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Pellegrino Conte - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structure alteration of a Sandy Clay soil by biochar amendments
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2015Co-Authors: Giorgio Baiamonte, Valentina Marsala, Giulia Cimò, Giuseppe Alonzo, Giuseppina Crescimanno, Claudio De Pasquale, Pellegrino ConteAbstract:The aim of the present study was to investigate structure alterations of a Sandy-Clay soil upon addition of different amounts of biochar (f bc ). All the f bc samples were analyzed by high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. HEMC was applied in order to evaluate aggregate stability of biochar-amended soil samples. 1H NMR relaxometry experiments were conducted for the evaluation of the pore distributions through the investigation of water dynamics of the same samples. The HEMC technique revealed improvement in aggregate stability through measurements of the amount of drainable pores and the stability ratio. The latter increased as the amount of biochar was raised up. The 1H NMR relaxometry revealed a unimodal T 1 distribution for both the sole Sandy-Clay soil and the biochar. Conversely, a bimodal T 1 distribution was acquired for all the different f bc samples. Improvement in aggregate stability was obtained as biochar was progressively added to the Sandy-Clay soil. A dual mechanism of water retention has been hypothesized. In particular, intra-aggregate porosity was indicated as the main responsible for molecular water diffusion when f bc comprised between 0 and 0.33. Conversely, inter-aggregate porosity resulted predominant, through swelling processes, when f bc overcame 0.33.
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Structure alteration of a Sandy-Clay soil by biochar amendments
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014Co-Authors: Giorgio Baiamonte, Valentina Marsala, Giulia Cimò, Giuseppe Alonzo, Giuseppina Crescimanno, Claudio De Pasquale, Pellegrino ConteAbstract:PurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate structure alterations of a Sandy-Clay soil upon addition of different amounts of biochar (fbc).Materials and methodsAll the fbc samples were analyzed by high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. HEMC was applied in order to evaluate aggregate stability of biochar-amended soil samples. 1H NMR relaxometry experiments were conducted for the evaluation of the pore distributions through the investigation of water dynamics of the same samples.Results and discussionThe HEMC technique revealed improvement in aggregate stability through measurements of the amount of drainable pores and the stability ratio. The latter increased as the amount of biochar was raised up. The 1H NMR relaxometry revealed a unimodal T1 distribution for both the sole Sandy-Clay soil and the biochar. Conversely, a bimodal T1 distribution was acquired for all the different fbc samples.ConclusionsImprovement in aggregate stability was obtained as biochar was progressively added to the Sandy-Clay soil. A dual mechanism of water retention has been hypothesized. In particular, intra-aggregate porosity was indicated as the main responsible for molecular water diffusion when fbc comprised between 0 and 0.33. Conversely, inter-aggregate porosity resulted predominant, through swelling processes, when fbc overcame 0.33.
Giorgio Baiamonte - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structure alteration of a Sandy Clay soil by biochar amendments
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2015Co-Authors: Giorgio Baiamonte, Valentina Marsala, Giulia Cimò, Giuseppe Alonzo, Giuseppina Crescimanno, Claudio De Pasquale, Pellegrino ConteAbstract:The aim of the present study was to investigate structure alterations of a Sandy-Clay soil upon addition of different amounts of biochar (f bc ). All the f bc samples were analyzed by high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. HEMC was applied in order to evaluate aggregate stability of biochar-amended soil samples. 1H NMR relaxometry experiments were conducted for the evaluation of the pore distributions through the investigation of water dynamics of the same samples. The HEMC technique revealed improvement in aggregate stability through measurements of the amount of drainable pores and the stability ratio. The latter increased as the amount of biochar was raised up. The 1H NMR relaxometry revealed a unimodal T 1 distribution for both the sole Sandy-Clay soil and the biochar. Conversely, a bimodal T 1 distribution was acquired for all the different f bc samples. Improvement in aggregate stability was obtained as biochar was progressively added to the Sandy-Clay soil. A dual mechanism of water retention has been hypothesized. In particular, intra-aggregate porosity was indicated as the main responsible for molecular water diffusion when f bc comprised between 0 and 0.33. Conversely, inter-aggregate porosity resulted predominant, through swelling processes, when f bc overcame 0.33.
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Structure alteration of a Sandy-Clay soil by biochar amendments
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014Co-Authors: Giorgio Baiamonte, Valentina Marsala, Giulia Cimò, Giuseppe Alonzo, Giuseppina Crescimanno, Claudio De Pasquale, Pellegrino ConteAbstract:PurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate structure alterations of a Sandy-Clay soil upon addition of different amounts of biochar (fbc).Materials and methodsAll the fbc samples were analyzed by high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. HEMC was applied in order to evaluate aggregate stability of biochar-amended soil samples. 1H NMR relaxometry experiments were conducted for the evaluation of the pore distributions through the investigation of water dynamics of the same samples.Results and discussionThe HEMC technique revealed improvement in aggregate stability through measurements of the amount of drainable pores and the stability ratio. The latter increased as the amount of biochar was raised up. The 1H NMR relaxometry revealed a unimodal T1 distribution for both the sole Sandy-Clay soil and the biochar. Conversely, a bimodal T1 distribution was acquired for all the different fbc samples.ConclusionsImprovement in aggregate stability was obtained as biochar was progressively added to the Sandy-Clay soil. A dual mechanism of water retention has been hypothesized. In particular, intra-aggregate porosity was indicated as the main responsible for molecular water diffusion when fbc comprised between 0 and 0.33. Conversely, inter-aggregate porosity resulted predominant, through swelling processes, when fbc overcame 0.33.
Stephanie A. Volz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aerobic biodegradation of strychnine alkaloid rodenticide in soil
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2000Co-Authors: Robert I. Starr, Ronald W. Timm, Daniel B. Hurlbut, Stephanie A. VolzAbstract:Abstract An aerobic soil biodegradation study was conducted with strychnine alkaloid to evaluate loss of the parent compound (non-radiolabeled) from Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils during 2 months of incubation, and to detect non-volatile products which occurred during this period. The biologically active soil samples were treated with the strychnine alkaloid to yield an overall concentration of 10 ppm. The treated samples and controls were held in an environmental chamber under dark conditions at a temperature of 25°C and a soil moisture content of 75% of field capacity. Eight sampling periods were chosen; at each time interval, three treated samples and a control were selected for strychnine extraction and analysis using high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC u.v. ) at a wavelength of 254 nm. Degradation of strychnine in both the Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils occurred in three distinct phases, which included a lag phase, a rapid loss phase and a leveling off or soil binding phase. It is believed that the lag phase may have been due to a microbial adaptation period combined with soil sorption. Approximately 50% of the strychnine was lost from the Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils in 24 and 27 days, respectively. Within a period of 33–40 days, about 90% of the strychnine had dissipated from both soils. The appearance of a degradation product occurred early in the study (day 7) and reached a maximum concentration at either day 14 (Sandy loam) or day 21 (Sandy Clay loam). The initial degradates of strychnine are believed to be polar compounds with strong sorption characteristics. A discussion is presented in this paper of these possible products, together with a mechanism by which strychnine is theorized to have degraded in the soils.
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Sorption and Aerobic Biodegradation of Strychnine Alkaloid in Various Soil Systems
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Robert I. Starr, Ronald W. Timm, Kenneth G. Doxtader, Daniel B. Hurlbut, Stephanie A. Volz, Marge GoodallAbstract:Strychnine alkaloid was demonstrated to sorb strongly to several western soils that varied in organic matter and ranged in texture from a loamy sand to a Sandy Clay loam. Freundlich sorption coefficients (K) for the test soils varied from 40 to 169. A direct relationship was observed between strychnine sorption and cation exchange capacity but not between sorption and organic matter content. Strychnine sorption was only partially reversible (12−44%). Degradation of 10 μg/g strychnine in Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils occurred in three distinct phases, which included a lag phase, a rapid loss phase, and a leveling off or soil binding phase. Approximately 50% of the strychnine was lost from the two soils within 24−27 days, with the appearance of a degradation product occurring early in the study. The initial breakdown products of strychnine are believed to be polar compounds with strong sorption characteristics. Keywords: Strychnine; soil sorption; degradation; breakdown products
Robert I. Starr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aerobic biodegradation of strychnine alkaloid rodenticide in soil
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2000Co-Authors: Robert I. Starr, Ronald W. Timm, Daniel B. Hurlbut, Stephanie A. VolzAbstract:Abstract An aerobic soil biodegradation study was conducted with strychnine alkaloid to evaluate loss of the parent compound (non-radiolabeled) from Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils during 2 months of incubation, and to detect non-volatile products which occurred during this period. The biologically active soil samples were treated with the strychnine alkaloid to yield an overall concentration of 10 ppm. The treated samples and controls were held in an environmental chamber under dark conditions at a temperature of 25°C and a soil moisture content of 75% of field capacity. Eight sampling periods were chosen; at each time interval, three treated samples and a control were selected for strychnine extraction and analysis using high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC u.v. ) at a wavelength of 254 nm. Degradation of strychnine in both the Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils occurred in three distinct phases, which included a lag phase, a rapid loss phase and a leveling off or soil binding phase. It is believed that the lag phase may have been due to a microbial adaptation period combined with soil sorption. Approximately 50% of the strychnine was lost from the Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils in 24 and 27 days, respectively. Within a period of 33–40 days, about 90% of the strychnine had dissipated from both soils. The appearance of a degradation product occurred early in the study (day 7) and reached a maximum concentration at either day 14 (Sandy loam) or day 21 (Sandy Clay loam). The initial degradates of strychnine are believed to be polar compounds with strong sorption characteristics. A discussion is presented in this paper of these possible products, together with a mechanism by which strychnine is theorized to have degraded in the soils.
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Sorption and Aerobic Biodegradation of Strychnine Alkaloid in Various Soil Systems
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Robert I. Starr, Ronald W. Timm, Kenneth G. Doxtader, Daniel B. Hurlbut, Stephanie A. Volz, Marge GoodallAbstract:Strychnine alkaloid was demonstrated to sorb strongly to several western soils that varied in organic matter and ranged in texture from a loamy sand to a Sandy Clay loam. Freundlich sorption coefficients (K) for the test soils varied from 40 to 169. A direct relationship was observed between strychnine sorption and cation exchange capacity but not between sorption and organic matter content. Strychnine sorption was only partially reversible (12−44%). Degradation of 10 μg/g strychnine in Sandy loam and Sandy Clay loam soils occurred in three distinct phases, which included a lag phase, a rapid loss phase, and a leveling off or soil binding phase. Approximately 50% of the strychnine was lost from the two soils within 24−27 days, with the appearance of a degradation product occurring early in the study. The initial breakdown products of strychnine are believed to be polar compounds with strong sorption characteristics. Keywords: Strychnine; soil sorption; degradation; breakdown products
Claudio De Pasquale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structure alteration of a Sandy Clay soil by biochar amendments
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2015Co-Authors: Giorgio Baiamonte, Valentina Marsala, Giulia Cimò, Giuseppe Alonzo, Giuseppina Crescimanno, Claudio De Pasquale, Pellegrino ConteAbstract:The aim of the present study was to investigate structure alterations of a Sandy-Clay soil upon addition of different amounts of biochar (f bc ). All the f bc samples were analyzed by high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. HEMC was applied in order to evaluate aggregate stability of biochar-amended soil samples. 1H NMR relaxometry experiments were conducted for the evaluation of the pore distributions through the investigation of water dynamics of the same samples. The HEMC technique revealed improvement in aggregate stability through measurements of the amount of drainable pores and the stability ratio. The latter increased as the amount of biochar was raised up. The 1H NMR relaxometry revealed a unimodal T 1 distribution for both the sole Sandy-Clay soil and the biochar. Conversely, a bimodal T 1 distribution was acquired for all the different f bc samples. Improvement in aggregate stability was obtained as biochar was progressively added to the Sandy-Clay soil. A dual mechanism of water retention has been hypothesized. In particular, intra-aggregate porosity was indicated as the main responsible for molecular water diffusion when f bc comprised between 0 and 0.33. Conversely, inter-aggregate porosity resulted predominant, through swelling processes, when f bc overcame 0.33.
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Structure alteration of a Sandy-Clay soil by biochar amendments
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014Co-Authors: Giorgio Baiamonte, Valentina Marsala, Giulia Cimò, Giuseppe Alonzo, Giuseppina Crescimanno, Claudio De Pasquale, Pellegrino ConteAbstract:PurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate structure alterations of a Sandy-Clay soil upon addition of different amounts of biochar (fbc).Materials and methodsAll the fbc samples were analyzed by high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. HEMC was applied in order to evaluate aggregate stability of biochar-amended soil samples. 1H NMR relaxometry experiments were conducted for the evaluation of the pore distributions through the investigation of water dynamics of the same samples.Results and discussionThe HEMC technique revealed improvement in aggregate stability through measurements of the amount of drainable pores and the stability ratio. The latter increased as the amount of biochar was raised up. The 1H NMR relaxometry revealed a unimodal T1 distribution for both the sole Sandy-Clay soil and the biochar. Conversely, a bimodal T1 distribution was acquired for all the different fbc samples.ConclusionsImprovement in aggregate stability was obtained as biochar was progressively added to the Sandy-Clay soil. A dual mechanism of water retention has been hypothesized. In particular, intra-aggregate porosity was indicated as the main responsible for molecular water diffusion when fbc comprised between 0 and 0.33. Conversely, inter-aggregate porosity resulted predominant, through swelling processes, when fbc overcame 0.33.
