The Experts below are selected from a list of 90 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Shunzo Chiba - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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clinical severity of norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus gastroenteritis in children in hokkaido japan
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2001Co-Authors: Yoshiyuki Sakai, Shuji Nakata, Shinjiro Honma, Masatoshi Tatsumi, Kazuko Numatakinoshita, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical significance and etiologic impact of Norwalk Virus (NV) and Sapporo Virus (SV) in viral gastroenteritis in Japanese children. STUDY DESIGN: Two outbreaks each of NV gastroenteritis and SV gastroenteritis occurring in an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, as well as 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis were retrospectively evaluated using a 0- to 20-point clinical severity scoring system. RESULTS: The mean severity scores for NV and SV gastroenteritis outbreaks were 7.9 and 5.2, respectively, as compared with 8.4 for rotaVirus A gastroenteritis that occurred in the same infant home. Among 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis, rotaVirus A was detected in 47% followed by NV in 18%. SV was not found. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that NV can cause severe gastroenteritis and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized cases, whereas SV causes mild gastroenteritis in Japanese children.
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Sensitive detection and differentiation of Sapporo Virus, a member of the family Caliciviridae, by standard and booster nested polymerase chain reaction.
Journal of medical virology, 2001Co-Authors: Shinjiro Honma, Shuji Nakata, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Masatoshi Tatsumi, Kazuko Numata-kinoshita, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus (SV) were approved as type species of the genus Norwalk-like Viruses and the genus Sapporo-like Viruses, respectively, in the family Caliciviridae. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using newly designed primers in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region, was developed to detect and differentiate Viruses in the three genetic groups of SV based on the relative size of the PCR products obtained. In addition, a booster nested PCR that performs nested PCR in a single tube was introduced to reduce the chance of contamination during the procedure of standard nested PCR. The specificity of the newly developed PCR was confirmed by testing 77 stool specimens and 16 tissue culture fluids derived from growth of unrelated Viruses. The sensitivity of the nested PCR was compared with the conventional PCR using Sapp35/Sapp36 primer pair by testing the three cDNA clones obtained from Viruses in the SV/SV82, the SV/London92, and the SV/Parkville Virus, respectively. This assay can detect SV in a more sensitive way than the conventional PCR and Southern hybridization. Sensitive and suitable methods to detect and differentiate SV are required to obtain accurate epidemiological data on these Viruses and the standard and booster nested PCR should be a very useful tool for this purpose. J. Med. Virol. 65:413–417, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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members of the family caliciviridae norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus are the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants in japan
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000Co-Authors: Shuji Nakata, Shinjiro Honma, Keiko Kogawa, Kazukokinoshita Numata, Susumu Ukae, Yasuyuki Morita, Noriaki Adachi, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:Norwalk Virus (NV) and Sapporo Virus (SV) were approved as type species of the genus Norwalk-like Viruses and the genus Sapporo-like Viruses, respectively, within the family Caliciviridae. To clarify the importance of NV and SV as causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks in infants, stool samples obtained from 36 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis that occurred during 1976-1995 in an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, were examined for diarrhea Viruses using electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassays, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the PCR products. NV and SV were associated with 15 (42%) of the 36 outbreaks and were more prevalent than rotaVirus (RV) A, which was associated with 10 (28%) of the 36 outbreaks. Our data indicate that NV and SV were the most common cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in infants and were indeed more prevalent than RV-A in Sapporo, Japan, during 1976-1995.
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Sapporo Virus: history and recent findings.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000Co-Authors: Shunzo Chiba, Shuji Nakata, Kazuko Numata-kinoshita, Shinjiro HonmaAbstract:Morphologically distinct caliciViruses of human origin were first found in stools of children with gastroenteritis in 1976. Sapporo Virus, or human caliciVirus Sapporo, with typical surface morphology was first detected during a gastroenteritis outbreak in a home for infants in Sapporo, Japan, in 1977. Since then, morphologically and antigenically identical Virus has been detected frequently in the same institution in association with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Sapporo Virus is widely distributed worldwide, as evidenced by the appearance of antigenically or genetically similar Viruses and seroepidemiologic findings. Sapporo Virus plays an important role in outbreaks of infantile gastroenteritis and is less important in foodborne outbreaks. Sapporo Virus has been approved as the type species of the genus Sapporo-like Viruses in the family Caliciviridae. The history of and recent findings, as obtained by newly developed techniques, about Sapporo Viruses are presented.
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Evaluation of nine sets of PCR primers in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase region for detection and differentiation of members of the family Caliciviridae, Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus.
Microbiology and immunology, 2000Co-Authors: Shinjiro Honma, Shuji Nakata, Kazuko Kinoshita-numata, Keiko Kogawa, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus were approved as type species of the genus “Norwalk-like Viruses” and the genus “Sapporo-like Viruses,” respectively, in the family Caliciviridae. A total of 116 stool specimens containing Norwalk Virus (NV) or Sapporo Virus (SV) were tested by RT-PCR and Southern hybridization to evaluate nine sets of PCR primers and seven internal oligonucleotide probes in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase region of NV and SV for detection and differentiation of Viruses in the NV and SV. Fifty-five stool samples were collected from 11 outbreaks of NV and/or SV gastroenteritis in an infant home, where residents were infants under 2 years of age, in Sapporo, Japan. Sixty specimens were obtained in Sapporo from sporadic cases in children, mainly under 6 years of age, of acute gastroenteritis due to small round structured Viruses detected by EM. There is no single primer pair to detect all NV and SV, and at least three primer pairs, G1 set, G2 set and Sapp35/Sapp36, are required to detect Viruses in the NV and SV clades. Many NV and SV strains were successfully classified into one of the NV/genogroup I, NV/genogroup II and SV by single-round RT-PCR and Southern hybridization. The new detection method for SV reported in this study combined with those for NV previously reported may elucidate the importance of Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus as a cause of viral gastroenteritis in all age groups in the world.
Shuji Nakata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Full sequence analysis of the original Sapporo Virus
Microbiology and immunology, 2011Co-Authors: Kaori Nakanishi, Shuji Nakata, Masatoshi Tatsumi, Kazuko Kinoshita-numata, Takeshi Tsugawa, Hiroyuki TsutsumiAbstract:In this study, the full-length genome sequence of the prototype of sapoVirus, namely Sapporo Virus (SV82), was identified. Sapporo Virus RNA was extracted from a fecal sample, amplified by RT-PCR and the PCR products sequenced directly and analyzed. Sequence analysis showed that Sapporo Virus consists of 7433 nucleotides and has three open reading frames. The Sapporo strain shows 91.7% nucleotide sequence identity to the Manchester Virus. Phylogenic analysis has also revealed the closeness of Sapporo Virus to other sapoVirus/genogroup I strains. Basic information on the evolutionary history of sapoVirus analysis is provided here.
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cross reactivity among several recombinant caliciVirus Virus like particles vlps with monoclonal antibodies obtained from mice immunized orally with one type of vlp
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2002Co-Authors: Noritoshi Kitamoto, Shuji Nakata, Naokazu Takeda, Xi Jiang, Tomoyuki Tanaka, Katsurou Natori, Mary K. EstesAbstract:Human caliciViruses (HuCVs) are classified into the Norwalk-like Viruses (NLV) and Sapporo-like Viruses (SLV) as genera within the family Caliciviridae. The NLV genus is further classified into genogroups I and II, based on sequence similarities. To study the antigenic determinants on the HuCV capsid protein and develop new diagnostic tools for field samples, we established and characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against baculoVirus-expressed recombinant HuCV Virus-like particles (VLPs). Hybrid clones producing MAbs were obtained from cultures of PAI myeloma cells fused with spleen or mesenteric lymph node cells from mice immunized orally with either a single type of recombinant Norwalk Virus (rNV), Kashiwa 47 Virus (rKAV), Snow Mountain agent (rSMA), or Sapporo Virus (rSV) VLP or with mixtures of two types of VLPs from different genogroups. Twenty MAbs, obtained as mouse ascites, were characterized and classified into six groups according to their enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting (WB) cross-reactivity patterns to VLPs. Five groups of MAbs reacted by both WB and ELISA and were classified as follows: common cross-reactive MAbs for four genogroup I and six genogroup II VLPs (group A), genogroup I-specific MAbs (group B), genogroup II-specific MAbs (group C), and strain-specific MAbs (groups D and E). One MAb group (group F) reacted only by ELISA. The group A MAbs, which showed broad cross-reactivity with VLPs of both NLV genogroups, were obtained from mice immunized orally with a single type of VLP (either rNV or rKAV). Two MAbs, which were obtained from mice immunized with rSV, reacted with rSV but not with any NLV VLP. These are the first MAbs to be reported for any SLV. These strain-, genogroup-, and genus-reactive MAbs will be useful tools for further study of the antigenic and structural topography of the HuCV virion and for diagnostic assays for HuCVs.
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clinical severity of norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus gastroenteritis in children in hokkaido japan
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2001Co-Authors: Yoshiyuki Sakai, Shuji Nakata, Shinjiro Honma, Masatoshi Tatsumi, Kazuko Numatakinoshita, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical significance and etiologic impact of Norwalk Virus (NV) and Sapporo Virus (SV) in viral gastroenteritis in Japanese children. STUDY DESIGN: Two outbreaks each of NV gastroenteritis and SV gastroenteritis occurring in an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, as well as 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis were retrospectively evaluated using a 0- to 20-point clinical severity scoring system. RESULTS: The mean severity scores for NV and SV gastroenteritis outbreaks were 7.9 and 5.2, respectively, as compared with 8.4 for rotaVirus A gastroenteritis that occurred in the same infant home. Among 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis, rotaVirus A was detected in 47% followed by NV in 18%. SV was not found. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that NV can cause severe gastroenteritis and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized cases, whereas SV causes mild gastroenteritis in Japanese children.
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Effect of rotaVirus vaccine on Sapporo Virus gastroenteritis in Finnish infants
The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2001Co-Authors: Xiao-li Pang, Shuji Nakata, Shinjiro Honma, Shang-qin Zeng, Timo VesikariAbstract:Background. Sapporo-like Viruses (SLVs) occur worldwide, but there is limited information about the SLV-associated gastroenteritis outside Japan. Methods. Stool specimens from 1432 episodes of gastroenteritis that occurred in children between 2 months and 2 years of age during a rotaVirus vaccine trial (776 episodes in placebo-vaccinated and 656 in rotaVirus-vaccinated infants) were examined for SLVs using a reverse transcription-PCR assay. The reverse transcription-PCR took advantage of new primers specific for Sapporo Virus genetic clusters I, II and III; SV/SV82 (SV/Sapporo Virus 82); SV/Lond92 (SV/ London 92); and SV/PV (Parkville Virus). Results. SLVs were detected in association with 132 (9.2%) of all episodes; in 80 (5.6%) episodes SLV was the only gastroenteritis Virus detected. The epidemic season of SLVs peaked from March to May concurrently with rotaViruses and astroViruses and overlapping with Norwalk-like Viruses. Clinically SLV gastroenteritis was characterized by a mild diarrheal disease, being sharply different from the Norwalk-like Virus-associated winter vomiting disease. RotaVirus vaccination did not have any effect on the number of SLV episodes, but the intensity and duration of SLV-associated diarrhea were reduced in rotaVirus-vaccinated children compared with placebo-vaccinated children (P = 0.0008). Conclusions. SLVs are common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in young Finnish children. SLV disease is characterized by diarrhea, which is usually mild but can be severe. By an unknown mechanism rotaVirus vaccine seems to reduce the severity of SLV-associated diarrhea.
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Sensitive detection and differentiation of Sapporo Virus, a member of the family Caliciviridae, by standard and booster nested polymerase chain reaction.
Journal of medical virology, 2001Co-Authors: Shinjiro Honma, Shuji Nakata, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Masatoshi Tatsumi, Kazuko Numata-kinoshita, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus (SV) were approved as type species of the genus Norwalk-like Viruses and the genus Sapporo-like Viruses, respectively, in the family Caliciviridae. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using newly designed primers in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region, was developed to detect and differentiate Viruses in the three genetic groups of SV based on the relative size of the PCR products obtained. In addition, a booster nested PCR that performs nested PCR in a single tube was introduced to reduce the chance of contamination during the procedure of standard nested PCR. The specificity of the newly developed PCR was confirmed by testing 77 stool specimens and 16 tissue culture fluids derived from growth of unrelated Viruses. The sensitivity of the nested PCR was compared with the conventional PCR using Sapp35/Sapp36 primer pair by testing the three cDNA clones obtained from Viruses in the SV/SV82, the SV/London92, and the SV/Parkville Virus, respectively. This assay can detect SV in a more sensitive way than the conventional PCR and Southern hybridization. Sensitive and suitable methods to detect and differentiate SV are required to obtain accurate epidemiological data on these Viruses and the standard and booster nested PCR should be a very useful tool for this purpose. J. Med. Virol. 65:413–417, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Shinjiro Honma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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clinical severity of norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus gastroenteritis in children in hokkaido japan
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2001Co-Authors: Yoshiyuki Sakai, Shuji Nakata, Shinjiro Honma, Masatoshi Tatsumi, Kazuko Numatakinoshita, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical significance and etiologic impact of Norwalk Virus (NV) and Sapporo Virus (SV) in viral gastroenteritis in Japanese children. STUDY DESIGN: Two outbreaks each of NV gastroenteritis and SV gastroenteritis occurring in an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, as well as 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis were retrospectively evaluated using a 0- to 20-point clinical severity scoring system. RESULTS: The mean severity scores for NV and SV gastroenteritis outbreaks were 7.9 and 5.2, respectively, as compared with 8.4 for rotaVirus A gastroenteritis that occurred in the same infant home. Among 95 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis, rotaVirus A was detected in 47% followed by NV in 18%. SV was not found. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that NV can cause severe gastroenteritis and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized cases, whereas SV causes mild gastroenteritis in Japanese children.
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Effect of rotaVirus vaccine on Sapporo Virus gastroenteritis in Finnish infants
The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2001Co-Authors: Xiao-li Pang, Shuji Nakata, Shinjiro Honma, Shang-qin Zeng, Timo VesikariAbstract:Background. Sapporo-like Viruses (SLVs) occur worldwide, but there is limited information about the SLV-associated gastroenteritis outside Japan. Methods. Stool specimens from 1432 episodes of gastroenteritis that occurred in children between 2 months and 2 years of age during a rotaVirus vaccine trial (776 episodes in placebo-vaccinated and 656 in rotaVirus-vaccinated infants) were examined for SLVs using a reverse transcription-PCR assay. The reverse transcription-PCR took advantage of new primers specific for Sapporo Virus genetic clusters I, II and III; SV/SV82 (SV/Sapporo Virus 82); SV/Lond92 (SV/ London 92); and SV/PV (Parkville Virus). Results. SLVs were detected in association with 132 (9.2%) of all episodes; in 80 (5.6%) episodes SLV was the only gastroenteritis Virus detected. The epidemic season of SLVs peaked from March to May concurrently with rotaViruses and astroViruses and overlapping with Norwalk-like Viruses. Clinically SLV gastroenteritis was characterized by a mild diarrheal disease, being sharply different from the Norwalk-like Virus-associated winter vomiting disease. RotaVirus vaccination did not have any effect on the number of SLV episodes, but the intensity and duration of SLV-associated diarrhea were reduced in rotaVirus-vaccinated children compared with placebo-vaccinated children (P = 0.0008). Conclusions. SLVs are common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in young Finnish children. SLV disease is characterized by diarrhea, which is usually mild but can be severe. By an unknown mechanism rotaVirus vaccine seems to reduce the severity of SLV-associated diarrhea.
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Sensitive detection and differentiation of Sapporo Virus, a member of the family Caliciviridae, by standard and booster nested polymerase chain reaction.
Journal of medical virology, 2001Co-Authors: Shinjiro Honma, Shuji Nakata, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Masatoshi Tatsumi, Kazuko Numata-kinoshita, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:Norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus (SV) were approved as type species of the genus Norwalk-like Viruses and the genus Sapporo-like Viruses, respectively, in the family Caliciviridae. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using newly designed primers in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region, was developed to detect and differentiate Viruses in the three genetic groups of SV based on the relative size of the PCR products obtained. In addition, a booster nested PCR that performs nested PCR in a single tube was introduced to reduce the chance of contamination during the procedure of standard nested PCR. The specificity of the newly developed PCR was confirmed by testing 77 stool specimens and 16 tissue culture fluids derived from growth of unrelated Viruses. The sensitivity of the nested PCR was compared with the conventional PCR using Sapp35/Sapp36 primer pair by testing the three cDNA clones obtained from Viruses in the SV/SV82, the SV/London92, and the SV/Parkville Virus, respectively. This assay can detect SV in a more sensitive way than the conventional PCR and Southern hybridization. Sensitive and suitable methods to detect and differentiate SV are required to obtain accurate epidemiological data on these Viruses and the standard and booster nested PCR should be a very useful tool for this purpose. J. Med. Virol. 65:413–417, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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members of the family caliciviridae norwalk Virus and Sapporo Virus are the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants in japan
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000Co-Authors: Shuji Nakata, Shinjiro Honma, Keiko Kogawa, Kazukokinoshita Numata, Susumu Ukae, Yasuyuki Morita, Noriaki Adachi, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:Norwalk Virus (NV) and Sapporo Virus (SV) were approved as type species of the genus Norwalk-like Viruses and the genus Sapporo-like Viruses, respectively, within the family Caliciviridae. To clarify the importance of NV and SV as causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks in infants, stool samples obtained from 36 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis that occurred during 1976-1995 in an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, were examined for diarrhea Viruses using electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassays, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the PCR products. NV and SV were associated with 15 (42%) of the 36 outbreaks and were more prevalent than rotaVirus (RV) A, which was associated with 10 (28%) of the 36 outbreaks. Our data indicate that NV and SV were the most common cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in infants and were indeed more prevalent than RV-A in Sapporo, Japan, during 1976-1995.
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Sapporo Virus: history and recent findings.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000Co-Authors: Shunzo Chiba, Shuji Nakata, Kazuko Numata-kinoshita, Shinjiro HonmaAbstract:Morphologically distinct caliciViruses of human origin were first found in stools of children with gastroenteritis in 1976. Sapporo Virus, or human caliciVirus Sapporo, with typical surface morphology was first detected during a gastroenteritis outbreak in a home for infants in Sapporo, Japan, in 1977. Since then, morphologically and antigenically identical Virus has been detected frequently in the same institution in association with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Sapporo Virus is widely distributed worldwide, as evidenced by the appearance of antigenically or genetically similar Viruses and seroepidemiologic findings. Sapporo Virus plays an important role in outbreaks of infantile gastroenteritis and is less important in foodborne outbreaks. Sapporo Virus has been approved as the type species of the genus Sapporo-like Viruses in the family Caliciviridae. The history of and recent findings, as obtained by newly developed techniques, about Sapporo Viruses are presented.
Xi Jiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cross reactivity among several recombinant caliciVirus Virus like particles vlps with monoclonal antibodies obtained from mice immunized orally with one type of vlp
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2002Co-Authors: Noritoshi Kitamoto, Shuji Nakata, Naokazu Takeda, Xi Jiang, Tomoyuki Tanaka, Katsurou Natori, Mary K. EstesAbstract:Human caliciViruses (HuCVs) are classified into the Norwalk-like Viruses (NLV) and Sapporo-like Viruses (SLV) as genera within the family Caliciviridae. The NLV genus is further classified into genogroups I and II, based on sequence similarities. To study the antigenic determinants on the HuCV capsid protein and develop new diagnostic tools for field samples, we established and characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against baculoVirus-expressed recombinant HuCV Virus-like particles (VLPs). Hybrid clones producing MAbs were obtained from cultures of PAI myeloma cells fused with spleen or mesenteric lymph node cells from mice immunized orally with either a single type of recombinant Norwalk Virus (rNV), Kashiwa 47 Virus (rKAV), Snow Mountain agent (rSMA), or Sapporo Virus (rSV) VLP or with mixtures of two types of VLPs from different genogroups. Twenty MAbs, obtained as mouse ascites, were characterized and classified into six groups according to their enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting (WB) cross-reactivity patterns to VLPs. Five groups of MAbs reacted by both WB and ELISA and were classified as follows: common cross-reactive MAbs for four genogroup I and six genogroup II VLPs (group A), genogroup I-specific MAbs (group B), genogroup II-specific MAbs (group C), and strain-specific MAbs (groups D and E). One MAb group (group F) reacted only by ELISA. The group A MAbs, which showed broad cross-reactivity with VLPs of both NLV genogroups, were obtained from mice immunized orally with a single type of VLP (either rNV or rKAV). Two MAbs, which were obtained from mice immunized with rSV, reacted with rSV but not with any NLV VLP. These are the first MAbs to be reported for any SLV. These strain-, genogroup-, and genus-reactive MAbs will be useful tools for further study of the antigenic and structural topography of the HuCV virion and for diagnostic assays for HuCVs.
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Epidemiological Study of Prevalence of Genogroup II Human CaliciVirus (Mexico Virus) Infections in Japan and Southeast Asia as Determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
Journal of clinical microbiology, 1998Co-Authors: Shinjiro Honma, Shuji Nakata, Keiko Kogawa, Xi Jiang, K. Numata, Teruo Yamashita, Mitsuaki Oseto, Shunzo ChibaAbstract:Mexico Virus (MXV) is a genogroup II human caliciVirus (HuCV). We conducted an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of MXV infection in infants and adults in Japan and Southeast Asia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) developed by using baculoVirus-expressed recombinant MXV (rMXV) capsids. Of 155 stool specimens obtained from children younger than 10 years old with acute clinical gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting) associated with small, round-structured Viruses in Japan from 1987 to 1989, only 2 were positive for MXV antigen. In 42 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Japan from 1986 to 1994, 1 in an infant home and 1 among adults were positive for MXV antigen. The pattern of acquisition of antibody to rMXV was different from that of acquisition of antibody to group A rotaVirus, the prototype HuCV Sapporo Virus, and Norwalk Virus. The prevalence of antibody to rMXV remained low for the first 3 years of life, showed a steep rise during nursery school age, reaching a prevalence of 50%, and another steep rise during adolescence, reaching 80%; and steadily increased thereafter. A high prevalence of antibody (82 to 88%) was observed in adult populations in Japan and Southeast Asia, suggesting that MXV infection is common in these areas. The discrepancy between the high prevalence of antibody to MXV and a low rate of detection of MXV antigen may be explained by a high specificity of the antigen ELISA for the prototype and closely related MXV strains while serological responses can detect responses to a broader group of Viruses.
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Prevalence of Human CaliciVirus Infections in Kenya as Determined by Enzyme Immunoassays for Three Genogroups of the Virus
Journal of clinical microbiology, 1998Co-Authors: Shuji Nakata, Mary K. Estes, Shinjiro Honma, Keiko Kogawa, Susumu Ukae, Noriaki Adachi, Xi Jiang, K. Numata, Zippora Gatheru, Peter M. TukeiAbstract:An epidemiological survey on human caliciVirus (HuCV) infections and associated gastroenteritis in infants was conducted to clarify the prevalence of HuCV infections in infants and adults in Kenya. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for three genogroups of HuCVs, Norwalk Virus (NV), Mexico Virus (MXV), and Sapporo Virus (SV), were used to detect antigen or antibody. We tested 1,431 stool samples obtained from children younger than 6 years old with acute gastroenteritis who visited outpatient clinics in three districts in Kenya from August 1991 to July 1994. Thirty-two (2.2%) of these stool samples were positive for SV antigen. Only one (0.1%) of 1,186 samples was positive for NV antigen and none of 246 samples was positive for MXV antigen. One hundred ninety-three serum samples were tested for antibodies to NV and MXV, and 64 of them were examined for antibody to SV. The pattern of the age-related prevalence of serum antibody to NV was different from that of antibodies to MXV and SV. The acquisition of serum antibodies to HuCVs in the three genogroups appeared in early childhood, at about 1 to 2 years of age. The prevalence of serum antibody to NV was low (about 60%) throughout adulthood compared with a high prevalence of antibody (∼80 to 90%) to MXV and SV. These data indicate that infections with Viruses in the three genogroups of HuCVs are common in Kenya, and immunological responses to NV may be different from those to MXV and SV. The EIAs for the detection of NV and MXV antigens appear to be quite specific for prototype NV and MXV strains, respectively, so that they can detect only a few strains of HuCVs related to them. Alternatively, NV and MXV caused less severe infections that did not bring children to the outpatient clinics for gastroenteritis in Kenya.
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Genetic and antigenic diversity of human caliciViruses (HuCVs) using RT-PCR and new EIAs
Archives of virology. Supplementum, 1996Co-Authors: Xi Jiang, David O Matson, W. D. Cubitt, Mary K. EstesAbstract:RT-PCR using primers from conserved regions of caliciVirus genomes, followed by sequencing, permits characterization of genetic variation within the family. EIAs based on baculoVirus-expressed viral capsid proteins and hyperimmune antisera against the capsid proteins were developed to detect HuCV antigens and antibodies. Serologic surveys using recombinant Norwalk Virus (rNV) and recombinant Mexico Virus (rMX, a SMA-like Virus) EIAs showed that infections by HuCVs are common and that children acquire antibodies to HuCVs at an early age in both developed and developing countries. Three HuCV genogroups have been described that are represented by Norwalk Virus (NV), Snow Mountain agent (SMA), and Sapporo Virus, although recently accumulated sequences of HuCV strains indicate these genogroups can be further divided. These genogroups also correspond to distinct antigenic groups based on the results of the recombinant EIAs. The three genogroups co-circulate and have a worldwide distribution, although the SMA genogroup seems to be predominant currently. Application of these new assays for further characterization of the genetic and antigenic properties of HuCVs remains an important task for HuCV research.
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Development of an ELISA to detect MX Virus, a human caliciVirus in the Snow Mountain agent genogroup
Journal of General Virology, 1995Co-Authors: Xi Jiang, David O Matson, David Cubitt, Xianmin Dai, John J. Treanor, Larry K. PickeringAbstract:MX Virus is a Snow Mountain agent (SMA) genogroup human caliciVirus (HuCV) identified in a Mexican child with diarrhoea. An ELISA using hyperimmune antisera to the recombinant MX Virus (rMX) capsid was developed to detect SMA genogroup HuCVs in stool specimens. The rMX ELISA detected the prototype MX Virus, SMA, and Hawaii agent (HA), but not Norwalk Virus (NV) or Sapporo Virus. Twenty-three diarrhoea stool specimens from children attending day care centres in Norfolk, Virginia, were positive by the rMX ELISA and results were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Eight of 20 diarrhoea stool specimens from children in the United Kingdom previously shown to contain small round structured Viruses (SRSVs) or HuCVs by electron microscopy were also positive by the rMX ELISA and RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products showed that all the rMX ELISA-positive Viruses belong to the SMA genogroup. These data also showed that the SMA genogroup can be further divided into two subgroups: subgroup 1 includes prototypes SMA and HA, and subgroup 2 includes MX Virus, minireoVirus, Oth-25 and Bristol Virus.
Larry K. Pickering - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of an ELISA to detect MX Virus, a human caliciVirus in the Snow Mountain agent genogroup
Journal of General Virology, 1995Co-Authors: Xi Jiang, David O Matson, David Cubitt, Xianmin Dai, John J. Treanor, Larry K. PickeringAbstract:MX Virus is a Snow Mountain agent (SMA) genogroup human caliciVirus (HuCV) identified in a Mexican child with diarrhoea. An ELISA using hyperimmune antisera to the recombinant MX Virus (rMX) capsid was developed to detect SMA genogroup HuCVs in stool specimens. The rMX ELISA detected the prototype MX Virus, SMA, and Hawaii agent (HA), but not Norwalk Virus (NV) or Sapporo Virus. Twenty-three diarrhoea stool specimens from children attending day care centres in Norfolk, Virginia, were positive by the rMX ELISA and results were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Eight of 20 diarrhoea stool specimens from children in the United Kingdom previously shown to contain small round structured Viruses (SRSVs) or HuCVs by electron microscopy were also positive by the rMX ELISA and RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products showed that all the rMX ELISA-positive Viruses belong to the SMA genogroup. These data also showed that the SMA genogroup can be further divided into two subgroups: subgroup 1 includes prototypes SMA and HA, and subgroup 2 includes MX Virus, minireoVirus, Oth-25 and Bristol Virus.
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Development of an ELISA to detect MX Virus, a human caliciVirus in the snow Mountain agent genogroup
1995Co-Authors: Xi Jiang, David O Matson, David Cubitt, Xianmin Dai, John Treanor, Larry K. PickeringAbstract:human caliciVirus (HuCV) identified in a Mexican child with diarrhoea. An ELISA using hyperimmune antisera to the recombinant MX Virus (rMX) capsid was developed to detect SMA genogroup HuCVs in stool specimens. The rMX ELISA detected the prototype MX Virus, SMA, and Hawaii agent (HA), but not Norwalk Virus (NV) or Sapporo Virus. Twenty-three diarrhoea stool specimens from children attending day care centres in Norfolk, Virginia, were positive by the rMX ELISA and results were confirmed by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Eight of 20 diarrhoea stool specimens from children in the United Kingdom previously shown to contain small round structured Viruses (SRSVs) or HuCVs by electron microscopy were also positive by the rMX ELISA and RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products showed that all the rMX ELISA-positive Viruses belong to the SMA genogroup. These data also showed that the SMA genogroup can be further divided into two subgroups: subgroup 1 includes prototypes SMA and HA, and subgroup 2 includes MX Virus, minireoVirus, Oth-25 and Bristol Virus
