslaw Lugowski, Wojciech Jachymek, Elzbieta RomanowskaAbstract:Structural analysis using 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Citrobacter freundii O35 and Salmonella arizonae O59 have structurally identical O-specific polysaccharide chains, and those of C. freundii O38 and Salmonella kentucky differ only in the presence of O-acetyl groups in the former. Serological relationships between the structurally similar LPSs were demonstrated using inhibition of ELISA, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, double gel diffusion, and immunoblotting. The O-acetyl groups present in C. freundii O38 LPS are of little importance for its serological specificity. A cross-reaction was observed in immunoblotting between O-antisera to C. freundii O35 and S. arizonae O59 and a structurally related LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11a,11b (Lanyi-Bergan classification).
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Research articleStructural and serological studies of lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter O35 and O38 antigenically related to Salmonella
Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 1996Co-Authors: Nina A. Kocharova, Y. A. Knirel, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Czeslaw Lugowski, Wojciech Jachymek, Elzbieta RomanowskaAbstract:Structural analysis using 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Citrobacter freundii O35 and Salmonella arizonae O59 have structurally identical O-specific polysaccharide chains, and those of C. freundii O38 and Salmonella kentucky differ only in the presence of O-acetyl groups in the former. Serological relationships between the structurally similar LPSs were demonstrated using inhibition of ELISA, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, double gel diffusion, and immunoblotting. The O-acetyl groups present in C. freundii O38 LPS are of little importance for its serological specificity. A cross-reaction was observed in immunoblotting between O-antisera to C. freundii O35 and S. arizonae O59 and a structurally related LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11a,11b (Lanyi-Bergan classification).
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The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O62.
Carbohydrate research, 1994Co-Authors: Eugeny V. Vinogradov, Y. A. Knirel, N K Kochetkov, S Schlecht, H MayerAbstract:The O-specific polysaccharide was liberated by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from S. arizonae O62 by phenol-water extraction. The branched hexasaccharide repeating-unit of the O-specific chain of the O62 LPS contained L-rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid in molar ratios of 4:1:1. On the basis of methylation analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D shift-correlated (COSY) and 1D NOE spectroscopy, the following structure for the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide was established: [formula: see text]
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Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45
Carbohydrate research, 1993Co-Authors: A. S. Shashkov, N. K. Kochetkov, Eugeny V. Vinogradov, Y. A. Knirel, Nicolay E. Nifantev, Janusz Dabrowski, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. StanislavskyAbstract:Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45 ( Arizona 11) is acidic and has a branched hexasacharide repeating unit containing two residues of l -fucose, one residue each of d -galactose, d -ribose, d -glucuronic acid, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, and an O -acetyl group. It was studied with the help of 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, including 1D selective spin-decoupling and homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy, 2D homonuclear and 13 C 1 H heteronuclear shift-correlated (COSY) and NOE (ROESY) spectroscopy, as well as by methylation analysis, and selective cleavages with anhydrous HF (or dilute HCl) and lithium in ethylenediamine to yield two different tetrasaccharide fragments. As a result, the following structure of the polysaccharide was established: Anomalous 13 C chemical shifts were observed in the spectrum of the trisaccharide fragment α- l -Fuc p -(1 → 2)-β- d -Gal p -(1 → 3)-β- d -Glc p NAc, structurally related to the Le d blood-group determinant, and rationalised by inter-residue proton-proton interactions.
Elena V. Kholodkova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural and serological studies of lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter O35 and O38 antigenically related to Salmonella
FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 1996Co-Authors: Nina A. Kocharova, Y. A. Knirel, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Czeslaw Lugowski, Wojciech Jachymek, Elzbieta RomanowskaAbstract:Structural analysis using 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Citrobacter freundii O35 and Salmonella arizonae O59 have structurally identical O-specific polysaccharide chains, and those of C. freundii O38 and Salmonella kentucky differ only in the presence of O-acetyl groups in the former. Serological relationships between the structurally similar LPSs were demonstrated using inhibition of ELISA, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, double gel diffusion, and immunoblotting. The O-acetyl groups present in C. freundii O38 LPS are of little importance for its serological specificity. A cross-reaction was observed in immunoblotting between O-antisera to C. freundii O35 and S. arizonae O59 and a structurally related LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11a,11b (Lanyi-Bergan classification).
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Research articleStructural and serological studies of lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter O35 and O38 antigenically related to Salmonella
Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 1996Co-Authors: Nina A. Kocharova, Y. A. Knirel, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Czeslaw Lugowski, Wojciech Jachymek, Elzbieta RomanowskaAbstract:Structural analysis using 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Citrobacter freundii O35 and Salmonella arizonae O59 have structurally identical O-specific polysaccharide chains, and those of C. freundii O38 and Salmonella kentucky differ only in the presence of O-acetyl groups in the former. Serological relationships between the structurally similar LPSs were demonstrated using inhibition of ELISA, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, double gel diffusion, and immunoblotting. The O-acetyl groups present in C. freundii O38 LPS are of little importance for its serological specificity. A cross-reaction was observed in immunoblotting between O-antisera to C. freundii O35 and S. arizonae O59 and a structurally related LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11a,11b (Lanyi-Bergan classification).
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Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45
Carbohydrate research, 1993Co-Authors: A. S. Shashkov, N. K. Kochetkov, Eugeny V. Vinogradov, Y. A. Knirel, Nicolay E. Nifantev, Janusz Dabrowski, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. StanislavskyAbstract:Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45 ( Arizona 11) is acidic and has a branched hexasacharide repeating unit containing two residues of l -fucose, one residue each of d -galactose, d -ribose, d -glucuronic acid, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, and an O -acetyl group. It was studied with the help of 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, including 1D selective spin-decoupling and homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy, 2D homonuclear and 13 C 1 H heteronuclear shift-correlated (COSY) and NOE (ROESY) spectroscopy, as well as by methylation analysis, and selective cleavages with anhydrous HF (or dilute HCl) and lithium in ethylenediamine to yield two different tetrasaccharide fragments. As a result, the following structure of the polysaccharide was established: Anomalous 13 C chemical shifts were observed in the spectrum of the trisaccharide fragment α- l -Fuc p -(1 → 2)-β- d -Gal p -(1 → 3)-β- d -Glc p NAc, structurally related to the Le d blood-group determinant, and rationalised by inter-residue proton-proton interactions.
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The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O61
Carbohydrate research, 1992Co-Authors: Eugeny V. Vinogradov, A. S. Shashkov, N. K. Kochetkov, Y. A. Knirel, Janusz Dabrowski, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Horst Grosskurth, Elena V. KholodkovaAbstract:Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild degradation of the Salmonella arizonae O61 lipopolysaccharide with acid. It contained 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy- l -galactose (FucAm), and 7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-5-[( R )-3-hydroxybutyramido]- d - glycero - l - galacto -nonulosonic acid (Sug). On the basis of partial acid hydrolysis with 0.1 M HCl, solvolysis with anhydrous HF in methanol, and 1 H- and 13 C-NMR analysis (including 1 H/ 13 C inversely correlated spectroscopy for localisation of N -acyl substituents), it was concluded that the O-specific polysaccharide had the following structure. →3)-α- l -FucAm-(1 → 3)-α- d -GlcNAc-(1 → 8)-β-Sug-(2 → The O-antigen of S. arizonae O61 is structurally related to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O12, thus explaining the known serological cross-reactivity between these micro-organisms.
Evgeny S. Stanislavsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural and serological studies of lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter O35 and O38 antigenically related to Salmonella
FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 1996Co-Authors: Nina A. Kocharova, Y. A. Knirel, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Czeslaw Lugowski, Wojciech Jachymek, Elzbieta RomanowskaAbstract:Structural analysis using 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Citrobacter freundii O35 and Salmonella arizonae O59 have structurally identical O-specific polysaccharide chains, and those of C. freundii O38 and Salmonella kentucky differ only in the presence of O-acetyl groups in the former. Serological relationships between the structurally similar LPSs were demonstrated using inhibition of ELISA, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, double gel diffusion, and immunoblotting. The O-acetyl groups present in C. freundii O38 LPS are of little importance for its serological specificity. A cross-reaction was observed in immunoblotting between O-antisera to C. freundii O35 and S. arizonae O59 and a structurally related LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11a,11b (Lanyi-Bergan classification).
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Research articleStructural and serological studies of lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter O35 and O38 antigenically related to Salmonella
Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 1996Co-Authors: Nina A. Kocharova, Y. A. Knirel, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Czeslaw Lugowski, Wojciech Jachymek, Elzbieta RomanowskaAbstract:Structural analysis using 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation showed that lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Citrobacter freundii O35 and Salmonella arizonae O59 have structurally identical O-specific polysaccharide chains, and those of C. freundii O38 and Salmonella kentucky differ only in the presence of O-acetyl groups in the former. Serological relationships between the structurally similar LPSs were demonstrated using inhibition of ELISA, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, double gel diffusion, and immunoblotting. The O-acetyl groups present in C. freundii O38 LPS are of little importance for its serological specificity. A cross-reaction was observed in immunoblotting between O-antisera to C. freundii O35 and S. arizonae O59 and a structurally related LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11a,11b (Lanyi-Bergan classification).
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Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45
Carbohydrate research, 1993Co-Authors: A. S. Shashkov, N. K. Kochetkov, Eugeny V. Vinogradov, Y. A. Knirel, Nicolay E. Nifantev, Janusz Dabrowski, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. StanislavskyAbstract:Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45 ( Arizona 11) is acidic and has a branched hexasacharide repeating unit containing two residues of l -fucose, one residue each of d -galactose, d -ribose, d -glucuronic acid, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, and an O -acetyl group. It was studied with the help of 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, including 1D selective spin-decoupling and homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy, 2D homonuclear and 13 C 1 H heteronuclear shift-correlated (COSY) and NOE (ROESY) spectroscopy, as well as by methylation analysis, and selective cleavages with anhydrous HF (or dilute HCl) and lithium in ethylenediamine to yield two different tetrasaccharide fragments. As a result, the following structure of the polysaccharide was established: Anomalous 13 C chemical shifts were observed in the spectrum of the trisaccharide fragment α- l -Fuc p -(1 → 2)-β- d -Gal p -(1 → 3)-β- d -Glc p NAc, structurally related to the Le d blood-group determinant, and rationalised by inter-residue proton-proton interactions.
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The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O61
Carbohydrate research, 1992Co-Authors: Eugeny V. Vinogradov, A. S. Shashkov, N. K. Kochetkov, Y. A. Knirel, Janusz Dabrowski, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Horst Grosskurth, Elena V. KholodkovaAbstract:Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild degradation of the Salmonella arizonae O61 lipopolysaccharide with acid. It contained 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy- l -galactose (FucAm), and 7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-5-[( R )-3-hydroxybutyramido]- d - glycero - l - galacto -nonulosonic acid (Sug). On the basis of partial acid hydrolysis with 0.1 M HCl, solvolysis with anhydrous HF in methanol, and 1 H- and 13 C-NMR analysis (including 1 H/ 13 C inversely correlated spectroscopy for localisation of N -acyl substituents), it was concluded that the O-specific polysaccharide had the following structure. →3)-α- l -FucAm-(1 → 3)-α- d -GlcNAc-(1 → 8)-β-Sug-(2 → The O-antigen of S. arizonae O61 is structurally related to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O12, thus explaining the known serological cross-reactivity between these micro-organisms.
Gábor Á. Czirják - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hemorrhagic stomatitis in a natural hybrid of Vipera ammodytes × Vipera berus due to inappropriate substrate in terrarium.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2015Co-Authors: Gábor Á. Czirják, L Kobolkuti, Attila Kelemen, Attila Szakacs, Miklos Tenk, Marina SpinuAbstract:A natural hybrid of Vipera ammodytes × Vipera berus was presented having low body weight, seizures and generalized swelling of the cephalic region. Based on the history of the case and clinical examination, hemorrhagic stomatitis of traumatic origin was diagnosed. The snake was kept in a terrarium with wood chips as a substrate, and the material had induced trauma in the oral mucosa which was further complicated with Salmonella arizonae and Morganella morganii co-infection, abscessation and osteomyelitis. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of bacterial infection in European snake hybrids and one of a few case reports in European snakes. Although wood chips are an inexpensive substrate, based on our findings, they should be avoided when keeping and breeding European vipers.
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hemorrhagic stomatitis in a natural hybrid of vipera ammodytes vipera berus due to inappropriate substrate in terrarium
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2015Co-Authors: L Kobolkuti, Attila Kelemen, Gábor Á. Czirják, Attila Szakacs, Miklos Tenk, Marina SpinuAbstract:A natural hybrid of Vipera ammodytes × Vipera berus was presented having low body weight, seizures and generalized swelling of the cephalic region. Based on the history of the case and clinical examination, hemorrhagic stomatitis of traumatic origin was diagnosed. The snake was kept in a terrarium with wood chips as a substrate, and the material had induced trauma in the oral mucosa which was further complicated with Salmonella arizonae and Morganella morganii co-infection, abscessation and osteomyelitis. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of bacterial infection in European snake hybrids and one of a few case reports in European snakes. Although wood chips are an inexpensive substrate, based on our findings, they should be avoided when keeping and breeding European vipers.
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Classical and molecular monitoring of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. carriage in free-living and captive native vipera snakes in Romania.
2009Co-Authors: L Kobolkuti, Gábor Á. Czirják, Marina Spinu, D Cadar, T. KissAbstract:Summary Reptile1associated salmonellosis in humans is an increasing public health issue. Apparently, bacteria from the genus Salmonella are component of the normal intestinal microbial community for most of the snakes, emerging snakes as a significant source of human Salmonellae infections. We screened 16 free1living and 10 captive native Vipera snakes for presence of Salmonella . Fresh cloacal samples were collected from the individuals with a sterile cotton swab and immediately processed according to a standard protocol for the detection of Salmonella (according the OIE). Salmonella was isolated from 5 captive and from 10 free1living snakes (50% and 62.5%, respectively), obtaining a total number of 19 isolates. Concurrent shedding of multiple strains of the bacteria was detected in four free1living snakes. We observed significant differences between the species, the European adder having higher prevalence than the other two species (87.5, 44.44% and 44.44% respectively). 15 isolates out of 19 belonged to Salmonella arizonae, while the other 4 strains were identified as Salmonella spp. with our methodology.
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SEPTICEMIA DUE TO Salmonella arizonae INFECTION IN CAPTIVE SMOOTH SNAKE (CORONELLA AUSTRICA) – A CASE REPORT
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Gábor Á. Czirják, L Kobolkuti, Miklos Tenk, Daniel Cadar, A. Szakacs, A. UngváriAbstract:Actually more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella are known, a small number is associated with reptiles from the suborder Ophidia. Apparently, bacteria from the genus Salmonella are component of the normal intestinal microbial community, and in case of immunosupression they become pathogens for the carrier hosts. In the reptile medicine due to the Salmonella infection there are described the following entities: septicemias, subcutaneous abscess, gastritis, gastroenteritis. The etiological agent of these morbid entities belongs to the serovars S. tiphymurium, S. regent, S. marina, S. arizonae.
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septicemia due to Salmonella arizonae infection in captive smooth snake coronella austrica a case report
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Gábor Á. Czirják, L Kobolkuti, Miklos Tenk, Daniel Cadar, A. Szakacs, A. UngváriAbstract:Actually more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella are known, a small number is associated with reptiles from the suborder Ophidia. Apparently, bacteria from the genus Salmonella are component of the normal intestinal microbial community, and in case of immunosupression they become pathogens for the carrier hosts. In the reptile medicine due to the Salmonella infection there are described the following entities: septicemias, subcutaneous abscess, gastritis, gastroenteritis. The etiological agent of these morbid entities belongs to the serovars S. tiphymurium, S. regent, S. marina, S. arizonae.
Eugeny V. Vinogradov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O62.
Carbohydrate research, 1994Co-Authors: Eugeny V. Vinogradov, Y. A. Knirel, N K Kochetkov, S Schlecht, H MayerAbstract:The O-specific polysaccharide was liberated by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from S. arizonae O62 by phenol-water extraction. The branched hexasaccharide repeating-unit of the O-specific chain of the O62 LPS contained L-rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid in molar ratios of 4:1:1. On the basis of methylation analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D shift-correlated (COSY) and 1D NOE spectroscopy, the following structure for the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide was established: [formula: see text]
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Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45
Carbohydrate research, 1993Co-Authors: A. S. Shashkov, N. K. Kochetkov, Eugeny V. Vinogradov, Y. A. Knirel, Nicolay E. Nifantev, Janusz Dabrowski, Elena V. Kholodkova, Evgeny S. StanislavskyAbstract:Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O45 ( Arizona 11) is acidic and has a branched hexasacharide repeating unit containing two residues of l -fucose, one residue each of d -galactose, d -ribose, d -glucuronic acid, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, and an O -acetyl group. It was studied with the help of 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, including 1D selective spin-decoupling and homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy, 2D homonuclear and 13 C 1 H heteronuclear shift-correlated (COSY) and NOE (ROESY) spectroscopy, as well as by methylation analysis, and selective cleavages with anhydrous HF (or dilute HCl) and lithium in ethylenediamine to yield two different tetrasaccharide fragments. As a result, the following structure of the polysaccharide was established: Anomalous 13 C chemical shifts were observed in the spectrum of the trisaccharide fragment α- l -Fuc p -(1 → 2)-β- d -Gal p -(1 → 3)-β- d -Glc p NAc, structurally related to the Le d blood-group determinant, and rationalised by inter-residue proton-proton interactions.
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The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella arizonae O61
Carbohydrate research, 1992Co-Authors: Eugeny V. Vinogradov, A. S. Shashkov, N. K. Kochetkov, Y. A. Knirel, Janusz Dabrowski, Evgeny S. Stanislavsky, Horst Grosskurth, Elena V. KholodkovaAbstract:Abstract The O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild degradation of the Salmonella arizonae O61 lipopolysaccharide with acid. It contained 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy- l -galactose (FucAm), and 7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-5-[( R )-3-hydroxybutyramido]- d - glycero - l - galacto -nonulosonic acid (Sug). On the basis of partial acid hydrolysis with 0.1 M HCl, solvolysis with anhydrous HF in methanol, and 1 H- and 13 C-NMR analysis (including 1 H/ 13 C inversely correlated spectroscopy for localisation of N -acyl substituents), it was concluded that the O-specific polysaccharide had the following structure. →3)-α- l -FucAm-(1 → 3)-α- d -GlcNAc-(1 → 8)-β-Sug-(2 → The O-antigen of S. arizonae O61 is structurally related to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O12, thus explaining the known serological cross-reactivity between these micro-organisms.
