San Jose Scale

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P.r. Gupta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

J. A. De Boer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mortality of San José Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on an apple tree
    New Zealand Entomologist, 2013
    Co-Authors: C. H. Wearing, J. A. De Boer
    Abstract:

    A population of San Jose Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) on an unsprayed ‘Red Delicious’ apple tree (Malus×domestica) was sampled fortnightly from September 1969 to September 1970 at Nelson, New Zealand. With the exception of crawlers and live Scale insects containing young endoparasitoids, all live, dead and parasitised stages of San Jose Scale were counted on samples of bark of known surface area from the trunk, leaders, main branches, twigs, fruit spurs and new shoots. Samples were randomly taken from strata below, within and above five identified Scale insect infestations. The Scale insect stages on the leaves and fruit of the sampled twigs, fruit spurs, and shoots were also counted. At harvest, the total number of Scale insects on each fruit in each stratum was recorded. Annual and generational mortalities were calculated for each stage from the percentage of dead Scale insects, and compared with the net losses between stages. Annual stage mortalities increased with each instar (first – 28%, second ...

  • Sampling of San José Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in an apple orchard
    New Zealand Entomologist, 2013
    Co-Authors: C. H. Wearing, J. A. De Boer
    Abstract:

    An integrated control programme for apple pests was operated on a 3 ha area of the Appleby Research Orchard, Nelson, from 1962 to 1973, in which control of San Jose Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) up to 1972 relied only on natural enemies and disease. Over 300 trees were individually assessed for San Jose Scale infestation each winter of 1970 to 1972, using a 0 to 8 rating system. Almost one third of the trees had 0 rating in 1970 but all trees were infested by 1972, when almost half were rated 6–8, the most severe infestation grades. The San Jose Scale population in the orchard was sampled fortnightly from November 1970 to December 1971 by recording different stages on 1.65 cm2 pieces of bark. All stages were aggregated. The densities of first and second instar stages were estimated with precision of≤0.1 (D=SEM/mean) on most occasions, and an achievable precision for adult females was determined to be D=0.12. Precision of crawler density estimates was poor and this method of sampling was concluded as im...

  • Spatial distribution of San José Scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on an apple tree
    New Zealand Entomologist, 2013
    Co-Authors: C. H. Wearing, J. A. De Boer
    Abstract:

    San Jose Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) on a ‘Red Delicious’ apple tree (Malus x domestica) was sampled fortnightly from September 1969 to September 1970 at Nelson, New Zealand. With the exception of crawlers, all live and dead stages of San Jose Scale were counted on bark samples of known surface area from the trunk, leaders, main branches, twigs, fruit spurs and new shoots. Random samples were taken from strata below, within and above five infestations on the trunk and main leaders. Similarly, Scale insect stages on leaves and fruit of the sampled twigs, fruit spurs and shoots were counted. At harvest, the total numbers of Scale insects on each fruit remaining in each stratum were recorded. Although all stages were present in winter, overwintering was achieved primarily by the settled 1st instar (May, June) and then by the 2nd instar (July, August). Moulting by these 2nd instars in August/September resulted in a clearly defined first generation of adults and their progeny. The short life of the males ...

W. J. Bentley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • are San Jose Scale hom diaspididae pheromone trap captures predictive of crawler densities
    Journal of Applied Entomology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Francisco Ruben Badenesperez, Frank G. Zalom, W. J. Bentley
    Abstract:

    :  Abundance of San Jose Scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), adult males and crawlers were monitored with pheromone traps checked weekly and associated sticky tape traps monitored biweekly, respectively, in commercial almond orchards in Kern County, California, USA, during 1999 and 2000. Regression analysis was used to determine if SJS crawler abundance could be predicted from SJS males captured on pheromone traps. No significant relationship (P > 0.05) was indicated for any generation or for all SJS captured for the season in 1999. With greater replication in 2000, statistically significant relationships were indicated for the first generation (r = 0.727; F = 25.712; P < 0.0001; n = 25) and for all generations (r = 0.777; F = 63.239; P < 0.0001; n = 25). An additional orchard in 2000 was divided into 18 1.21-ha plots with different treatments applied. A statistically significant relationship was indicated for the first generation (r = 0.507; F = 11.769; P = 0.0016; n = 36) and second generation (r = 0.436; F = 7.972; p = 0.0079; n = 36). These results suggest that relative densities of SJS crawlers on sticky tapes can be estimated using SJS male trap captures for the first generation, and that this approximation is appropriate for whole orchards or for subplots within orchards as small as 1.21-ha.

  • Are San Jose Scale (Hom., Diaspididae) pheromone trap captures predictive of crawler densities?
    Journal of Applied Entomology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Francisco Rubén Badenes-pérez, Frank G. Zalom, W. J. Bentley
    Abstract:

    :  Abundance of San Jose Scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), adult males and crawlers were monitored with pheromone traps checked weekly and associated sticky tape traps monitored biweekly, respectively, in commercial almond orchards in Kern County, California, USA, during 1999 and 2000. Regression analysis was used to determine if SJS crawler abundance could be predicted from SJS males captured on pheromone traps. No significant relationship (P > 0.05) was indicated for any generation or for all SJS captured for the season in 1999. With greater replication in 2000, statistically significant relationships were indicated for the first generation (r = 0.727; F = 25.712; P 

  • Effects of dormant insecticide treatments on the San Jose Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its parasitoids Encarsia perniciosi and Aphytis spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
    International Journal of Pest Management, 2002
    Co-Authors: Francisco Rubén Badenes-pérez, Frank G. Zalom, W. J. Bentley
    Abstract:

    Populations of the San Jose Scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), and its parasitoids, Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) and Aphytis spp. were monitored with double-sided sticky tape and pheromone traps in an almond orchard. A total of 1.21 ha plots within the orchard were treated during winter dormancy with several insecticides, including horticultural mineral oil alone, oil combined with the organophosphate diazinon at different dilution rates, and oil combined with the pyrethroid esfenvalerate in a completely randomized block design. Higher volume diazinon applications (3750 and 1870 l ha -1 ) proved effective against SJS crawlers, as did esfenvalerate. The higher volume applications had greater deposition on Kromecoat ® cards placed in the top of the tree canopy, where SJS is most abundant. The lower-volume (935 l ha -1 ) application of diazinon provided control of first-generation crawlers similar to the other diazinon applications, but it was generally less effective in controlling subseque...

C.l. Chu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Postharvest control of San Jose Scale on apples by controlled atmosphere storage
    Postharvest Biology and Technology, 1992
    Co-Authors: C.l. Chu
    Abstract:

    Abstract Storage conditions of regular controlled atmosphere (CA) (2.6–3.0% O 2 & 2.4–2.5% CO 2 ) and low-oxygen CA (1.5–1.7% O 2 & 1.0–1.1% CO 2 ) at 1°C or 3°C and air at 1°C were used to control postharvest infestation of San Jose Scale (SJS— Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock) on ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Delicious’ apples. Apples were sampled periodically from storage rooms to evaluate the mortality of SJS. When examined after 6–18 weeks of storage for Scale on ‘McIntosh’ apples and 8–21 weeks for Scale on ‘Delicious’ apples, storage temperature and atmosphere had noticeable effects on the reduction of live Scales. However, the differences in mortality rate caused by various storage conditions diminished as the storage period was extended to 24 weeks or longer. Complete elimination of SJS was achieved by storing infested apples in regular CA or low-oxygen CA storage rooms at 1°C or 3°C for 31–34 weeks plus an additional week at 20°C and 50–60% rh .

C. H. Wearing - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Mortality of San José Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on an apple tree
    New Zealand Entomologist, 2013
    Co-Authors: C. H. Wearing, J. A. De Boer
    Abstract:

    A population of San Jose Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) on an unsprayed ‘Red Delicious’ apple tree (Malus×domestica) was sampled fortnightly from September 1969 to September 1970 at Nelson, New Zealand. With the exception of crawlers and live Scale insects containing young endoparasitoids, all live, dead and parasitised stages of San Jose Scale were counted on samples of bark of known surface area from the trunk, leaders, main branches, twigs, fruit spurs and new shoots. Samples were randomly taken from strata below, within and above five identified Scale insect infestations. The Scale insect stages on the leaves and fruit of the sampled twigs, fruit spurs, and shoots were also counted. At harvest, the total number of Scale insects on each fruit in each stratum was recorded. Annual and generational mortalities were calculated for each stage from the percentage of dead Scale insects, and compared with the net losses between stages. Annual stage mortalities increased with each instar (first – 28%, second ...

  • Sampling of San José Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in an apple orchard
    New Zealand Entomologist, 2013
    Co-Authors: C. H. Wearing, J. A. De Boer
    Abstract:

    An integrated control programme for apple pests was operated on a 3 ha area of the Appleby Research Orchard, Nelson, from 1962 to 1973, in which control of San Jose Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) up to 1972 relied only on natural enemies and disease. Over 300 trees were individually assessed for San Jose Scale infestation each winter of 1970 to 1972, using a 0 to 8 rating system. Almost one third of the trees had 0 rating in 1970 but all trees were infested by 1972, when almost half were rated 6–8, the most severe infestation grades. The San Jose Scale population in the orchard was sampled fortnightly from November 1970 to December 1971 by recording different stages on 1.65 cm2 pieces of bark. All stages were aggregated. The densities of first and second instar stages were estimated with precision of≤0.1 (D=SEM/mean) on most occasions, and an achievable precision for adult females was determined to be D=0.12. Precision of crawler density estimates was poor and this method of sampling was concluded as im...

  • Spatial distribution of San José Scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on an apple tree
    New Zealand Entomologist, 2013
    Co-Authors: C. H. Wearing, J. A. De Boer
    Abstract:

    San Jose Scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus) on a ‘Red Delicious’ apple tree (Malus x domestica) was sampled fortnightly from September 1969 to September 1970 at Nelson, New Zealand. With the exception of crawlers, all live and dead stages of San Jose Scale were counted on bark samples of known surface area from the trunk, leaders, main branches, twigs, fruit spurs and new shoots. Random samples were taken from strata below, within and above five infestations on the trunk and main leaders. Similarly, Scale insect stages on leaves and fruit of the sampled twigs, fruit spurs and shoots were counted. At harvest, the total numbers of Scale insects on each fruit remaining in each stratum were recorded. Although all stages were present in winter, overwintering was achieved primarily by the settled 1st instar (May, June) and then by the 2nd instar (July, August). Moulting by these 2nd instars in August/September resulted in a clearly defined first generation of adults and their progeny. The short life of the males ...

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